The mouth, the anus, and the blastopore—open questions about questionable openings

Hejnol, Andreas; Martindale, Mark Q.

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549429.003.0004

Cited by 37Developmental Biology and Gene RegulationMarine Invertebrate Physiology and EcologyPaleontology and Evolutionary Biology

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The mouth, the anus, and the blastopore—open questions about questionable openings

Hejnol, Andreas, Martindale, Mark Q.·2009·Animal Evolution

DOI 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549429.003.0004

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Abstract

Gastrulation is one of the major events during the embryogenesis of an animal. In addition to the formation of the germ layers it is often the time when the future axial properties and digestive openings become apparent and it is not surprising that this event plays an important role in hypotheses regarding metazoan evolution. A major difference between these theories concerns the structure of the alimentary canal and the relationship of its openings to the blastopore of the last common bilaterian ancestor. Here we review competing theories of bilaterian evolution and evaluate their plausibility in the light of recent insights into metazoan phylogeny and development.

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Authors: Hejnol, A., & Martindale, M. Q.
ORCID: Hejnol, Andreas
Martindale, Mark Q.
Venue: Animal Evolution
Publisher: Oxford University PressOxford
Published: 2009-08-01
Pages: 33-40
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549429.003.0004
OpenAlex: W2484289921
Semantic Scholar: 84f6b2003fb205518a405ca36f9bf008ada71b75
Cited by: 37
References: 1,067
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 2.37
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
Keywords: blastopore, oral cavity, anus, gastrointestinal tract, gastrulation, bilaterian evolution, metazoan phylogeny, germ layers, evolutionary developmental biology

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The mouth, the anus, and the blastopore—open questions about questionable openings

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