The DOI matches its Crossref record.
EMOTION REGULATION: A THEME IN SEARCH OF DEFINITION
Abstract
Contemporary interest in emotion regulation promises to advance important new views of emotional development as well as offering applications to developmental psychopathology, but these potential contributions are contingent on developmentalists' attention to some basic definitional issues. This essay offers a perspective on these issues by considering how emotion regulation should be defined, the various components of the management of emotion, how emotion regulation strategies fit into the dynamics of social interaction, and how individual differences in emotion regulation should be conceptualized and measured. In the end, it seems clear that emotion regulation is a conceptual rubric for a remarkable range of developmental processes, each of which may have its own catalysts and control processes. Likewise, individual differences in emotion regulation skills likely have multifaceted origins and are also related in complex ways to the person's emotional goals and the immediate demands of the situation. Assessment approaches that focus on the dynamics of emotion are well suited to elucidating these complex developmental and individual differences. In sum, a challenging research agenda awaits those who enter this promising field of study.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/b:joba.0000007455.08539.94 · Cited by 8,942
Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004 · Cited by 6,686
Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself
NEFF, K. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309032 · Cited by 5,440
TARGET ARTICLE: Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind
Snyder, C. R. (2002) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1304_01 · Cited by 3,737
Cognitive and affective development in adolescence
Steinberg, L. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005 · Cited by 2,978
Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.458 · Cited by 2,493
Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., Chapleau, M.-A., Paquin, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005 · Cited by 2,003
Enhancing relationships between children and teachers.
Pianta, R. C. (1999) · doi:10.1037/10314-000 · Cited by 1,782
Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Bettis, A. H., Watson, K. H., Gruhn, M. A., Dunbar, J. P., Williams, E., & Thigpen, J. C. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000110 · Cited by 1,555
“To varying degrees, both of these constructs involve adaptive processes to regulate emotion, cognition, behavior, and physiology (Compas et al., 2014a; Skinner et al., 2003; Thompson, 1994; ZimmerGembeck & Skinner, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing
Lemerise, E. A., & Arsenio, W. F. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00124 · Cited by 1,518
Phillips, M. L., Ladouceur, C. D., & Drevets, W. C. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.65 · Cited by 1,383
Event-Related Potentials, Emotion, and Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review
Hajcak, G., MacNamara, A., & Olvet, D. M. (2010) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640903526504 · Cited by 1,370
Preschool emotional competence: Pathway to social competence?
Denham, S. A., Blair, K. A., DeMulder, E., Levitas, J., Sawyer, K., Auerbach–Major, S., & Queenan, P. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00533 · Cited by 1,359
Emotion Dysregulation in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Shaw, P., Stringaris, A., Nigg, J., & Leibenluft, E. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070966 · Cited by 1,232
Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x · Cited by 1,229
Adolescents' Emotion Regulation in Daily Life: Links to Depressive Symptoms and Problem Behavior
Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00643.x · Cited by 1,216
Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L.-G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Gumpert, C. H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x · Cited by 1,081
“Emotion regulation broadly refers to the intrinsic and extrinsic processes involved in monitoring, evaluating, and modulating emotional reactions in order to accomplish one’s goals (Thompson 1994).”
BackgroundThe Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141 · Cited by 1,039
Emotion Regulation Flexibility
Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9662-4 · Cited by 981
Regulation of motivation: evaluating an underemphasized aspect of self-regulated learning.
Wolters, C. A. (2003) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3804_1 · Cited by 975
The Future of Emotion Regulation Research: Capturing Context
Aldao, A. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612459518 · Cited by 948
Kaufman, E. A., Xia, M., Fosco, G., Yaptangco, M., Skidmore, C. R., & Crowell, S. E. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9529-3 · Cited by 960
Zimmermann, P., & Iwanski, A. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025413515405 · Cited by 916
Emotion-Related Regulation: Sharpening the Definition
Eisenberg, N., & Spinrad, T. L. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00674.x · Cited by 915
Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and aggression
Chang, L., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., & McBride-Chang, C. (2003) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.598 · Cited by 898
The Role of Emotion Regulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mazefsky, C. A., Herrington, J., Siegel, M., Scarpa, A., Maddox, B. B., Scahill, L., & White, S. W. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.006 · Cited by 881
Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: a transdiagnostic examination
Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.002 · Cited by 860
Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: A prospective study
McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Mennin, D. S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.003 · Cited by 850
Emotion regulation and mental health: recent findings, current challenges, and future directions
Berking, M., & Wupperman, P. (2012) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3283503669 · Cited by 836
Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire–development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short)
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.010 · Cited by 811
Depression: A cognitive perspective
LeMoult, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.008 · Cited by 792
Wang, Y., Derakhshan, A., & Zhang, L. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731721 · Cited by 762
“Thompson (2008) defines emotion regulation as extrinsic and intrinsic processes that an individual goes through to evaluate, modify, or control his/her emotions to accomplish specific purposes and goals in life.”
