The DOI matches its Crossref record; 169 of the 180 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 164 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression
Open accessAbstract
Iron is an essential element for virtually all organisms. On the one hand, it facilitates cell proliferation and growth. On the other hand, iron may be detrimental due to its redox abilities, thereby contributing to free radical formation, which in turn may provoke oxidative stress and DNA damage. Iron also plays a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis due to its major function in tumor cell survival and reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, pathways of iron acquisition, export, and storage are often perturbed in cancers, suggesting that targeting iron metabolic pathways might represent opportunities towards innovative approaches in cancer treatment. Recent evidence points to a crucial role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) as a source of iron within the tumor microenvironment, implying that specifically targeting the TAM iron pool might add to the efficacy of tumor therapy. Here, we provide a brief summary of tumor cell iron metabolism and updated molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular and systemic iron homeostasis with regard to the development of cancer. Since iron adds to shaping major hallmarks of cancer, we emphasize innovative therapeutic strategies to address the iron pool of tumor cells or cells of the tumor microenvironment for the treatment of cancer.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that iron metabolism is reprogrammed in cancer to support proliferation, survival, metastasis, and tumor microenvironment crosstalk, with tumor-associated macrophages acting as iron donors. It highlights therapeutic opportunities including hepcidin/FPN modulation, Tf/TfR targeting, iron chelators, and ferroptosis induction, while noting major clinical validation gaps.
Key findings
- Iron is essential but redox-active; the Fenton reaction produces hydroxyl radicals, causing DNA strand breaks and protein/lipid modifications, while iron-dependent lipid peroxidation drives ferroptosis via glutathione depletion and GPX4 inactivation.
- Cancer cells often increase iron uptake/storage and decrease export: high TfR1, FTL, and IRP-2 correlate with poor prognosis, higher tumor grade, and chemoresistance; low FPN correlates with worse survival, whereas higher FPN correlates with better outcome. Anemia is detected in approximately 40–70% of all cancer patients, linked to TNF-α/IL-6 and iron restriction.
- Tumor-associated macrophages can adopt an iron-release/donor phenotype, including via Lcn-2 and independently of FPN, supporting tumor cell proliferation and growth; anti-inflammatory macrophages show CD163/CD91, HO-1, upregulated FPN, and reduced FT. Excess heme or iron may shift macrophages toward a pro-inflammatory, anti-tumoral phenotype.
- Therapeutic strategies discussed include targeting hepcidin (antibodies/aptamers, BMP/SMAD, IL-6/STAT3), FPN stabilizers, anti-TfR antibodies and drug conjugates, ferritin nanocages, Lcn-2/siderophore pathways, iron chelators (DFO, DFX, Triapine, VLX600), and ferroptosis inducers; no iron chelator used clinically for iron overload has been approved for cancer.
Methods
- Narrative review; no primary experimental data or systematic search is described. It synthesizes published literature on tumor cell iron metabolism, systemic iron homeostasis, TAM biology, and iron-targeting therapies.
- Main analysis is thematic and descriptive, citing mechanistic studies, animal models, and clinical trials; it includes a summary table of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials (Table 1) and a scheme of tumor iron exploitation (Figure 1).
Limitations
- Stated: prospective clinical data for targeting hepcidin are still missing; lack of long-term follow-up studies in cancer patients makes efficacy and safety difficult to predict; no clinically used iron chelator has obtained approval for the cancer setting; targeting iron in the tumor microenvironment remains largely unexplored.
- Stated: mechanisms of Lcn-2 iron handling remain unclear, including how tumor cells selectively take up iron-loaded versus iron-free Lcn-2.
- Evident: as a narrative review, it does not use a systematic search, risk-of-bias assessment, or quantitative synthesis, so conclusions depend on the selected cited literature.
