The DOI matches its Crossref record; 119 of the 119 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 168 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review
Open accessAbstract
Invasive candidiasis occurs frequently in hospitalized patients, and is associated with high mortality rates due to delays in recognition and initiation of appropriate antifungals. Management of invasive candidiasis must take into account multiple host, pathogen, and drug-related factors, including the site of infection, host immune status, severity of sepsis, resistance and tolerance to antifungal agents, biofilm formation, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations. Recent treatment directives have been shaped by the widespread introduction of echinocandins, highly potent and safe antifungals, into clinical use, as well as important changes in drug susceptibility patterns and the emergence of known and novel drug-resistant Candida species. Advances in molecular diagnostics have the potential to guide early targeted treatment of high-risk patients.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This narrative review summarizes the management of invasive candidiasis, emphasizing echinocandins as front-line therapy, species-specific resistance issues, source control, and emerging diagnostics/drugs. It highlights rising resistance in *C. glabrata* and *C. auris* and the need for early targeted treatment.
Key findings
- Echinocandins are recommended as front-line agents for most invasive candidiasis; a patient-level meta-analysis of 7 trials with 1915 patients found echinocandin treatment associated with decreased mortality.
- The Candida score (total parenteral nutrition, surgery, multifocal colonization = 1 point each; severe sepsis = 2 points) has 81% sensitivity and 74% specificity for invasive candidiasis at a score of ≥3, with a 7.7-fold greater risk.
- Delayed antifungal treatment is associated with increased mortality; for candidemia with septic shock, initiation more than 24 h after shock onset is associated with a mortality rate of nearly 100%.
- Central venous catheter removal is associated with higher treatment success and lower mortality, and T2Candida sensitivity was double that of conventional blood cultures when both were tested on follow-up blood samples.
Methods
- Design: narrative review of treatment for invasive candidiasis, without a described systematic search strategy or meta-analysis.
- Data: cited randomized controlled trials, observational studies, guidelines, in vitro studies, and animal models.
- Main analysis: narrative synthesis of antifungal classes, susceptibility testing, resistance mechanisms, treatment strategies, source control, complications, and novel drugs.
Limitations
- Stated in text: optimal drug treatment of *C. auris* has not yet been defined; there are no clinical data to support the CDC’s empiric echinocandin recommendation for *C. auris*; the clinical relevance of the paradoxical echinocandin effect is incompletely understood; and further work is needed to calculate the cost-benefit ratio of transesophageal echocardiography.
- Evident from text: as a narrative review, it does not report systematic search criteria, risk-of-bias assessment, or quantitative pooling of evidence.
- Evident from text: several recommendations rely on cited guidelines, observational data, or expert opinion rather than dedicated randomized trials, and some clinical questions remain unresolved.
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Claims the paper makes
99 Not checked yet · 9 Own interpretation · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“MSH2 deletion significantly increases breakthrough infection and the emergence of resistance to all systemic antifungal drug classes in in vitro and animal experimental systems [67].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.7. Development of Antifungal Resistance in C. glabrata
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [67] Healey, 2016, Prevalent mutator genotype identified in fungal pathogen Candida glabrata promotes multi-drug resistance, Nat. Commun. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (‘MSH2 deletion leads to an increase in resistant mutants’) report increased emergence of mutants resistant to caspofungin, fluconazole, and amphotericin B in vitro. The animal experiment (‘Colonization with msh2Δ leads to increased resistance in vivo’) found more caspofungin-resistant colonies during GI colonization, but did not show breakthrough infection or resistance to all systemic antifungal classes in animals. The separate systemic-infection experiment assessed fitness, not resistance during treatment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Partly supported
In the paper
“C. parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii are intrinsically less susceptible to echinocandins, reflecting naturally occurring polymorphisms in the FKS1 hotspot regions of these species [19].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 2. Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Invasive Candidiasis > 2.1. Echinocandins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Katiyar, 2008, A naturally occurring proline-to-alanine amino acid change in Fks1p in Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis accounts for reduced echinocandin susceptibility, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Interestingly, the superiority of anidulafungin was most significant for patients with C. albicans infection [22], indicating that drug susceptibility per-se could not account for the differences in treatment outcomes.”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 2. Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Invasive Candidiasis > 2.1. Echinocandins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Reboli, 2007, Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis, N. Engl. J. Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The shift from C. albicans, which is overwhelmingly susceptible to all systemic antifungals, to species that are more frequently resistant or tolerant to fluconazole, such as C. glabrata and C. krusei, has impacted treatment recommendations [11,12,13].