Cited by 3,763Early Childhood Education and DevelopmentFood Security and Health in Diverse PopulationsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development

McLoyd, Vonnie C.·1998·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.53.2.185

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Abstract

Recent research consistently reports that persistent poverty has more detrimental effects on IQ, school achievement, and socioemotional functioning than transitory poverty, with children experiencing both types of poverty generally doing less well than never-poor children. Higher rates of perinatal complications, reduced access to resources that buffer the negative effects of perinatal complications, increased exposure to lead, and less home-based cognitive stimulation partly account for diminished cognitive functioning in poor children. These factors, along with lower teacher expectancies and poorer academic-readiness skills, also appear to contribute to lower levels of school achievement among poor children. The link between socioeconomic disadvantage and children's socioemotional functioning appears to be mediated partly by harsh, inconsistent parenting and elevated exposure to acute and chronic stressors. The implications of research findings for practice and policy are considered.

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Authors: McLoyd, V. C.
Affiliations: Duke University (US)
Corresponding author: McLoyd, Vonnie C.
ORCID: McLoyd, Vonnie C.
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998-02
Volume: 53
Issue: 2
Pages: 185-204
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.53.2.185
OpenAlex: W2016679285
Cited by: 3,763
References: 187
Citations by year: 2026: 43 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 171 · 2019: 183 · 2018: 159 · 2017: 187 · 2016: 178 · 2015: 181 · 2014: 205 · 2013: 201 · 2012: 228
FWCI: 357.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: socioeconomic deprivation, child development, poverty persistence, transitory poverty, IQ, academic performance, social-emotional functioning, perinatal complications, lead exposure, teacher expectations, academic preparation, chronic stress, social policy
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Child Development, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Poverty, Social Adjustment, Social Environment, Social Work, United States

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Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development

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