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In the paper
“Under these conditions, TAM expressed higher levels of the high-affinity iron-binding protein lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2).”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 3. Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment—Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Mertens, 2018, Macrophage-derived lipocalin-2 transports iron in the tumor microenvironment, Oncoimmunology source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Recently, we provided evidence that TAM adopt an iron-release phenotype due to their interaction with dying tumor cells, whereby iron availability was increased within the tumor microenvironment [66].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 3. Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment—Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Mertens, 2018, Macrophage-derived lipocalin-2 transports iron in the tumor microenvironment, Oncoimmunology source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Upon intracellular reduction, (TC3-S)2 is converted to the thiol chelator TC3-SH, which re-programmed macrophages from an iron release to and iron sequestration phenotype [72].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 5. Novel Iron Chelation-Based Treatment Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Mertens, C., Akam, E.A., Rehwald, C., Brune, B., Tomat, E., and Jung, M. (2016). Intracellular Iron Chelation Modulates the Macrophage Iron Phenotype with Consequences on Tumor Progression. PLoS ONE, 11. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“While the majority of studies so far focused on mechanisms promoted by tumor cell-derived Lcn-2, recent data from our group suggest that stromal Lcn-2 promoted metastasis by enhancing EMT and lymphangiogenesis [133].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [133] Jung, 2016, Lipocalin 2 from macrophages stimulated by tumor cell-derived sphingosine 1-phosphate promotes lymphangiogenesis and tumor metastasis, Sci. Signal. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“This is a distinct type of cell death compared to apoptosis, necrosis, or autophagy [5].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 1. Iron and Cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Lu, 2017, The Role of Ferroptosis in Cancer Development and Treatment Response, Front. Pharmacol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“The malignant cancer phenotype is often found in association with a deregulated iron homeostasis, particularly the expression of iron-regulated genes that fuel their higher metabolic iron demands needed for division, growth, and survival [10].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 1. Iron and Cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Kwok, 2002, The iron metabolism of neoplastic cells: Alterations that facilitate proliferation?, Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“They inhibit erythropoiesis due to iron restriction in the reticuloendothelial system [18].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 1. Iron and Cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Buck, 2009, Linking anemia to inflammation and cancer: The crucial role of TNFalpha, Biochem. Pharmacol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“During ferroptosis, a lethal metabolic imbalance arises from glutathione depletion, which inactivates the lipid repair enzyme glutathione-dependent peroxidase 4, GPX4, with the subsequent accumulation of lipid peroxides [6].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 1. Iron and Cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] NaveenKumar, 2018, The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Ferroptosis in Heme-Mediated Activation of Human Platelets, ACS Chem. Biol. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On the other hand, iron may be detrimental due to its redox abilities, thereby contributing to free radical formation, which in turn may provoke oxidative stress and DNA damage.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Inoue, 1987, Hydroxyl radical production and human DNA damage induced by ferric nitrilotriacetate and hydrogen peroxide, Cancer Res.
- Not checked yetcites [2] Tymoszuk, 2018, Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment-Connecting the Dots, Front. Oncol. source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Thanan, 2012, Inflammation-induced protein carbonylation contributes to poor prognosis for cholangiocarcinoma, Free Radic. Biol. Med. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This surplus of iron is needed not only both during early steps of tumor development, e.g., enhanced survival [11] and proliferation of transformed cells [12], but also during late stages to promote the metastatic cascade.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 1. Iron and Cancer
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
In the paper
“Lcn-2 turned out to export iron from TAM, while depletion of the established iron exporter FPN did not alter their iron release capacity [66].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 3. Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment—Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Mertens, 2018, Macrophage-derived lipocalin-2 transports iron in the tumor microenvironment, Oncoimmunology source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, cancer-induced anemia as well as inflammation-associated anemia is characterized by reduced erythropoiesis [17].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 1. Iron and Cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Nemeth, 2014, Anemia of inflammation, Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Binding of IRPs to IREs in the 5’-UTR attenuates translation, whereas binding to IREs in the 3’-UTR stabilizes respective mRNAs and fosters translation.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 2. Iron Metabolism in Cancer Cells