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Cornely, 2012, ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: Non-neutropenic adult patients, Clin. Microbiol. Infect. source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Pappas, 2016, Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Ullmann, 2012, ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: Adults with haematological malignancies and after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT), Clin. Microbiol. Infect. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Invasive candidiasis occurs frequently in hospitalized patients, and is associated with high mortality rates due to delays in recognition and initiation of appropriate antifungals.”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Morrell, 2005, Delaying the empiric treatment of candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: A potential risk factor for hospital mortality, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
- Not checked yetcites [71] Garey, 2006, Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: A multi-institutional study, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Farmakiotis, 2015, Early initiation of appropriate treatment is associated with increased survival in cancer patients with Candida glabrata fungaemia: A potential benefit from infectious disease consultation, Clin. Microbiol. Infect. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Candida strains with acquired resistance to echinocandins, specifically C. glabrata, while still generally infrequent, are increasing in incidence in some hospitals [10,14].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Cleveland, A.A., Harrison, L.H., Farley, M.M., Hollick, R., Stein, B., Chiller, T.M., Lockhart, S.R., and Park, B.J. (2015). Declining incidence of candidemia and the shifting epidemiology of Candida resistance in two US metropolitan areas, 2008–2013: Results from population-based surveillance. PLoS ONE, 10. source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Alexander, 2013, Increasing echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata: Clinical failure correlates with presence of FKS mutations and elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“A study comparing a triple daily dose of caspofungin (150-mg daily) versus standard 50-mg daily dosing found no advantage for the higher dose [24].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 2. Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Invasive Candidiasis > 2.1. Echinocandins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Betts, 2009, A Multicenter, double-blind trial of a high-dose caspofungin treatment regimen versus a standard caspofungin treatment regimen for adult patients with invasive candidiasis, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“C. auris, a novel Candida species first identified in 2009, has emerged since 2013 as a cause of nosocomial outbreaks in multiple countries across 5 continents.”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Ku, 2018, Candida auris: Disinfectants and Implications for Infection Control, Front. Microbiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Lockhart, 2016, Simultaneous Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris on 3 Continents Confirmed by Whole-Genome Sequencing and Epidemiological Analyses, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“and non-inferiority of micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B [21].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 2. Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Invasive Candidiasis > 2.1. Echinocandins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Kuse, 2007, Micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for candidaemia and invasive candidosis: A phase III randomised double-blind trial, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In both trials, echinocandins were associated with fewer adverse events, including serious events leading to drug discontinuation.”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 2. Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Invasive Candidiasis > 2.1. Echinocandins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Betts, 2002, Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis, N. Engl. J. Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Kuse, 2007, Micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for candidaemia and invasive candidosis: A phase III randomised double-blind trial, Lancet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 43
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
In the paper
“Anidulafungin was associated with a higher treatment success rate than was fluconazole, but mortality rates were not significantly different [22].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 2. Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Invasive Candidiasis > 2.1. Echinocandins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Reboli, 2007, Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis, N. Engl. J. Med. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In point prevalence studies, Candida species account for about 1 in 5 nosocomial bloodstream infections [1,3].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 1. Background
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Candida species are frequent colonizers of the human alimentary tract and skin that have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens, in tandem with advances in modern medical therapeutics [1,2].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Magill, 2014, Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections, N. Engl. J. Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Wisplinghoff, 2004, Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: Analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Prospective studies comparing echinocandins with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidiasis have shown similar efficacy of caspofungin and amphotericin B deoxycholate in the intention to treat analysis but superiority of caspofungin in the per-protocol analysis [20]”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 2. Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Invasive Candidiasis > 2.1. Echinocandins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Betts, 2002, Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis, N. Engl. J. Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“C. auris presents a serious challenge to healthcare systems due to its frequent resistance to multiple systemic antifungals and disinfectants and its capacity for rapid spread within healthcare facilities [15,16].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Ku, 2018, Candida auris: Disinfectants and Implications for Infection Control, Front. Microbiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Lockhart, 2016, Simultaneous Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris on 3 Continents Confirmed by Whole-Genome Sequencing and Epidemiological Analyses, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, C. glabrata has become an important pathogen in North America, Europe (with the exception of Spain), and Australia, whereas C. parapsilosis is the dominant non-albicans species in South America, Japan, and Spain [8,9,10].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Pfaller, 2010, Geographic variation in the frequency of isolation and fluconazole and voriconazole susceptibilities of Candida glabrata: An assessment from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance Program, Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Arendrup, 2010, Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis, Curr. Opin. Crit. Care source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Cleveland, A.A., Harrison, L.H., Farley, M.M., Hollick, R., Stein, B., Chiller, T.M., Lockhart, S.R., and Park, B.J. (2015). Declining incidence of candidemia and the shifting epidemiology of Candida resistance in two US metropolitan areas, 2008–2013: Results from population-based surveillance. PLoS ONE, 10. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Micafungin at both doses was non-inferior to caspofungin, whereas the median time to culture negativity was 1 day longer for the micafungin 150-mg dose versus the micafungin 100-mg dose [23].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 2. Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Invasive Candidiasis > 2.1. Echinocandins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Pappas, 2007, Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In an often cited nationwide survey, Candida species were found to be the fourth most frequent causes of bloodstream infection in hospitalized patients in the US, and were associated with the highest mortality rate among leading bloodstream isolates [2].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Wisplinghoff, 2004, Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: Analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Deep-seated candidiasis, arising from direct inoculation or hematogenous dissemination of Candida into normally sterile body sites, is often difficult to diagnose and may affect a population as large as that of candidemia [4,5,6].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Bongomin, F., Gago, S., Oladele, R.O., and Denning, D.W. (2017). Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases-Estimate Precision. J. Fungi (Basel), 3. source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Cheng, 2014, Candida glabrata Intra-Abdominal Candidiasis Is Characterized by Persistence within the Peritoneal Cavity and Abscesses, Infect. Immun. source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Leroy, 2009, Epidemiology, management, and risk factors for death of invasive Candida infections in critical care: A multicenter, prospective, observational study in France (2005–2006), Crit. Care Med. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In randomized controlled clinical trials of nonneutropenic patients with candidemia, outcomes were similar for patients treated with fluconazole versus amphotericin B, but toxicity was more frequent with amphotericin B [26,27].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 2. Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Invasive Candidiasis > 2.2. Azoles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Rex, 1994, A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. Candidemia Study Group and the National Institute, N. Engl. J. Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Phillips, 1997, Multicenter randomized trial of fluconazole versus amphotericin B for treatment of candidemia in non-neutropenic patients. Canadian Candidemia Study Group, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Drug efflux is the most frequent mechanism, and is mediated by transmembrane transporter molecules of either the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) or major facilitator (MFS) superfamilies [48,49].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.4. Resistance to Fluconazole
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Izumikawa, 2003, Function of Candida glabrata ABC transporter gene, PDH1, Yeast source
- Not checked yetcites [49] White, 1997, Increased mRNA levels of ERG16, CDR, and MDR1 correlate with increases in azole resistance in Candida albicans isolates from a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Breakpoints for C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis were lowered, so that MICs over 4 mg/L are considered resistant. For C. glabrata, an inherently fluconazole-tolerant species, an MIC greater than 32 mg/L is considered resistant, whereas an MIC of 32 mg/L or less is considered susceptible dose-dependent (S-DD), a term indicating that maximal drug dosage is required for optimal tre”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.3. Fluconazole Susceptibility Testing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Pfaller, 2010, Wild-type MIC distributions, epidemiological cutoff values and species-specific clinical breakpoints for fluconazole and Candida: Time for harmonization of CLSI and EUCAST broth microdilution methods, Drug. Resist. Updat. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study comparing fluconazole monotherapy with fluconazole combined with amphotericin B found a higher overall treatment success rate and a lower rate of failure to clear the bloodstream with the combination regimen [28].