Distinct patterns of neonatal gut microflora in infants in whom atopy was and was not developing
Abstract
Background Improved hygiene has altered early microbial exposure by reducing childhood infections, which has been suggested as a cause for the continuously rising prevalence of atopic diseases. On the basis of both intensity and timing of stimulus, it has been hypothesized that exposure to commensal microflora may represent another key protective modulator of immunity against atopy and subsequent atopic diseases. Objective We sought to investigate whether differences in early gut microflora precede the later development of atopic sensitization. Methods Intestinal microflora from 76 infants at high risk of atopic diseases were analyzed at 3 weeks and 3 months of age by using conventional bacterial cultivation and 2 culture-independent methods, gas-liquid chromatography of bacterial cellular fatty acids and quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization of bacterial cells. Infants evincing at least one positive skin prick reaction at 12 months were grouped as atopic subjects, and those without positive reactions were grouped as nonatopic subjects. Results Atopic sensitization was observed in 22 (29%) of 76 children. At 3 weeks, the bacterial cellular fatty acid profile in fecal samples differed significantly between infants in whom atopy was and was not developing (P =.005). By using fluorescence in situ hydridization, atopic subjects had more clostridia (geometric mean [95% confidence interval]: 9.3 x 10(7) [3.8-22.9 x 10(7)] vs 3.3 x 10(7) [1.8-6.1 x 10(7)], P =.04) and tended to have fewer bifidobacteria (1.8 x 10(9) [0.4-7.6 x 10(9)] vs 6.1 x 10(9) [2.5-14.6 x 10(9)], P =.11) in their stools than nonatopic subjects, resulting in a reduced ratio of bifidobacteria to clostridia (P =.03). The differences were not detected by bacterial cultivation. Conclusion Differences in the neonatal gut microflora precede the development of atopy, suggesting a crucial role of the balance of indigenous intestinal bacteria for the maturation of human immunity to a nonatopic mode.
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Aberrancies in specific bifidobacterial microbiota, such as decreased numbers, or atypical species composition, have been identified in atopic disease, IBS, IBD, CRC, or celiac disease.
“Given the attention traditionally paid to the genus Bifidobacterium, aberrancies in specific bifidobacterial microbiota, such as decreased numbers, or atypical species composition, have been identified in some of them (Figure 2); these include atopic disease [94,95] , IBS [96,97] , IBD [98][99][100][101] , CRC [102] , or celiac disease [103,104] .”
From Intestinal microbiota in health and disease: Role of bifidobacteria in gut homeostasis (2014) · cites this paper as [95]
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- Authors
- Kalliomäki, M., Kirjavainen, P., Eerola, E., Kero, P., Salminen, S., & Isolauri, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Turku (FI)
- Venue
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 129-134
- ISSN
- 0091-6749 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2000452395
- Cited by
- 1,255
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 76
- FWCI
- 19.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- atopic sensitization, atopic diseases, infants, Bifidobacterium, Clostridia, commensal microbiota, immune system maturation, hygiene hypothesis, skin prick test
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Hypersensitivity, Immediate, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Stomach, Prevalence, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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