BackgroundRecent Developments in Alexithymia Theory and Research
Taylor, G. J. (2000) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370004500203 · Cited by 755
Neural circuitry underlying voluntary suppression of sadness
Lévesque, J., Eugène, F., Joanette, Y., Paquette, V., Mensour, B., Beaudoin, G., Leroux, J.-M., Bourgouin, P., & Beauregard, M. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01817-6 · Cited by 689
Untangling the links of parental responsiveness to distress and warmth to child outcomes
Davidov, M., & Grusec, J. E. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00855.x · Cited by 690
The origins of 12-month attachment: a microanalysis of 4-month mother-infant interaction.
Beebe, B., Jaffe, J., Markese, S., Buck, K., Chen, H., Cohen, P., Bahrick, L., Andrews, H., & Feldstein, S. (2010) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730903338985 · Cited by 652
Aldao, A., Gee, D. G., De Los Reyes, A., & Seager, I. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000638 · Cited by 636
Integrating different perspectives on socialization theory and research: a domain-specific approach
Grusec, J. E., & Davidov, M. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01426.x · Cited by 625
Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence
Ahmed, S. P., Bittencourt-Hewitt, A., & Sebastian, C. L. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.07.006 · Cited by 621
Gratz, K. L., & Gunderson, J. G. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2005.03.002 · Cited by 618
The structure of common emotion regulation strategies: A meta-analytic examination
Naragon-Gainey, K., McMahon, T. P., & Chacko, T. P. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000093 · Cited by 588
Emotion-regulation skills as a treatment target in psychotherapy
Berking, M., Wupperman, P., Reichardt, A., Pejic, T., Dippel, A., & Znoj, H. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.005 · Cited by 532
Neumann, A., van Lier, P. A. C., Gratz, K. L., & Koot, H. M. (2010) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191109349579 · Cited by 521
Greenier, V., Derakhshan, A., & Fathi, J. (2021) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2020.102446 · Cited by 576
Emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wolff, J. C., Thompson, E., Thomas, S. A., Nesi, J., Bettis, A. H., Ransford, B., Scopelliti, K., Frazier, E. A., & Liu, R. T. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.004 · Cited by 512
Emotion regulation in parenthood
Rutherford, H. J. V., Wallace, N. S., Laurent, H. K., & Mayes, L. C. (2015) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.008 · Cited by 485
“…development of emotion regulation in children (Eisenberg & Morris, 2002), there is an emerging consensus that the family, and parents in particular, shape this critical faculty (Bariola et al., 2012; Bridges et al., 2004; Kopp, 1989; Thompson, 1994; Zeman, Cassano, Perry-Parrish, & Stegall, 2006).”
BackgroundCoping through emotional approach: Scale construction and validation
Stanton, A. L., Kirk, S. B., Cameron, C. L., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1150 · Cited by 663
Leerkes, E. M., Blankson, A. N., & O’Brien, M. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01296.x · Cited by 471
Emotional coregulation in close relationships
Butler, E. A., & Randall, A. K. (2013) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073912451630 · Cited by 476
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Guthrie, I. K. (1997) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2677-0_2 · Cited by 475
Emotionality, emotion regulation, and adaptation among 5- to 8-year-old children.
Rydell, A.-M., Berlin, L., & Bohlin, G. (2003) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.30 · Cited by 461
Morawetz, C., Bode, S., Derntl, B., & Heekeren, H. R. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.014 · Cited by 458
Temporal Interpersonal Emotion Systems: The “TIES” That Form Relationships
Butler, E. A. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868311411164 · Cited by 444
Suppression and enhancement of emotional responses to unpleasant pictures
Jackson, D. C., Malmstadt, J. R., Larson, C. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3740515 · Cited by 459
Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders
Amstadter, A. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.02.004 · Cited by 417
Erisman, S. M., & Roemer, L. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0017162 · Cited by 411
Interpersonal emotion regulation as a mechanism of social support in depression
Marroquín, B. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.005 · Cited by 414
Svaldi, J., Griepenstroh, J., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Ehring, T. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.009 · Cited by 408
Faraone, S. V., Rostain, A. L., Blader, J., Busch, B., Childress, A. C., Connor, D. F., & Newcorn, J. H. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12899 · Cited by 400
Desrosiers, A., Vine, V., Klemanski, D. H., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22124 · Cited by 392
Roemer, L., Lee, J. K., Salters-Pedneault, K., Erisman, S. M., Orsillo, S. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2009) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.04.001 · Cited by 392
El-Sheikh, M., Harger, J., & Whitson, S. M. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00369 · Cited by 396
Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007008 · Cited by 395
Berking, M., Margraf, M., Ebert, D., Wupperman, P., Hofmann, S. G., & Junghanns, K. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023421 · Cited by 395
Diamond, L. M., & Aspinwall, L. G. (2003) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1024521920068 · Cited by 385
Nigg, J. T., Goldsmith, H. H., & Sachek, J. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3301_5 · Cited by 383
Adolescence as a pivotal period for emotion regulation development
Silvers, J. A. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.023 · Cited by 381
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and children's emotion dysregulation: A meta-analysis.