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 2. Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Invasive Candidiasis > 2.2. Azoles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Rex, 2003, A randomized and blinded multicenter trial of high-dose fluconazole plus placebo versus fluconazole plus amphotericin B as therapy for candidemia and its consequences in nonneutropenic subjects, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This effect is more pronounced with caspofungin than with other echinocandins, is unrelated to MIC, appears to be most common with C. albicans and C. dubliniensis, and is strikingly absent in C. glabrata [37,38,39].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.1. Echinocandin Susceptibility Testing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Chamilos, 2007, Paradoxical effect of Echinocandins across Candida species in vitro: Evidence for echinocandin-specific and candida species-related differences, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Fleischhacker, 2008, Paradoxical growth effects of the echinocandins caspofungin and micafungin, but not of anidulafungin, on clinical isolates of Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Shields, 2011, Paradoxical effect of caspofungin against Candida bloodstream isolates is mediated by multiple pathways but eliminated in human serum, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Contrary to echinocandin resistance, fluconazole-resistance does not incur a significant fitness cost, and may in fact be associated with enhanced virulence [55].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.4. Resistance to Fluconazole
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Ferrari, S., Ischer, F., Calabrese, D., Posteraro, B., Sanguinetti, M., Fadda, G., Rohde, B., Bauser, C., Bader, O., and Sanglard, D. (2009). Gain of function mutations in CgPDR1 of Candida glabrata not only mediate antifungal resistance but also enhance virulence. PLoS Pathog., 5. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Perhaps related to their reduced fitness, Candida species carrying FKS hotspot mutations are almost invariably recovered from patients with extensive recent exposure to echinocandins, and usually after more than 3 weeks of treatment [45].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.2. Resistance to Echinocandins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Dannaoui, 2012, Candida spp. with acquired echinocandin resistance, France, 2004-2010, Emerg. Infect. Dis. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Overall, acute kidney injury occurs in 30% of adults treated with amphotericin B, and is associated with significantly increased mortality rates, length of hospital stay, and costs [30].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 2. Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Invasive Candidiasis > 2.3. Amphotericin B
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Bates, 2001, Mortality and costs of acute renal failure associated with amphotericin B therapy, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Acquired echinocandin resistance has been described in all major Candida species, but is most frequently encountered in C. glabrata, where an association with echinocandin treatment failure has been described [14,42].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.2. Resistance to Echinocandins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Alexander, 2013, Increasing echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata: Clinical failure correlates with presence of FKS mutations and elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Shields, 2013, Caspofungin MICs correlate with treatment outcomes among patients with Candida glabrata invasive candidiasis and prior echinocandin exposure, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The paradoxical effect is abolished by testing in 50% human serum and in the presence of the chitin synthase inhibitor nikkomycin Z and calcineurin inhibitors, suggesting that cell-wall stress response pathways are involved [39].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.1. Echinocandin Susceptibility Testing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Shields, 2011, Paradoxical effect of caspofungin against Candida bloodstream isolates is mediated by multiple pathways but eliminated in human serum, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Of the major pathogenic Candida species, C. glabrata is the most prone to acquire fluconazole resistance, usually associated with upregulation of the ABC efflux pumps CDR1 and CDR2 [51,52].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.4. Resistance to Fluconazole
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Sanglard, 1999, The ATP binding cassette transporter gene CgCDR1 from Candida glabrata is involved in the resistance of clinical isolates to azole antifungal agents, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
- Not checked yetcites [52] Miyazaki, 1998, Fluconazole resistance associated with drug efflux and increased transcription of a drug transporter gene, PDH1, in Candida glabrata, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Treatment failure occurred most frequently with C. albicans [26].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 2. Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Invasive Candidiasis > 2.2. Azoles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Rex, 1994, A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. Candidemia Study Group and the National Institute, N. Engl. J. Med. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“C. auris is intrinsically resistant to fluconazole, and cannot reliably be treated with other azoles [16,58,59].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.4. Resistance to Fluconazole
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Lockhart, 2016, Simultaneous Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris on 3 Continents Confirmed by Whole-Genome Sequencing and Epidemiological Analyses, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Berman, 2017, Multidrug-Resistant Candida haemulonii and C. auris, Tel Aviv, Israel, Emerg. Infect. Dis.
