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Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders
Open accessAbstract
Obesity leads to chronic, systemic inflammation and can lead to insulin resistance (IR), β-cell dysfunction, and ultimately type 2 diabetes (T2D). This chronic inflammatory state contributes to long-term complications of diabetes, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and nephropathy, and may underlie the association of type 2 diabetes with other conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, gout, and rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying inflammation in obesity, T2D, and related disorders. We discuss how chronic tissue inflammation results in IR, impaired insulin secretion, glucose intolerance, and T2D and review the effect of inflammation on diabetic complications and on the relationship between T2D and other pathologies. In this context, we discuss current therapeutic options for the treatment of metabolic disease, advances in the clinic and the potential of immune-modulatory approaches.
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“Obesity further amplifies systemic inflammation, creating a self-perpetuating cycle that markedly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes [38].”
From Navigating the potential of algal peptides: health effects, market applications, and scientific challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
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“Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), abundant in the AD brain, suppress GLUT expression, while oxidative stress further destabilizes and inactivates transporter proteins.”
From Toward a Unified Framework in Molecular Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease: Revisiting the Pathophysiological Hypotheses (2026) · cites this paper as [73]
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“Inflammation, as a basic pathological process, is critically implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous diseases.”
From Picroside II as a Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agent (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Our data using Cd68-eGFP mice support previous findings that obesity is associated with chronic inflammation37, as we observed increased expression numbers of Cd68-eGFP+ cells throughout the mouse.”
From A deep-learning framework reveals whole-body perturbations at cell level (2026) · cites this paper as [37]
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Hill, D. A., Lim, H.-W., Kim, Y. H., Ho, W. Y., Foong, Y. H., Nelson, V. L., Nguyen, H. C. B., Chegireddy, K., Kim, J., Habertheuer, A., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1802611115 · Cited by 415
Dror, E., Dalmas, É., Meier, D. T., Wueest, S., Thévenet, J., Thienel, C., Timper, K., Nordmann, T. M., Traub, S., Schulze, F., et al. (2017) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3659 · Cited by 411
Self-citationWedell-Neergaard, A.-S., Lang Lehrskov, L., Christensen, R. H., Legaard, G. E., Dorph, E., Larsen, M. K., Launbo, N., Fagerlind, S. R., Seide, S. K., Nymand, S., et al. (2019) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.007 · Cited by 403
Sustained effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist treatment in type 2 diabetes
Larsen, C. M., Faulenbach, M., Vaag, A., Ehses, J. A., Donath, M. Y., & Mandrup-Poulsen, T. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-0533 · Cited by 401
Self-citationKrebs Cycle Reimagined: The Emerging Roles of Succinate and Itaconate as Signal Transducers
Murphy, M. P., & O'Neill, L. A. J. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.030 · Cited by 399
Solomon, D. H. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.878 · Cited by 397
The role of TGFβ1 in initiating hepatic stellate cell activation in vivo
Hellerbrand, C., Stefanovic, B., Giordano, F., Burchardt, E. R., & Brenner, D. A. (1999) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(99)80010-5 · Cited by 393
The Effects of Salsalate on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Goldfine, A. B., Fonseca, V. A., Jablonski, K. A., Pyle, L. L., Staten, M. A., Shoelson, S. E., & for the TINSAL-T2D (Targeting Inflammation Using Salsalate in Type 2 Diabetes) Study Team* (2010) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-152-6-201003160-00004 · Cited by 392
Regulation of Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance with Gut Anti-inflammatory Agents
Luck, H., Tsai, S. J., Chung, J., Clemente‐Casares, X., Ghazarian, M., Revelo, X. S., Lei, H., Luk, C. T., Shi, S. Y., Surendra, A., et al. (2015) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.03.001 · Cited by 389
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Promotes Tubular Inflammation in Diabetic Nephropathy
Lin, M. Y., Yiu, W. H., Wu, H., Chan, L. Y. Y., Leung, J. C. K., Au, W. S., Chan, K. W., Lai, K. N., & Tang, S. C. W. (2011) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2010111210 · Cited by 387
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Insulin signaling and insulin sensitivity after exercise in human skeletal muscle
Wojtaszewski, J. F., Hansen, B. F., Gade, Kiens, B., Markuns, J. F., Goodyear, L. J., & Richter, E. A. (2000) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.3.325 · Cited by 382
Increased Macrophage Migration Into Adipose Tissue in Obese Mice
Oh, D. Y., Morinaga, H., Talukdar, S., Bae, E. J., & Olefsky, J. M. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-0860 · Cited by 380
Self-citationHypoxia-Inducible Factors as Essential Regulators of Inflammation
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Role of Interleukin-6 in Development of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Rehman, K., Akash, M. S. H., Liaqat, A., Kamal, S., Qadir, M. I., & Rasul, A. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression · doi:10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2017019712 · Cited by 378
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Flagged first, then by citations
7 of the 422 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: connections in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatments
Ruze, R., Liu, T., Zou, X., Song, J., Chen, Y., Xu, R., Yin, X., & Xu, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1161521 · Cited by 799
Metformin: update on mechanisms of action and repurposing potential
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Pathophysiology of obesity and its associated diseases
Jin, X., Qiu, T., Li, L., Yu, R., Chen, X., Li, C., Proud, C. G., & Jiang, T. (2023) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2023.01.012 · Cited by 603
Signaling pathways and targeted therapies for psoriasis
Guo, J., Zhang, H., Lin, W., Lu, L., Su, J., & Chen, X. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01655-6 · Cited by 489
Pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease: Breaking the memory barrier
Tryphena, K. P., Shukla, R., Khatri, D. K., & Vora, L. K. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102481 · Cited by 438
Metadata
- Authors
- Rohm, T. V., Meier, D. T., Olefsky, J. M., & Donath, M. Y.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Donath, Marc Y.
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-55
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8773457
- OpenAlex
- W4206799195
- Cited by
- 2,066
- References
- 422
- Citations by year
- 2026: 450 · 2025: 649 · 2024: 512 · 2023: 345 · 2022: 108
- FWCI
- 64.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 375 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30 DK063491, DK101395)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (P2BSP3_200177)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Diseases and Diabetes
- Keywords
- obesity, type 2 diabetes, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, insulin secretion, impaired glucose tolerance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes complications, Alzheimer's disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, retinopathy, immunomodulatory therapy, metabolic disease treatment
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Diabetes Complications, Immunomodulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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