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Senescent RBCs are taken up by monocytes in the bloodstream and transported to both liver and spleen.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 1. Iron and Cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Theurl, 2016, On-demand erythrocyte disposal and iron recycling requires transient macrophages in the liver, Nat. Med. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Apparently, the expression of different iron-regulated genes such as the transferrin receptor (TfR1) [25], ferritin light chain (FTL) [26,27], and the iron regulatory protein (IRP)-2 [28] in tumor cells correlated with a poor prognosis, a higher tumor grade, and increased chemoresistance.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 1. Iron and Cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Green, 2017, Transferrin receptor 1 upregulation in primary tumor and downregulation in benign kidney is associated with progression and mortality in renal cell carcinoma patients, Oncotarget source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Rossiello, 1984, Distribution of ferritin, transferrin and lactoferrin in breast carcinoma tissue, J. Clin. Pathol. source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Jezequel, 2012, Validation of tumor-associated macrophage ferritin light chain as a prognostic biomarker in node-negative breast cancer tumors: A multicentric 2004 national PHRC study, Int. J. Cancer source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Wang, 2014, IRP2 regulates breast tumor growth, Cancer Res. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“DNA polymerases and helicases contain iron-sulfur groups that rely on iron as essential co-factors [7].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 1. Iron and Cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Netz, 2011, Eukaryotic DNA polymerases require an iron-sulfur cluster for the formation of active complexes, Nat. Chem. Biol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Here, iron is crucial in remodeling the extracellular matrix and increasing the motility and invasion of cancer cells [13].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 1. Iron and Cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Miklasova, 2015, Iron, inflammation and invasion of cancer cells, Clujul. Med.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, when iron is high, mRNAs of TfR and DMT-1 are unstable and get degraded, which ultimately decreases iron uptake and transport.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 2. Iron Metabolism in Cancer Cells
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, accumulation of iron-recycling macrophages was exclusively observed in the liver, thus identifying the liver as the main organ for RBC recycling.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 1. Iron and Cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Theurl, 2016, On-demand erythrocyte disposal and iron recycling requires transient macrophages in the liver, Nat. Med. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thereby, excess iron that is not utilized, can be stored in the iron storage protein FT and can later be accessed by ferritinophagy [34].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 2. Iron Metabolism in Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Donfrancesco, 1990, Effects of a single course of deferoxamine in neuroblastoma patients, Cancer Res.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a result, iron is potentially mutagenic by causing DNA strand breaks, which provokes cellular transformations, or induces protein as well as lipid modifications within malignant cells.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 1. Iron and Cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Inoue, 1987, Hydroxyl radical production and human DNA damage induced by ferric nitrilotriacetate and hydrogen peroxide, Cancer Res.
- Not checked yetcites [2] Tymoszuk, 2018, Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment-Connecting the Dots, Front. Oncol. source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Thanan, 2012, Inflammation-induced protein carbonylation contributes to poor prognosis for cholangiocarcinoma, Free Radic. Biol. Med. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, pathways of iron acquisition, export, and storage are often perturbed in cancers, suggesting that targeting iron metabolic pathways might represent opportunities towards innovative approaches in cancer treatment.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, cellular iron availability not only controls mitochondrial respiration, but also affects citric acid cycle enzymes [8,9].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 1. Iron and Cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Oexle, 1999, Iron-dependent changes in cellular energy metabolism: Influence on citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Volani, 2017, Dietary iron loading negatively affects liver mitochondrial function, Metallomics source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Therefore, the Tf/TfR system not only enhances iron uptake, but also provokes tumor cell survival [31].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 2. Iron Metabolism in Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Jian, 2011, Src regulates Tyr(20) phosphorylation of transferrin receptor-1 and potentiates breast cancer cell survival, J. Biol. Chem. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, RBC recycling and iron storage in liver and spleen are compromised and erythropoiesis is significantly reduced, finally provoking anemia.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 1. Iron and Cancer