- Not checked yetcites [59] Chowdhary, A., Sharma, C., and Meis, J.F. (2017). Candida auris: A rapidly emerging cause of hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant fungal infections globally. PLoS Pathog., 13. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Real-life use of this prediction rule in the intensive care setting reveals a high negative predictive value (80% to 97%) but modest positive predictive value (57% to 70%) [77,78].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 4. Treatment Strategies > 4.1. Early Initiation of Antifungal Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Bruyere, R., Quenot, J.P., Prin, S., Dalle, F., Vigneron, C., Aho, S., Leon, C., and Charles, P.E. (2014). Empirical antifungal therapy with an echinocandin in critically-ill patients: Prospective evaluation of a pragmatic Candida score-based strategy in one medical ICU. BMC Infect. Dis., 14. source
- Not checked yetcites [78] Posteraro, 2011, Early diagnosis of candidemia in intensive care unit patients with sepsis: A prospective comparison of (1-->3)-beta-d-glucan assay, Candida score, and colonization index, Crit. Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lipid formulations of amphotericin B are associated with similar rates of treatment success as echinocandins but higher rates of nephrotoxicity [21].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 4. Treatment Strategies > 4.2. Choice of Antifungal Agent
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Kuse, 2007, Micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for candidaemia and invasive candidosis: A phase III randomised double-blind trial, Lancet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Not only does C. glabrata have higher median MICs of fluconazole compared with other common Candida species, but treatment failure and the emergence of fluconazole-resistant strains occur frequently during treatment of initially susceptible isolates [52].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 4. Treatment Strategies > 4.3. Species-Specific Considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Miyazaki, 1998, Fluconazole resistance associated with drug efflux and increased transcription of a drug transporter gene, PDH1, in Candida glabrata, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, the median time to blood culture positivity is 2–3 days, and may be as long as 8 days. Again, median time to detection is longer for C. glabrata versus other species [75].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 4. Treatment Strategies > 4.1. Early Initiation of Antifungal Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Pfeiffer, 2011, Quantitation of Candida CFU in initial positive blood cultures, J. Clin. Microbiol. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Heteroresistance, specifically to fluconazole, was also shown to be highly frequent among clinical C. glabrata strains, and is associated with failure of fluconazole to clear C. glabrata from tissues of experimentally infected immunocompetent mice [68].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.7. Development of Antifungal Resistance in C. glabrata
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Zimmerman, 2016, Heteroresistance to Fluconazole Is a Continuously Distributed Phenotype among Candida glabrata Clinical Strains Associated with In Vivo Persistence, mBio source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, PCR assays that detect Candida DNA in full blood or serum are both sensitive and specific [82].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 4. Treatment Strategies > 4.1. Early Initiation of Antifungal Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] Avni, 2011, PCR diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: Systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Clin. Microbiol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Candida strains resistant to amphotericin B were found to harbor mutations in ERG2, ERG3, ERG5, and ERG11, and were co-resistant to fluconazole [63,64,65,66].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.6. Resistance to Amphotericin B
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Martel, 2010, Identification and characterization of four azole-resistant erg3 mutants of Candida albicans, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Martel, 2010, A clinical isolate of Candida albicans with mutations in ERG11 (encoding sterol 14alpha-demethylase) and ERG5 (encoding C22 desaturase) is cross resistant to azoles and amphotericin B, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
- Not checked yetcites [65] Sanglard, 2003, Candida albicans mutations in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway and resistance to several antifungal agents, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
- Not checked yetcites [66] Jensen, 2015, Stepwise emergence of azole, echinocandin and amphotericin B multidrug resistance in vivo in Candida albicans orchestrated by multiple genetic alterations, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specific mutations in the DNA mismatch repair gene MSH2 lead to a hyper-mutable phenotype and were found to be highly prevalent in clinical C. glabrata isolates [67].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.7. Development of Antifungal Resistance in C. glabrata
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Healey, 2016, Prevalent mutator genotype identified in fungal pathogen Candida glabrata promotes multi-drug resistance, Nat. Commun. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Acquired resistance is also rare, and involves reduced ergosterol biosynthesis and the production of alternative sterols to which amphotericin B has low affinity.”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.6. Resistance to Amphotericin B
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Martel, 2010, Identification and characterization of four azole-resistant erg3 mutants of Candida albicans, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Martel, 2010, A clinical isolate of Candida albicans with mutations in ERG11 (encoding sterol 14alpha-demethylase) and ERG5 (encoding C22 desaturase) is cross resistant to azoles and amphotericin B, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
