The DOI matches its Crossref record; 197 of the 197 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 252 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression?
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD) encompasses several domains, including but not limited to executive function, verbal memory, and attention. Furthermore, cognitive dysfunction is a frequent residual manifestation in depression and may persist during the remitted phase. Cognitive deficits may also impede functional recovery, including workforce performance, in patients with MDD. The overarching aims of this opinion article are to critically evaluate the effects of available antidepressants as well as novel therapeutic targets on neurocognitive dysfunction in MDD. DISCUSSION: Conventional antidepressant drugs mitigate cognitive dysfunction in some people with MDD. However, a significant proportion of MDD patients continue to experience significant cognitive impairment. Two multicenter randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reported that vortioxetine, a multimodal antidepressant, has significant precognitive effects in MDD unrelated to mood improvement. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate was shown to alleviate executive dysfunction in an RCT of adults after full or partial remission of MDD. Preliminary evidence also indicates that erythropoietin may alleviate cognitive dysfunction in MDD. Several other novel agents may be repurposed as cognitive enhancers for MDD treatment, including minocycline, insulin, antidiabetic agents, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, S-adenosyl methionine, acetyl-L-carnitine, alpha lipoic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, melatonin, modafinil, galantamine, scopolamine, N-acetylcysteine, curcumin, statins, and coenzyme Q10. The management of cognitive dysfunction remains an unmet need in the treatment of MDD. However, it is hoped that the development of novel therapeutic targets will contribute to 'cognitive remission', which may aid functional recovery in MDD.
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TL;DR
This opinion/review argues that cognitive dysfunction is a frequent, persistent, and functionally impairing feature of major depressive disorder (MDD), and proposes “cognitive remission” as a novel treatment target. It reviews conventional antidepressants and candidate novel agents, concluding that evidence for direct procognitive effects remains limited, with vortioxetine having the strongest RCT support.
Key findings
- Cognitive impairment in MDD spans attention, memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function; meta-analyses report small-to-moderate deficits, including effect sizes of 0.48 for psychomotor speed, 0.36 for attention, and 0.53 for visual learning/memory in first-episode MDD, and Cohen’s d from −0.34 to −0.65 in a CANTAB meta-analysis.
- Only 30–40% of individuals with MDD reach symptomatic remission after adequate first-line antidepressant treatment, and approximately 20% of MDD patients show deficits of two standard deviations below the mean on two or more cognitive domains.
- Conventional antidepressants may improve some cognitive domains, but a meta-analysis found small effects (standard mean difference 0.16 for psychomotor speed and 0.24 for delayed recall), and no single antidepressant has FDA approval for treating cognitive disturbances associated with MDD.
- Vortioxetine showed significant procognitive effects in two multicenter RCTs with cognitive performance as the primary outcome, largely independent of mood improvement, though a meta-analysis found the overall effect size was small (0.34); lisdexamfetamine dimesylate improved executive dysfunction in an RCT of 143 adults, and erythropoietin improved verbal learning and memory in a preliminary RCT of 40 treatment-resistant MDD patients.
Methods
- Design: opinion article/narrative review, not a systematic review or primary study.
- Data: synthesizes clinical studies, meta-analyses, and RCTs on cognitive dysfunction in MDD and on standard antidepressants plus novel therapeutic targets, including a table of candidate agents.
- Analysis: narrative synthesis of evidence for procognitive effects; no primary data collection, formal meta-analysis, or systematic search strategy is reported.
Limitations
- The paper states that most antidepressant trials did not evaluate cognition as a primary outcome, lacked placebo control and proper statistical control for clinical severity, and were limited by heterogeneous demographic and clinical features, lack of gold-standard cognitive assessment tools, and confounding.
- The paper also notes over-representation of elderly subjects, poor correlation between subjective and objective cognitive measures, and lack of consensus on screening for cognitive dysfunction and on which cognitive measures should be primary outcomes.
- Evident from the text: as an opinion/narrative review, it does not systematically assess risk of bias or study quality, and many novel agents discussed have no published clinical trial data on cognition in MDD.