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These observations were recently underlined by Marques et al., describing an “iron utilization” phenotype of tumor cells, whereas tumor-infiltrating macrophages and lymphocytes represented an “iron donor” phenotype [50].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 3. Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment—Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Marques, O., Porto, G., Rema, A., Faria, F., Cruz Paula, A., Gomez-Lazaro, M., Silva, P., Martins da Silva, B., and Lopes, C. (2016). Local iron homeostasis in the breast ductal carcinoma microenvironment. BMC Cancer, 16. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, extracellular FT stimulates proliferation of breast cancer cells independently of the iron content, acting as an inflammatory effector mechanism to directly support tumorigenesis [38,39,40].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 2. Iron Metabolism in Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Mallon, 2000, The basic pathology of human breast cancer, J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Mantovani, 2008, Cancer-related inflammation, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [40] Alkhateeb, 2013, Ferritin stimulates breast cancer cells through an iron-independent mechanism and is localized within tumor-associated macrophages, Breast Cancer Res. Treat. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In invasive tumor areas, iron export via FPN is lower compared to normal tissue, with the notion that FPN expression in carcinomas inversely correlated with patient survival and disease outcome [42].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 2. Iron Metabolism in Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Pinnix, 2010, Ferroportin and iron regulation in breast cancer progression and prognosis, Sci. Transl. Med. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As alternatively activated macrophages scavenge senescent and/or apoptotic cells [68], they play an important role in tissue repair, regeneration, resolution of inflammation, and iron recycling.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 3. Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment—Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Gregory, 2004, The macrophage and the apoptotic cell: An innate immune interaction viewed simplistically?, Immunology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, large amounts of hepcidin are found both within the tumor microenvironment and systemically in cancer patients [73,74,75,76].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 3. Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment—Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Tesfay, 2015, Hepcidin regulation in prostate and its disruption in prostate cancer, Cancer Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [74] Miller, 2011, An iron regulatory gene signature predicts outcome in breast cancer, Cancer Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Vela, 2018, Differential regulation of hepcidin in cancer and non-cancer tissues and its clinical implications, Exp. Mol. Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [76] Zhang, 2014, Disordered hepcidin-ferroportin signaling promotes breast cancer growth, Cell Signal. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The FPN efflux system represents one of the key mechanisms to adjust the iron amount in the body and to affect the ratio of stored and released iron [41].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 2. Iron Metabolism in Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Donovan, 2005, The iron exporter ferroportin/Slc40a1 is essential for iron homeostasis, Cell Metab. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, anti-inflammatory macrophages are predisposed to iron export and the distribution of iron to the extracellular space, whereas iron storage is reduced.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 3. Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment—Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Recalcati, 2010, Differential regulation of iron homeostasis during human macrophage polarized activation, Eur. J. Immunol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, macrophages are capable of ferritin secretion, whereby tumor growth is promoted [40].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 3. Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment—Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Alkhateeb, 2013, Ferritin stimulates breast cancer cells through an iron-independent mechanism and is localized within tumor-associated macrophages, Breast Cancer Res. Treat. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The iron-release phenotype is associated with upregulation of the iron exporter FPN, while the iron storage protein FT is downregulated [67].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 3. Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment—Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Recalcati, 2010, Differential regulation of iron homeostasis during human macrophage polarized activation, Eur. J. Immunol. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Levels of hepcidin are increased during inflammation and decreased by iron insufficiency and erythropoiesis [45,46,47].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 2. Iron Metabolism in Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Ganz, 2003, Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation, Blood source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Nemeth, 2009, The role of hepcidin in iron metabolism, Acta Haematol. source