- Not checked yetcites [65] Sanglard, 2003, Candida albicans mutations in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway and resistance to several antifungal agents, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
- Not checked yetcites [66] Jensen, 2015, Stepwise emergence of azole, echinocandin and amphotericin B multidrug resistance in vivo in Candida albicans orchestrated by multiple genetic alterations, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Heteroresistance to fluconazole is associated with up-regulation of ABC-type drug transporters, and may be detected and quantified using population analysis profiling [68], a method not routinely used by clinical microbiological laboratories.”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 3. Practical Aspects of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing > 3.7. Development of Antifungal Resistance in C. glabrata
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Zimmerman, 2016, Heteroresistance to Fluconazole Is a Continuously Distributed Phenotype among Candida glabrata Clinical Strains Associated with In Vivo Persistence, mBio source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A total score of 3 or more has 81% sensitivity and 74% specificity for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis, and a 7.7-fold greater risk of candidiasis [76].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 4. Treatment Strategies > 4.1. Early Initiation of Antifungal Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Leon, 2006, A bedside scoring system (“Candida score”) for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization, Crit. Care Med. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A differential time to positivity of greater than 2 h is associated with Candida CVC infection, but is not useful in cases of C. glabrata bloodstream infection [99].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 5. Source Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Park, 2014, Diagnostic usefulness of differential time to positivity for catheter-related candidemia, J. Clin. Microbiol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Clinical trials have shown numerically more cases of treatment failure for C. parapsilosis with anidulafungin versus fluconazole [22] and with caspofungin versus amphotericin B [20], although these differences were not statistically significant.”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 4. Treatment Strategies > 4.3. Species-Specific Considerations
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exposure to echinocandins was consistently found to be a risk factor for infection with C. auris, and breakthrough infection on echinocandins has been noted [16,90,91].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 4. Treatment Strategies > 4.3. Species-Specific Considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Lockhart, 2016, Simultaneous Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris on 3 Continents Confirmed by Whole-Genome Sequencing and Epidemiological Analyses, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [90] Ruiz-Gaitan, A., Moret, A.M., Tasias-Pitarch, M., Aleixandre-Lopez, A.I., Martinez-Morel, H., Calabuig, E., Salavert-Lleti, M., Ramirez, P., Lopez-Hontangas, J.L., and Hagen, F. (2018). An outbreak due to Candida auris with prolonged colonization and candidemia in a tertiary care European hospital. Mycoses. source
- Not checked yetcites [91] Rudramurthy, 2017, Candida auris candidaemia in Indian ICUs: Analysis of risk factors, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Peripheral blood time to positivity alone may also be of value, as a value greater than 30 h is associated with a significantly lower likelihood of CVC infection [100]. For the slow growing C. glabrata, a breakpoint of 48 h may be used [101].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 5. Source Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] Weinberger, 2008, Time to blood culture positivity as a marker for catheter-related candidemia, J. Clin. Microbiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [101] Stempel, 2016, Time-to-reporting of blood culture positivity and central venous catheter-associated Candida glabrata fungemia in cancer patients, Diagn Microbiol. Infect. Dis. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“De-escalation to oral fluconazole may reduce exposure to echinocandins, limit the emergence of resistance to this important drug class, shorten hospital stays, and limit costs.”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 4. Treatment Strategies > 4.4. Treatment Duration and De-Escalation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Vazquez, J., Reboli, A.C., Pappas, P.G., Patterson, T.F., Reinhardt, J., Chin-Hong, P., Tobin, E., Kett, D.H., Biswas, P., and Swanson, R. (2014). Evaluation of an early step-down strategy from intravenous anidulafungin to oral azole therapy for the treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis: Results from an open-label trial. BMC Infect. Dis., 14. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, because subclinical vitritis may be present, treatment with antifungals that achieve therapeutic concentrations within the vitreous is preferred.”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 7. Ocular Complications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Subclinical vitritis may be present in patients with ocular candidiasis.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, there are no clinical data to support this recommendation, and there is evidence that C. auris is tolerant to echinocandins.”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 4. Treatment Strategies > 4.3. Species-Specific Considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] Centers for Disease Control (2018, May 23). Recommendations for Treatment of Candida auris, Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/c-auris-treatment.html.