Graziano, P. A., & Garcia, A. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.011 · Cited by 366
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2008) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070701819524 · Cited by 366
Gullone, E., Hughes, E. K., King, N. J., & Tonge, B. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02183.x · Cited by 345
Berking, M., Ebert, D., Cuijpers, P., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000348448 · Cited by 328
Individual differences in emotion regulation and behavior problems in preschool children.
Cole, P. M., Zahn-Waxler, C., Fox, N. A., Usher, B. A., & Welsh, J. D. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.105.4.518 · Cited by 340
Emotion Regulation in Current and Remitted Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Visted, E., Vøllestad, J., Nielsen, M. B., & Schanche, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00756 · Cited by 337
“The theoretical rationale for the significance of general emotion regulation abilities has been articulated by several authors (e.g., Thompson, 1994; Gratz and Roemer, 2004; Berking and Znoj, 2008; Hofmann and Kashdan, 2010).”
Yule, K., Houston, J., & Grych, J. (2019) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00293-1 · Cited by 331
The Development of the Person: Social Understanding, Relationships, Conscience, Self
Thompson, R. A. (2007) · Handbook of Child Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0302 · Cited by 326
Self-citationFamily interaction and the development of borderline personality disorder: A transactional model
FRUZZETTI, A. E., SHENK, C., & HOFFMAN, P. D. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050479 · Cited by 325
Mazefsky, C. A., & White, S. W. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2013.07.002 · Cited by 323
Melnick, S. M., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1005174102794 · Cited by 323
Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Model of Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Hofmann, S. G. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9620-1 · Cited by 320
Neural systems of positive affect: relevance to understanding child and adolescent depression?
FORBES, E. E., & DAHL, R. E. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940505039x · Cited by 318
The role of affective dysregulation in drug addiction
Cheetham, A., Allen, N. B., Yücel, M., & Lubman, D. I. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.005 · Cited by 308
ADHD and emotion dysregulation among children and adolescents
Bunford, N., Evans, S. W., & Wymbs, F. (2015) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-015-0187-5 · Cited by 306
Modulation of Amygdalar Activity by the Conscious Regulation of Negative Emotion
Schaefer, S. M., Jackson, D. C., Davidson, R. J., Aguirre, G. K., Kimberg, D. Y., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760191135 · Cited by 306
Adrian, M., Zeman, J., Erdley, C., Lisa, L., & Sim, L. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9465-3 · Cited by 301
Giromini, L., Velotti, P., de Campora, G., Bonalume, L., & Cesare Zavattini, G. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21876 · Cited by 301
Reassessing emotion regulation.
Thompson, R. A., Lewis, M. D., & Calkins, S. D. (2008) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00054.x · Cited by 300
Self-citationMindfulness interventions for psychosis: A meta-analysis
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Gaudiano, B. A., & Paquin, K. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.055 · Cited by 292
Examining emotion regulation as an outcome, mechanism, or target of psychological treatments
Gratz, K. L., Weiss, N. H., & Tull, M. T. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.010 · Cited by 288
Automatic emotion regulation during anger provocation
Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., & Gross, J. J. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.07.003 · Cited by 294
Emotion regulation predicts symptoms of depression over five years
Berking, M., Wirtz, C. M., Svaldi, J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.003 · Cited by 288
Definitional issues in emotion regulation research
Bridges, L. J., Denham, S. A., & Ganiban, J. M. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00675.x · Cited by 288
Emotion regulation strategies in offspring of childhood‐onset depressed mothers
Silk, J. S., Shaw, D. S., Skuban, E. M., Oland, A. A., & Kovacs, M. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01440.x · Cited by 283
Neurophysiological correlates of emotion regulation in children and adolescents
Lewis, M. D., Lamm, C., Segalowitz, S. J., Stieben, J., & Zelazo, P. D. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.3.430 · Cited by 283
The resilience portfolio model: Understanding healthy adaptation in victims of violence.
Grych, J., Hamby, S., & Banyard, V. (2015) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0039671 · Cited by 279
Cognitive and socioemotional caregiving in developing countries
Bornstein, M. H., & Putnick, D. L. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01673.x · Cited by 274
Hofmann, S. G., Carpenter, J. K., & Curtiss, J. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9756-2 · Cited by 279
van Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., Urry, H. L., Thurow, M. E., Schaefer, H. S., Alexander, A. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.052 · Cited by 271
Towards a second-person neuropsychiatry
Schilbach, L. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0081 · Cited by 251
Min, J.-A., Yu, J. J., Lee, C.-U., & Chae, J.-H. (2013) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.05.008 · Cited by 253
Metadata
- Authors
- Thompson, R. A.
- Venue
- Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1994-02
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 25-52
- ISSN
- 0037-976X (ISSN-L)
- 1540-5834
- OpenAlex
- W1966905618
- Cited by
- 2,963
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 15.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.