- Not checked yetcites [47] Darshan, 2009, Interacting signals in the control of hepcidin expression, Biometals source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such naturally occurring structures are advantageous over synthetically ones due to their low toxicity and negligible immune responses.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies in humans suggest Lcn-2 as a pro-tumorigenic factor in breast cancer, correlating with a decreased survival and reduced responsiveness to neoadjuvant chemotherapy [126,127].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [126] Wenners, A.S., Mehta, K., Loibl, S., Park, H., Mueller, B., Arnold, N., Hamann, S., Weimer, J., Ataseven, B., and Darb-Esfahani, S. (2012). Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) predicts response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and clinical outcome in primary human breast cancer. PLoS ONE, 7. source
- Not checked yetcites [127] Yang, 2013, Lipocalin 2 is a novel regulator of angiogenesis in human breast cancer, FASEB J. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, no direct correlation of synergistically blocking the IL-6 and IL-8 receptors and hepcidin expression or the effect on cancer-related anemia was reported in this study.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] Jayatilaka, 2017, Synergistic IL-6 and IL-8 paracrine signalling pathway infers a strategy to inhibit tumour cell migration, Nat. Commun. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Since FT assembles into spherical cage-like structures and has the potential to reversibly disassemble within cells, it represents an attractive target for nanostructure research in the cancer context [114].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [114] Truffi, 2016, Ferritin nanocages: A biological platform for drug delivery, imaging and theranostics in cancer, Pharmacol. Res. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Phase I trials provided promising results, without any indication of major side effects in patients [97,98].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Brooks, 1995, Phase Ia trial of murine immunoglobulin A antitransferrin receptor antibody 42/6, Clin. Cancer Res.
- Not checked yetcites [98] Taetle, 1986, Mechanisms of growth inhibition by anti-transferrin receptor monoclonal antibodies, Cancer Res.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Siderophores are small, low-molecular-mass iron-binding ligands known from iron acquisition mechanisms used by bacteria [119].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] Saha, 2016, Microbial siderophores and their potential applications: A review, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Another consideration is the uptake of secreted FT by the TfR [113].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Li, 2010, Binding and uptake of H-ferritin are mediated by human transferrin receptor-1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Neutrophils from Lcn-2–/– animals do not migrate to sites of infection and do no longer respond to chemotactic stimuli [124], which however can be reverted by the addition of recombinant Lcn-2 [125].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [124] Liu, 2013, Impaired neutrophil function in 24p3 null mice contributes to enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infections, J. Immunol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These observations are somehow mirrored when macrophages are exposed to hemolytic RBCs during e.g., sickle cell anemia [78]. Based on the heme-induced polarization shift, macrophages acquire a more pro-inflammatory phenotype and exacerbate tissue damage [78].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 3. Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment—Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Vinchi, 2016, Hemopexin therapy reverts heme-induced proinflammatory phenotypic switching of macrophages in a mouse model of sickle cell disease, Blood source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It needs also consideration that cancer cells might have evolved alternative strategies to take up iron trough hitherto-unappreciated transport proteins.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Another aspect of Lcn-2 during infectious diseases is its ability to control neutrophil function [124,125].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A recent study proposes that bacterial siderophores do not only serve as iron scavengers to limit bacterial growth, but are also able to support the host’s iron homeostasis [123].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] Qi, 2018, Microbial Siderophore Enterobactin Promotes Mitochondrial Iron Uptake and Development of the Host via Interaction with ATP Synthase, Cell source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lcn-2 might accomplish such a role due to its ability to scavenge iron-loaded siderophores [117,118].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Behnsen, J., and Raffatellu, M. (2016). Siderophores: More than Stealing Iron. MBio, 7. source
- Not checked yetcites [118] Smith, 2007, Iron metabolism at the host pathogen interface: Lipocalin 2 and the pathogen-associated iroA gene cluster, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The problem may arise that maturing erythroid cells would severely be affected by anti-TfR antibodies, which, in turn, may disturb erythropoiesis and cause anemia.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It can be envisioned that a higher reducing environment in cancer cells, compared to the surrounding tissue, makes reductive activation an attractive strategy to enhance cancer cell specificity [153,154], owing to higher amounts of reduced glutathione compared to healthy, neighboring cells [69].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 5. Novel Iron Chelation-Based Treatment Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [153] Akam, 2014, Intracellular reduction/activation of a disulfide switch in thiosemicarbazone iron chelators, Metallomics source
