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Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Disease
Open accessAbstract
The gut microbiome plays an important role in human health and influences the development of chronic diseases ranging from metabolic disease to gastrointestinal disorders and colorectal cancer. Of increasing prevalence in Western societies, these conditions carry a high burden of care. Dietary patterns and environmental factors have a profound effect on shaping gut microbiota in real time. Diverse populations of intestinal bacteria mediate their beneficial effects through the fermentation of dietary fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids, endogenous signals with important roles in lipid homeostasis and reducing inflammation. Recent progress shows that an individual’s starting microbial profile is a key determinant in predicting their response to intervention with live probiotics. The gut microbiota is complex and challenging to characterize. Enterotypes have been proposed using metrics such as alpha species diversity, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes phyla, and the relative abundance of beneficial genera (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia) versus facultative anaerobes (E. coli), pro-inflammatory Ruminococcus, or nonbacterial microbes. Microbiota composition and relative populations of bacterial species are linked to physiologic health along different axes. We review the role of diet quality, carbohydrate intake, fermentable FODMAPs, and prebiotic fiber in maintaining healthy gut flora. The implications are discussed for various conditions including obesity, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, depression, and cardiovascular disease.
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Brunt, V. E., Gioscia‐Ryan, R. A., Richey, J. J., Zigler, M. C., Cuevas, L. M., Gonzalez, A., Vázquez‐Baeza, Y., Battson, M. L., Smithson, A. T., Gilley, A. D., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp277336 · Cited by 182
Margolis, D. J., Fanelli, M., Hoffstad, O., & Lewis, J. D. (2010) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.303 · Cited by 177
Candida albicans induces mucosal bacterial dysbiosis that promotes invasive infection
Bertolini, M., Ranjan, A., Thompson, A., Diaz, P. I., Sobue, T., Maas, K., & Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A. (2019) · PLOS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007717 · Cited by 176
Langhorst, J., Junge, A., Rueffer, A., Wehkamp, J., Foell, D., Michalsen, A., Musial, F., & Dobos, G. J. (2009) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2008.86 · Cited by 167
Recommendations for Probiotic Use—2015 Update: Proceedings and Consensus Opinion
Floch, M. H., Walker, W. A., Sanders, M. E., Nieuwdorp, M., Kim, A. S., Brenner, D. A., Qamar, A. A., Miloh, T. A., Guarino, A., Guslandi, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000000420 · Cited by 119
Quigley, E. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7010006 · Cited by 109
Reddel, S., Putignani, L., & Del Chierico, F. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11020373 · Cited by 104
Metabolomics and microbiomes as potential tools to evaluate the effects of the Mediterranean diet
Jin, Q., Black, A., Kales, S. N., Vattem, D., Ruiz-Canela, M., & Sotos-Prieto, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11010207 · Cited by 100
Red and Processed Meat and Mortality in a Low Meat Intake Population
Alshahrani, S. M., Fraser, G. E., Sabaté, J., Knutsen, R., Shavlik, D., Mashchak, A., Lloren, J. I., & Orlich, M. J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030622 · Cited by 54
Dietary fibre and the risk of colorectal cancer: A case—Control study
Song, Y., Liu, M., Yang, F., Cui, L., Lu, X., & Chen, C. (2015) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.9.3747 · Cited by 53
Cited by
The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A Relevant Marker of Gut Dysbiosis in Obese Patients?
Magne, F., Gotteland, M., Gauthier, L., Zazueta, A., Pesoa, S., Navarrete, P., & Balamurugan, R. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051474 · Cited by 2,335
Human gut microbiota/microbiome in health and diseases: a review
Gomaa, E. Z. (2020) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1007/s10482-020-01474-7 · Cited by 1,294
Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches of diabetes
Crudele, L., Gadaleta, R. M., Cariello, M., & Moschetta, A. (2023) · eBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104821 · Cited by 251
Inulin: properties and health benefits
Qin, Y.-Q., Wang, L.-Y., Yang, X.-Y., Xu, Y.-J., Fan, G., Fan, Y.-G., Ren, J.-N., An, Q., & Li, X. (2023) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d2fo01096h · Cited by 240
Celiac Disease and the Microbiome
Valitutti, F., Cucchiara, S., & Fasano, A. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102403 · Cited by 157
Metadata
- Authors
- Hills, R., Pontefract, B., Mishcon, H., Black, C., Sutton, S., & Theberge, C.
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-07-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1613
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2957585395
- Cited by
- 1,092
- References
- 95
- FWCI
- 31.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.