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Cited by 1,659Hormonal and reproductive studiesDoping in SportsSports Performance and Training

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Effects of Supraphysiologic Doses of Testosterone on Muscle Size and Strength in Normal Men

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Bhasin, Shalender, Storer, Thomas W., Berman, Nancy, Callegari, Carlos, Clevenger, Brenda, Phillips, Jeffrey, Bunnell, Thomas J., Tricker, Ray, Shirazi, Aida, Casaburi, Richard·1996·New England Journal of Medicine
DOI 10.1056/nejm199607043350101
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Athletes often take androgenic steroids in an attempt to increase their strength. The efficacy of these substances for this purpose is unsubstantiated, however. METHODS: We randomly assigned 43 normal men to one of four groups: placebo with no exercise; testosterone with no exercise; placebo plus exercise; and testosterone plus exercise. The men received injections of 600 mg of testosterone enanthate or placebo weekly for 10 weeks. The men in the exercise groups performed standardized weight-lifting exercises three times weekly. Before and after the treatment period, fat-free mass was determined by underwater weighing, muscle size was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and the strength of the arms and legs was assessed by bench-press and squatting exercises, respectively. RESULTS: Among the men in the no-exercise groups, those given testosterone had greater increases than those given placebo in muscle size in their arms (mean [+/-SE] change in triceps area, 424 +/- 104 vs. -81 +/- 109 square millimeters; P < 0.05) and legs (change in quadriceps area, 607 +/- 123 vs. -131 +/- 111 square millimeters; P < 0.05) and greater increases in strength in the bench-press (9 +/- 4 vs. -1 +/- 1 kg, P < 0.05) and squatting exercises (16 +/- 4 vs. 3 +/- 1 kg, P < 0.05). The men assigned to testosterone and exercise had greater increases in fat-free mass (6.1 +/- 0.6 kg) and muscle size (triceps area, 501 +/- 104 square millimeters; quadriceps area, 1174 +/- 91 square millimeters) than those assigned to either no-exercise group, and greater increases in muscle strength (bench-press strength, 22 +/- 2 kg; squatting-exercise capacity, 38 +/- 4 kg) than either no-exercise group. Neither mood nor behavior was altered in any group. CONCLUSIONS: Supraphysiologic doses of testosterone, especially when combined with strength training, increase fat-free mass and muscle size and strength in normal men.

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Crossref · 10.1056/nejm199607043350101

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35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Citations

Cites

Show all 35 references

Research works printed but not linked: 16

  1. Casaburi R, Storer T, Bhasin S. Androgen effects on body composition and muscle performance. In: Bhasin S, Gabelnick HL, Spieler JM, Swerdloff RS, Wang C, eds. Pharmacology, biology, and clinical applications of androgens: current status and future prospects. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1996:283-8.
  2. 1987, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 19, 534
  3. Katznelson L, Finkelstein J, Baressi C, Klibanski A. Increase in trabecular bone density and altered body composition in androgen replaced hypogonadal men. In: Program and abstracts of the 76th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, Anaheim, Calif., June 15–18, 1994. Bethesda, Md.: Endocrine Society Press, 1994:581. abstract.
  4. Ward P, 1973, Med Sci Sports, 5, 277
  5. Johnson LC, 1972, Med Sci Sports, 4, 43
  6. Ariel G, 1973, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 13, 187
  7. Stamford BA, 1974, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 14, 191
  8. Win-May M, 1975, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 15, 266
  9. Bowers RW, 1972, Med Sci Sports, 4, 54
  10. Stromme SB, 1974, Med Sci Sports, 6, 203
  11. Fahey TD, 1973, Med Sci Sports, 5, 272
  12. Casner SW, 1971, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 11, 98
  13. Loughton SJ, 1977, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 17, 285
  14. O'Shea JP, 1970, Nutr Rep Int, 2, 351
  15. 10.1210/jc.74.1.75 · DOI
  16. Byerley LO, 1993, Endocr J, 1, 253

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Metadata

Authors
Bhasin, S., Storer, T. W., Berman, N., Callegari, C., Clevenger, B., Phillips, J., Bunnell, T. J., Tricker, R., Shirazi, A., & Casaburi, R.
Affiliations
  • Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (US)
  • El Camino College (US)
  • Harbor–UCLA Medical Center (US)
  • Oregon State University (US)
ORCID
Venue
New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher
Massachusetts Medical Society
Published
1996-07-04
Volume
335
Issue
1
Pages
1-7
ISSN
  • 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
  • 1533-4406
DOI
10.1056/nejm199607043350101
OpenAlex
W2326289669
Cited by
1,659
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 41 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 56
FWCI
44.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (7r01dk045211-04)
  • U.S. Public Health Service (MO-00543)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1RO1-DK-45211)
  • National Center for Research Resources (P20 RR 11145-01, P20RR011145)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords
testosterone, testosterone enanthate, anabolic steroids, muscle size, muscle strength, fat-free mass, resistance training, weightlifting, athletes, muscle hypertrophy
MeSH terms
Adult, Affect, Anger, Behavior, Biomechanical Phenomena, Body Weight, Double-Blind Method, Gonadotropins, Pituitary, Humans, Injections, Intramuscular, Lipids, Male, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Testosterone, Weight Lifting, Muscle, Skeletal

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