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Claims the paper makes
198 Not checked yet · 20 Own interpretation · 8 No basis given · 3 Supported · 1 Own method · 1 Own result
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Finally, a meta-analysis of 27 studies investigating euthymic adult subjects with MDD showed that executive dysfunction (namely lower inhibitory control) could persist after improvement of depressive symptoms [39].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Course of cognitive dysfunction in MDD
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] Bora E, Harrison BJ, Yucel M, Pantelis C. Cognitive impairment in euthymic major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2013;43(10):2017–26. source
The Abstract states that the meta-analysis included 27 studies of euthymic adults with MDD and concludes that poor response inhibition is likely to persist. The Cognitive domains section also reports significantly poorer Stroop interference performance in euthymic MDD patients than in healthy controls, supporting the inhibitory-control finding. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, in a recent study, we demonstrated that patients with cognitive impairment at baseline had substantially greater chances of achieving a clinically meaningful cognitive improvement in response to EPO treatment compared with patients with normal baseline cognition (Miskowiak et al., unpublished observations).”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Methodological considerations in cognition trials
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cognitive deficits may also impede functional recovery, including workforce performance, in patients with MDD.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Abstract > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] McIntyre RS, Cha DS, Soczynska JK, Woldeyohannes HO, Gallaugher LA, Kudlow P, et al. Cognitive deficits and functional outcomes in major depressive disorder: determinants, substrates, and treatment interventions. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(6):515–27. source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Buist-Bouwman MA, Ormel J, de Graaf R, de Jonge P, van Sonderen E, Alonso J, et al. ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 investigators. Mediators of the association between depression and role functioning. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008;118(6):451–8. source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Jaeger J, Berns S, Uzelac S, Davis-Conway S. Neurocognitive deficits and disability in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2006;145(1):39–48. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Impairments in executive function and attention may persist after the affective symptoms are fully mitigated [10].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Rock PL, Roiser JP, Riedel WJ, Blackwell AD. Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2014;44(10):2029–40. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The management of cognitive dysfunction remains an unmet need in the treatment of MDD.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Abstract > Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A significant body of evidence shows that individuals with MDD exhibit clinically significant cognitive impairment across multiple domains.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, a significant proportion of patients with MDD do not recover baseline levels of psychosocial functioning even when they meet the conventional definition of remission (e.g. a score ≤7 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)) [2, 11, 12], suggesting that non-affective dimensions and domains are critical determinants of functional outcome.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Stotland NL. Recovery from depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2012;35(1):37–49. source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Carvalho AF, Miskowiak KK, Hyphantis TN, Kohler CA, Alves GS, Bortolato B, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in depression - pathophysiology and novel targets. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2014;13(10):1819–35. source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Carvalho AF, Cavalcante JL, Castelo MS, Lima MC. Augmentation strategies for treatment-resistant depression: a literature review. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2007;32(5):415–28. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Preliminary evidence also indicates that erythropoietin may alleviate cognitive dysfunction in MDD.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Miskowiak KW, Vinberg M, Christensen EM, Bukh JD, Harmer CJ, Ehrenreich H, et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin for treating treatment-resistant depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;39(6):1399–408. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, some pilot studies show that cognitive deficits in MDD patients may predict non-response to treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or dual serotonergic-noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), indicating that poor performance in selected cognitive domains may define a patient subgroup that requires complex or additional treatment [21–23].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Dunkin JJ, Leuchter AF, Cook IA, Kasl-Godley JE, Abrams M, Rosenberg-Thompson S. Executive dysfunction predicts nonresponse to fluoxetine in major depression. J Affect Disord. 2000;60(1):13–23. source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Gorlyn M, Keilp JG, Grunebaum MF, Taylor BP, Oquendo MA, Bruder GE, et al. Neuropsychological characteristics as predictors of SSRI treatment response in depressed subjects. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2008;115(8):1213–9. source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Herrera-Guzman I, Gudayol-Ferre E, Lira-Mandujano J, Herrera-Abarca J, Herrera-Guzman D, Montoya-Perez K, et al. Cognitive predictors of treatment response to bupropion and cognitive effects of bupropion in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2008;160(1):72–82. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Altogether, these variables likely play a major role in producing the inconclusive findings reported in available studies [28].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Methodological challenges in the study of cognition in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Beblo T, Sinnamon G, Baune BT. Specifying the neuropsychology of affective disorders: clinical, demographic and neurobiological factors. Neuropsychol Rev. 2011;21(4):337–59. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