- Not checked yetcites [154] Chang, 2013, Disulfide/thiol switches in thiosemicarbazone ligands for redox-directed iron chelation, Dalton Trans. source
- Not checked yetcites [69] Apte, 2010, Both Nramp1 and DMT1 are necessary for efficient macrophage iron recycling, Exp. Hematol. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the stability of disulfide linkages in blood plasma, an advantage of the prochelator strategy is their potential supplementation at high doses, which may foster their uptake by tumor cells, while avoiding unwanted side effects in plasma.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 5. Novel Iron Chelation-Based Treatment Strategies
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These strategies may also be exerted to achieve selectivity in targeting the iron pool of tumor cells.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 5. Novel Iron Chelation-Based Treatment Strategies
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This type of cell death was recently shown to be executed via the tumor suppressor p53 [162,163], suggesting a natural anti-tumor role of ferroptosis.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 5. Novel Iron Chelation-Based Treatment Strategies
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considering that macrophages constitute a major infiltrate in solid tumors and taking their pivotal role in iron metabolism into account, these immune cells are likely a worthwhile target in anti-cancer strategies.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 5. Novel Iron Chelation-Based Treatment Strategies
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Corroborating the role of Lcn-2, expression of Lcn-2R is also indicative for a poor prognosis, and a reduced survival rate but increased invasion in several cancer entities [131,132].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 4. Strategies to Target Iron Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [131] Autelitano, F., Loyaux, D., Roudieres, S., Deon, C., Guette, F., Fabre, P., Ping, Q., Wang, S., Auvergne, R., and Badarinarayana, V. (2014). Identification of novel tumor-associated cell surface sialoglycoproteins in human glioblastoma tumors using quantitative proteomics. PLoS ONE, 9. source
- Not checked yetcites [132] Miyamoto, 2011, Immunohistochemical detection of a specific receptor for lipocalin2 (solute carrier family 22 member 17, SLC22A17) and its prognostic significance in endometrial carcinoma, Exp. Mol. Pathol. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Akam et al. explored glucose-conjugated thiosemicarbazone prochelators in colon carcinoma [157], proving enhanced prochelator accumulation in malignant cells.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 5. Novel Iron Chelation-Based Treatment Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [157] Akam, 2016, Targeting Iron in Colon Cancer via Glycoconjugation of Thiosemicarbazone Prochelators, Bioconjug. Chem. source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fundamental to successfully approach chelation therapy in cancer will be the capacity to target iron selectively in malignant cells without affecting normal tissue or the extracellular space.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 5. Novel Iron Chelation-Based Treatment Strategies
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chelators derived from bacterial siderophores (e.g., DFO) or other high-affinity scaffolds (e.g., Triapine) lack the required selectivity and thus are not designed to target specifically the higher iron demand of malignant cancer cells, which generally show normal or low systemic iron levels.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 5. Novel Iron Chelation-Based Treatment Strategies
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More recently, high-throughput screening identified an iron chelating agent as a promising drug candidate for colon cancer (VLX600) [140], which entered a Phase I clinical trial (identifier: NCT02222363) for refractory advanced solid tumors.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 5. Novel Iron Chelation-Based Treatment Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [140] Zhang, 2014, Induction of mitochondrial dysfunction as a strategy for targeting tumour cells in metabolically compromised microenvironments, Nat. Commun. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While most studies aim at targeting iron in tumor cells, approaches to addressing iron chelation in cells of the tumor microenvironment is still lacking.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 5. Novel Iron Chelation-Based Treatment Strategies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While most of the current chelator-based intervention strategies focus on tumor cells, targeting iron in the tumor microenvironment has not been explored significantly.”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 5. Novel Iron Chelation-Based Treatment Strategies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The use of disulfide bonds as the activation switch of iron prochelators showed encouraging results in vitro, as iron coordination only occurs following intracellular disulfide reduction, leading to the formation of high-affinity tridentate thiolate chelators [153].”
§ Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression > 5. Novel Iron Chelation-Based Treatment Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [153] Akam, 2014, Intracellular reduction/activation of a disulfide switch in thiosemicarbazone iron chelators, Metallomics source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Iron is essential for virtually all organisms.
“Iron is an essential element for virtually all organisms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Iron is a growth-limiting factor for virtually all organisms.
“Iron is the most abundant element by mass on the Earth and is a growth-limiting factor for virtually all organisms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no excretory route for excess iron.
“Considering the poor bioavailability of iron, the interplay of different proteins involved in iron import, storage, and export has to be tightly regulated, as there is no excretory route for excess iron.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from mouse models of cancer translate to human cancer.
“Mice fed a low-iron diet prior to implanting tumor cells showed significantly delayed tumor growth [22].”
The paper relies on this without support.
In vitro findings about iron handling translate to in vivo tumor behavior.
“This iron-donating macrophage phenotype was directly linked to enhanced tumor cell proliferation and growth, both in vitro and in vivo [64,66,67,70,71,72].”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, in the context of the tumor microenvironment (TME), the situation is quite complicated as M2 TAMs (tumor-infiltrating macrophages) which are “iron-releasing” will support tumor growth while M1 “iron-retaining” limit tumor progression (Jung et al., 2019).”
From The Role of Iron Regulation in Immunometabolism and Immune-Related Disease (2019) · cites this paper as Jung et al., 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Opposite associations reported for ferroportin and patient outcome
MinorThe paper first says ferroportin expression is inversely correlated with survival and disease outcome, but then says increased ferroportin expression correlates with better patient outcome.
“FPN expression in carcinomas inversely correlated with patient survival and disease outcome [42].”
“an increased expression of FPN in tumor cells correlated with better patient outcome”
Citations
Cites
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“Accumulation of iron-dependent lipid modifications promotes a specific form of cell death, known as ferroptosis [4].”
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“shown to be executed via the tumor suppressor p53 [162,163], suggesting a natural anti-tumor role of ferroptosis.”
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“The FPN efflux system represents one of the key mechanisms to adjust the iron amount in the body and to affect the ratio of stored and released iron [41].”
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“Additional studies support the idea that excess iron predispose macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype [79,80], thereby linking macrophage iron handling to their role in inflammatory disease.”
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Quantitative targeted absolute proteomics of human blood-brain barrier transporters and receptors
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“As the TfR is expressed at high levels at the blood–brain barrier [106,107] due to its physiological function to deliver iron to the brain, it is one of the most studied molecules for receptor-mediated drug delivery to the brain.”
BackgroundMicrobial siderophores and their potential applications: a review
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“When intracellular iron is low, IRPs interact with conserved iron-responsive elements (IREs) in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of central genes accounting for iron homeostasis [32,33].”
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“For instance, the natural siderophore desferrioxamine (DFO, Desferal®) [134,135] as well as the synthetic chelator derasirox (DFX, Exiade), which are clinically employed to treat iron overload due to chronic blood transfusion therapy [134], and the thiosemicarbazone Triapine® [136,137] have shown promising anti-cancer…”
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“Additional studies support the idea that excess iron predispose macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype [79,80], thereby linking macrophage iron handling to their role in inflammatory disease.”
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BackgroundLipocalin 2 promotes breast cancer progression
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BackgroundTransferrin receptor (TfR) trafficking determines brain uptake of TfR antibody affinity variants
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“Abbreviations DMT-1 divalent metal transporter 1 EMT epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition FPN ferroportin FT ferritin FTH ferritin heavy chain FTL ferritin light chain IRE iron responsive elements IRP iron regulatory proteins LIP labile iron pool Lcn-2 lipocalin-2 PET positron emission tomography RBC red blood cell UT…”
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BackgroundTransferrin and transferrin receptors in carcinoma of the breast
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“More recently, high-throughput screening identified an iron chelating agent as a promising drug candidate for colon cancer (VLX600) [140], which entered a Phase I clinical trial (identifier: NCT02222363) for refractory advanced solid tumors.”