- Not checked yetcites [16] Lockhart, 2016, Simultaneous Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris on 3 Continents Confirmed by Whole-Genome Sequencing and Epidemiological Analyses, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [90] Ruiz-Gaitan, A., Moret, A.M., Tasias-Pitarch, M., Aleixandre-Lopez, A.I., Martinez-Morel, H., Calabuig, E., Salavert-Lleti, M., Ramirez, P., Lopez-Hontangas, J.L., and Hagen, F. (2018). An outbreak due to Candida auris with prolonged colonization and candidemia in a tertiary care European hospital. Mycoses. source
- Not checked yetcites [91] Rudramurthy, 2017, Candida auris candidaemia in Indian ICUs: Analysis of risk factors, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is compelling evidence that CVC removal is associated with higher rates of treatment success and lower mortality rates as compared with CVC retention [73,84,88,96,97].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 5. Source Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Kollef, 2012, Septic shock attributed to Candida infection: Importance of empiric therapy and source control, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [84] Andes, 2012, Impact of treatment strategy on outcomes in patients with candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis: A patient-level quantitative review of randomized trials, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [88] Aguado, 2014, Initial use of echinocandins does not negatively influence outcome in Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infection: A propensity score analysis, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [96] Liu, 2009, Candidemia in cancer patients: Impact of early removal of non-tunneled central venous catheters on outcome, J. Infect. source
- Not checked yetcites [97] Nguyen, 1995, Therapeutic approaches in patients with candidemia. Evaluation in a multicenter, prospective, observational study, Arch. Intern. Med. source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Intra-abdominal candidiasis tends to progress to abscesses that are persistent and recalcitrant, and if undrained may predispose for the development of drug-resistance [5,104].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 5. Source Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Cheng, 2014, Candida glabrata Intra-Abdominal Candidiasis Is Characterized by Persistence within the Peritoneal Cavity and Abscesses, Infect. Immun. source
- Not checked yetcites [104] Shields, 2014, Abdominal candidiasis is a hidden reservoir of echinocandin resistance, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, other groups have reported much lower incidence rates of endocarditis, suggesting that a more selective strategy may be reasonable [12].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 6. Echocardiography
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Pappas, 2016, Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“C. parapsilosis is particularly frequent as a cause of CVC infection, and neutropenic patients are relatively more likely than non-neutropenic patients to have Candida bloodstream infection that originates in the gut [88].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 5. Source Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] Aguado, 2014, Initial use of echinocandins does not negatively influence outcome in Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infection: A propensity score analysis, Clin. Infect. Dis. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Importantly, endocarditis was clinically unsuspected in a third of the cases, prompting a recommendation for TEE in all patients with candidemia [11].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 6. Echocardiography
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Cornely, 2012, ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: Non-neutropenic adult patients, Clin. Microbiol. Infect. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment options for drug-resistant C. glabrata and C. auris are poorly defined”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 9. Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment of invasive candidiasis is changing.”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 9. Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Ibrexafungerp (SCY-078, Scynexis, Jersey City, NJ, USA) is a first-in-class oral glucan synthase inhibitor that has shown fungicidal activity against a wide range of Candida species in in vitro assays and animal models [111].”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 8. Novel Drugs for Invasive Candidiasis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] Schell, W.A., Jones, A.M., Borroto-Esoda, K., and Alexander, B.D. (2017). Antifungal Activity of SCY-078 and Standard Antifungal Agents against 178 Clinical Isolates of Resistant and Susceptible Candida Species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 61. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensitive molecular diagnostics have the potential to shift treatment strategies from current, risk-based empirical therapy to early targeted treatments.”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 9. Summary
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and has fewer off-target effects and drug-drug interactions compared with other azoles.”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 8. Novel Drugs for Invasive Candidiasis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Oteseconazole has improved specific affinity towards fungal versus mammalian CYP51 compared with other azoles.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“their widespread use is leading to rising rates of resistance in Candida isolates at some hospitals.”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 9. Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Echinocandins have transformed the care of patients with invasive candidiasis”
§ Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review > 9. Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Echinocandins may achieve subinhibitory concentrations within abdominal abscesses.
