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Neuromodulation of Brain State and Behavior
Open accessAbstract
Neural activity and behavior are both notoriously variable, with responses differing widely between repeated presentation of identical stimuli or trials. Recent results in humans and animals reveal that these variations are not random in their nature, but may in fact be due in large part to rapid shifts in neural, cognitive, and behavioral states. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of rapid variations in the waking state, how variations are generated, and how they modulate neural and behavioral responses in both mice and humans. We propose that the brain has an identifiable set of states through which it wanders continuously in a nonrandom fashion, owing to the activity of both ascending modulatory and fast-acting corticocortical and subcortical-cortical neural pathways. These state variations provide the backdrop upon which the brain operates, and understanding them is critical to making progress in revealing the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and behavior.
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“Sleep is a brain state that is characterized by a large-scale organization of neuronal activity that captures virtually all brain regions”
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“Hence, acetylcholine promotes cortical desynchronization, similar to the action of noradrenaline [9,11,31,83].”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- McCormick, D. A., Nestvogel, D. B., & He, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- McCormick, David A.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-07-08
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 391-415
- ISSN
- 0147-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4126
- PMC
- PMC12237593
- OpenAlex
- W3014163957
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 167
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 4.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC015803)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R35NS097287)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- brain states, neural state transitions, behavioral state transitions, neuromodulation, cortico-cortical pathways, neural variability, cognitive states
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Neurons
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