BackgroundSiltuximab, a Novel Anti–Interleukin-6 Monoclonal Antibody, for Castleman's Disease
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BackgroundSystemic tumor-targeted gene delivery by anti-transferrin receptor scFv-immunoliposomes.
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“Interfering with IL-6 signaling using tocilizumab, an antibody directed against the IL-6 receptor was effective in treating chronic anemia associated with arthritis [84].”
BackgroundModulation of iron transport proteins in human colorectal carcinogenesis
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BackgroundHepcidin as a therapeutic tool to limit iron overload and improve anemia in β-thalassemic mice
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BackgroundAn iron regulatory gene signature predicts outcome in breast cancer
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In vitro and in vivo effects of deferoxamine in neonatal acute leukemia
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“First promising anti-cancer efficacy was recently provided by the simultaneous inhibition of the IL-6 receptor using tocilizumab and the IL-8 receptor by reparixin, showing significantly decreased metastasis of breast cancer cells to the lung, liver, and lymph nodes in a mouse mammary xenograft model [85].”
MethodIron induces anti-tumor activity in tumor-associated macrophages
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BackgroundIron metabolism and iron supplementation in cancer patients
Ludwig, H., Evstatiev, R., Kornek, G. V., Aapro, M., Bauernhofer, T., Buxhofer‐Ausch, V., Fridrik, M., Geissler, D., Geissler, K. H., Gisslinger, H., et al. (2015) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-015-0842-3 · Cited by 155 · cited 1×
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“In addition, macrophages are capable of ferritin secretion, whereby tumor growth is promoted [40].”
BackgroundIron in the Tumor Microenvironment-Connecting the Dots
Pfeifhofer-Obermair, C., Tymoszuk, P., Petzer, V., Weiss, G., & Nairz, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00549 · Cited by 151
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BackgroundReceptor-mediated PLGA nanoparticles for glioblastoma multiforme treatment
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IRP2 Regulates Breast Tumor Growth
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BackgroundThe Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Ferroptosis in Heme-Mediated Activation of Human Platelets
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BackgroundLipocalin-2 ameliorates granulocyte functionality
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BackgroundDisordered hepcidin–ferroportin signaling promotes breast cancer growth
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BackgroundHepcidin antagonists for potential treatments of disorders with hepcidin excess
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Targeting the Delivery of Glycan-Based Paclitaxel Prodrugs to Cancer Cells via Glucose Transporters
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“The exceptional capacity to transport drugs across the blood–brain barrier makes the Tf–TfR axis valuable for the treatment of brain tumors through TfR-mediated transcytosis [105].”
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“Additionally, experimental transgenic tumor-bearing mouse mammary tumor virus (PyMT) mice exhibit higher Lcn-2 plasma levels compared to controls, and Lcn-2-deficient PyMT mice developed fewer tumors than Lcn-2-competent littermates [130].”
BackgroundInteracting signals in the control of hepcidin expression
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Differential regulation of hepcidin in cancer and non-cancer tissues and its clinical implications
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jung, M., Mertens, C., Tomat, E., & Brüne, B.
- Affiliations
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brüne, Bernhard
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-01-11
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 273
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6359419
- OpenAlex
- W2910083100
- Semantic Scholar
- 714cc6f101914382c4609796c780897112029c2e
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 180
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 12
- FWCI
- 6.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB815)
- Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung (2017.130.1)
- National Institutes of Health (GM127646)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Ferroptosis and cancer prognosis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- iron metabolism, tumor progression, tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages, iron homeostasis, oxidative stress, metastasis, iron acquisition, iron export, iron storage, cancer therapy, redox biology
- MeSH terms
- Antineoplastic Agents, DNA Damage, Humans, Iron, Neoplasms, Biomarkers, Tumor, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Oxidative Stress, Disease Progression, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Tumor Microenvironment
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