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Social Relationships and Health: The Toxic Effects of Perceived Social Isolation
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Research in social epidemiology suggests that the absence of positive social relationships is a significant risk factor for broad‐based morbidity and mortality. The nature of these social relationships and the mechanisms underlying this association are of increasing interest as the population gets older and the health care costs associated with chronic disease escalate in industrialized countries. We review selected evidence on the nature of social relationships and focus on one particular facet of the connection continuum – the extent to which an individual feels isolated (i.e., feels lonely) in a social world. Evidence indicates that loneliness heightens sensitivity to social threats and motivates the renewal of social connections, but it can also impair executive functioning, sleep, and mental and physical well‐being. Together, these effects contribute to higher rates of morbidity and mortality in lonely older adults.
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“For example, perceived social support and loneliness have been associated with variation in basal cortisol, which influences immune system, metabolic, and cardiovascular outcomes implicated in ADRD risk in older adults.39,40”
From Why the cognitive ‘fountain of youth’ may be upstream: pathways to dementia risk and resilience through social connectedness (2022) · cites this paper as [39]
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“There is growing evidence that the number and quality of social relationships have substantial impacts on health, well-being, and longevity, and, at least in animals, on reproductive fitness.”
From Variation in the β-endorphin, oxytocin, and dopamine receptor genes is associated with different dimensions of human sociality (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
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Skou, S. T., Mair, F. S., Fortin, M., Guthrie, B., Nunes, B. P., Miranda, J. J., Boyd, C. M., Pati, S., Mtenga, S., & Smith, S. M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-022-00376-4 · Cited by 1,499
Chu, C., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Tucker, R. P., Hagan, C. R., Rogers, M. L., Podlogar, M. C., Chiurliza, B., Ringer, F. B., et al. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000123 · Cited by 1,231
“Humans have a fundamental need to belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995) that, when unmet, leads to a range of negative health outcomes (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2014; Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010; HoltLunstad, Smith, Baker, Harris, & Stephenson, 2015; Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010), including increased…”
BackgroundLoneliness: clinical import and interventions
Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615570616 · Cited by 1,206
Self-citationAssociation of loneliness with all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis
Rico‐Uribe, L. A., Caballero, F. F., Martín‐María, N., Cabello, M., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190033 · Cited by 715
Wang, F., Gao, Y., Han, Z., Yu, Y., Long, Z., Jiang, X., Wu, Y., Pei, B., Cao, Y., Ye, J., et al. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01617-6 · Cited by 507
Metadata
- Authors
- Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cacioppo, John T.
- Venue
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-02
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 58-72
- ISSN
- 1751-9004 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4021390
- OpenAlex
- W1553108391
- Cited by
- 1,057
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 101 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 47.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Society for Social Neuroscience
- Society for Personality and Social Psychology
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG018911, R37AG033590, R01AG034052, R01AG033590)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- social isolation, loneliness, interpersonal relationships, social epidemiology, health risk factors, older adults, executive function, sleep, mental health, physical health, chronic disease, social danger, social connectedness
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