“Echinocandins in particular may achieve subinhibitory concentrations within abdominal abscesses, underscoring the importance of surgical drainage and debridement.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The chorioretinal layer is highly vascular.
“Because the chorioretinal layer is highly vascular, treatment of chorioretinitis with any of the systemic antifungal drugs should be effective.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Subclinical vitritis may be present in patients with ocular candidiasis.
“However, because subclinical vitritis may be present, treatment with antifungals that achieve therapeutic concentrations within the vitreous is preferred.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Oteseconazole has improved specific affinity towards fungal versus mammalian CYP51 compared with other azoles.
“Oteseconazole (VT-1161, Viamet Pharmaceuticals, San Francisco, CA, USA) is a next-generation azole (tetrazole) with improved specific affinity towards fungal versus mammalian CYP51.”
The paper relies on this without support.
APX001 inactivates the fungal enzyme Gwt1.
“APX001 (Amplyx Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA), another first-in-class drug, is a small molecule that inactivates the fungal enzyme Gwt1.”
The paper relies on this without support.
APX001 prevents post-translational modification of GPI and disrupts anchoring of mannoproteins to the fungal cell wall.
“This prevents post-translational modification of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) and disrupts the anchoring of mannoproteins to the fungal cell wall”
The paper relies on this without support.
APX001 causes cell wall damage and impaired growth and biofilm formation.
“causing cell wall damage and impaired growth and biofilm formation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
MAT2203 is a novel encochleated amphotericin B formulation that allows oral administration.
“MAT2203 (Matinas Biopharma, Bedminster, NJ, USA) is a novel encochleated amphotericin B formulation that allows oral administration.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The most recent Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA)125 and European guidelines126,127 recommend echinocandins as first-line initial treatment for most invasive candidiasis in both neutropenic and non-neutropenic patients prior to identification to the species level due to their broad spectrum of activity, favorable side effect profile, mortality benefit, and the increasing incidence of az”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis (2024) · cites this paper as [129]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The most recent Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA)125 and European guidelines126,127 recommend echinocandins as first-line initial treatment for most invasive candidiasis in both neutropenic and non-neutropenic patients prior to identification to the species level due to their broad spectrum of activity, favorable side effect profile, mortality benefit, and the increasing incidence of az”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis (2024) · cites this paper as [129]
In the citing paper
“This can occur during long hospitalization periods and prolonged treatments [66].”
From Evolutionary Emergence of Drug Resistance in Candida Opportunistic Pathogens (2018) · cites this paper as [66]
Citations
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“albicans ERG11 coding sequence, resulting in reduced drug-to-target affinity, and gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding transcription factor UPC2 that lead to enhanced ERG11 expression [50].”
BackgroundIntraocular Candidiasis in Patients with Candidemia
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ben-Ami, R.
- Affiliations
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
- Venue
- Journal of Fungi
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-08-16
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 97
- ISSN
- 2309-608X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6162658
- OpenAlex
- W2886123035
- Semantic Scholar
- 9e14838359705dd984dc34b1c1aabff55136e4ab
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 2.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Fungi (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Infections and Treatments
- Keywords
- invasive candidiasis, antifungal therapy, echinocandins, antifungal resistance, Candida species, biofilm formation, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, sepsis, molecular diagnosis, host immune status
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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