- It may state two separate claims as one. 61
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Thus, the authors posit that certain neurocognitive tests, mostly those that depend on psychomotor speed, may serve as differential predictors of clinical response to an SSRI or to an SNRI as opposed to bupropion.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive effects of conventional antidepressants
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [74] Bruder GE, Alvarenga JE, Alschuler D, Abraham K, Keilp JG, Hellerstein DJ, et al. Neurocognitive predictors of antidepressant clinical response. J Affect Disord. 2014;166:108–14. source
The Discussion says that neurocognitive tests, particularly those dependent on psychomotor speed, may differentially predict response to an SSRI or serotonergic dual therapy versus bupropion. The Methods specify that the serotonergic group included patients receiving the SNRI duloxetine; SNRI outcomes were pooled with other serotonergic treatments rather than assessed separately. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In addition, an inverse relationship was observed between cardiometabolic risk factors and cognitive performance, suggesting that dietary prevention strategies may delay the onset of metabolic disorders and associated cognitive decline.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [137] Nilsson A, Radeborg K, Salo I, Bjorck I. Effects of supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cognitive performance and cardiometabolic risk markers in healthy 51 to 72 years old subjects: a randomized controlled cross-over study. Nutrition J. 2012;11:99. source
The Discussion reports an inverse relationship between cardiometabolic risk markers and cognitive performance in healthy subjects. It also says this finding highlights the potential of a preventive dietary approach to address both metabolic disorders and associated cognitive decline. The claim preserves that tentative framing. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“Furthermore, cognitive dysfunction is a frequent residual manifestation in depression and may persist during the remitted phase.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Abstract > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Rock PL, Roiser JP, Riedel WJ, Blackwell AD. Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2014;44(10):2029–40. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD) encompasses several domains, including but not limited to executive function, verbal memory, and attention.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Abstract > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Austin MP, Mitchell P, Goodwin GM. Cognitive deficits in depression: possible implications for functional neuropathology. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:200–6. source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Douglas KM, Porter RJ. Longitudinal assessment of neuropsychological function in major depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2009;43(12):1105–17. source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Reppermund S, Ising M, Lucae S, Zihl J. Cognitive impairment in unipolar depression is persistent and non-specific: further evidence for the final common pathway disorder hypothesis. Psychol Med. 2009;39(4):603–14. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Cognitive symptoms are acknowledged clinical manifestations of MDD, with fatigue, sleepiness, and executive dysfunction being among the most frequently reported residual manifestations of MDD [4].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Stahl SM, Grady MM. Differences in mechanism of action between current and future antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64 Suppl 13:13–7.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several other novel agents may be repurposed as cognitive enhancers for MDD treatment, including minocycline, insulin, antidiabetic agents, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, S-adenosyl methionine, acetyl-L-carnitine, alpha lipoic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, melatonin, modafinil, galantamine, scopolamine, N-acetylcysteine, curcumin, statins, and coenzyme Q10.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Abstract > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Accordingly, a meta-analysis of 13 studies in 644 symptomatic patients with first-episode depression versus 570 healthy controls showed significant impairments in psychomotor speed, attention, and most aspects of executive function (i.e. attentional switching, verbal fluency, cognitive flexibility), with small to moderate effect sizes [5].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Lee RS, Hermens DF, Porter MA, Redoblado-Hodge MA. A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in first-episode major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2012;140(2):113–24. source
plaincorrelationaln = 644- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Only a subset of individuals with MDD (30–40 %) reach symptomatic remission after adequate treatment with a first-line antidepressant, and many patients do not reach premorbid levels of psychosocial functioning, such that a significant proportion of patients present residual symptoms.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Stotland NL. Recovery from depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2012;35(1):37–49. source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Carvalho AF, Miskowiak KK, Hyphantis TN, Kohler CA, Alves GS, Bortolato B, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in depression - pathophysiology and novel targets. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2014;13(10):1819–35. source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Carvalho AF, Cavalcante JL, Castelo MS, Lima MC. Augmentation strategies for treatment-resistant depression: a literature review. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2007;32(5):415–28. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Only 30–40% of individuals with major depressive disorder reach symptomatic remission after adequate treatment with a first-line antidepressant.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and disabling condition with a high frequency of non-recovery and recurrence, leading to substantial mortality and morbidity [1–3].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Kessler RC, Bromet EJ. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Ann Rev Public Health. 2013;34:119–38. source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Stotland NL. Recovery from depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2012;35(1):37–49. source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Alonso J, Vilagut G, Adroher ND, Chatterji S, He Y, Andrade LH, et al. Disability mediates the impact of common conditions on perceived health. PLoS One. 2013;8(6), e65858. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Notably, however, subjective and objective neuropsychological measures of cognition are not closely related [31, 32], indicating that patients with the greatest objective cognitive dysfunction do not necessarily experience the most pronounced cognitive problems, and vice versa.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Methodological challenges in the study of cognition in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Demant KM, Vinberg M, Kessing LV, Miskowiak KW. Assessment of subjective and objective cognitive function in bipolar disorder: correlations, predictors and the relation to psychosocial function. Psychiatry Res. 2015;229(1–2):565–71. source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Svendsen AM, Kessing LV, Munkholm K, Vinberg M, Miskowiak KW. Is there an association between subjective and objective measures of cognitive function in patients with affective disorders? Nordic J Psychiat. 2012;66(4):248–53. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cognitive dysfunction in depression does not appear to be simply an epiphenomenon of mood symptoms (e.g. fatigue) but instead is a core and persisting phenomenon [36].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Course of cognitive dysfunction in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Hammar A, Sorensen L, Ardal G, Oedegaard KJ, Kroken R, Roness A, et al. Enduring cognitive dysfunction in unipolar major depression: a test-retest study using the Stroop paradigm. Scand J Psychol. 2010;51(4):304–8.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, a meta-analysis of 13 studies on adults with a first MDE reported significant impairment in psychomotor speed (effect size 0.48), attention (effect size 0.36), and visual learning and memory (effect size 0.53) compared with healthy controls [5].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Course of cognitive dysfunction in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Lee RS, Hermens DF, Porter MA, Redoblado-Hodge MA. A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in first-episode major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2012;140(2):113–24. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, a systematic review of 11 studies involving 500 adult patients in remission from MDD documented persistent deficits in sustained and selective attention, memory, and executive function. However, the heterogeneity across studies did not allow for the estimation of precise effect sizes [37].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Course of cognitive dysfunction in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Hasselbalch BJ, Knorr U, Kessing LV. Cognitive impairment in the remitted state of unipolar depressive disorder: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2011;134(1–3):20–31. source
plaincorrelationaln = 500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Taken together, using the classification proposed by Davis et al. [44], these studies suggest that cognitive impairment may represent a risk biomarker that may even antedate illness onset, a trait marker present in remitted patients, a marker of progression showing greater severity with illness progression, and a state or acuity marker of MDD, with more marked effects on acutely ill individuals.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Course of cognitive dysfunction in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Davis J, Maes M, Andreazza A, McGrath JJ, Tye SJ, Berk M. Towards a classification of biomarkers of neuropsychiatric disease: from encompass to compass. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20(2):152–3. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, a meta-analysis of 24 studies in which all participants had been assessed with the same comprehensive neuropsychological battery (Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery) showed significant impairments in executive functions, attention, and memory in the symptomatic phases of MDD (Cohen’s d effect sizes ranging from −0.34 to −0.65) [10].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Meta-analytic evidence for non-specific cognitive dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Rock PL, Roiser JP, Riedel WJ, Blackwell AD. Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2014;44(10):2029–40. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Notwithstanding these limitations, separate meta-analyses provide compelling evidence that (objective) cognitive impairment is a consistent, replicable, non-specific, and clinically significant feature of MDD – and, for that matter, many major psychiatric disorders [10, 14, 33–35].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Meta-analytic evidence for non-specific cognitive dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Rock PL, Roiser JP, Riedel WJ, Blackwell AD. Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2014;44(10):2029–40. source
- Not checked yetcites [14] McIntyre RS, Cha DS, Soczynska JK, Woldeyohannes HO, Gallaugher LA, Kudlow P, et al. Cognitive deficits and functional outcomes in major depressive disorder: determinants, substrates, and treatment interventions. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(6):515–27. source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Wagner S, Doering B, Helmreich I, Lieb K, Tadic A. A meta-analysis of executive dysfunctions in unipolar major depressive disorder without psychotic symptoms and their changes during antidepressant treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012;125(4):281–92. source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Snyder HR. Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: a meta-analysis and review. Psychol Bull. 2013;139(1):81–132. source
- Not checked yetcites [35] McDermott LM, Ebmeier KP. A meta-analysis of depression severity and cognitive function. J Affect Disord. 2009;119(1–3):1–8. source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Importantly, it has been suggested that workplace impairment may contribute to more than 60 % of the MDD-related economic burden [47].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Clinical implications of cognitive dysfunction in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Greenberg PE, Kessler RC, Birnbaum HG, Leong SA, Lowe SW, Berglund PA, et al. The economic burden of depression in the United States: how did it change between 1990 and 2000? J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(12):1465–75. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the lack of gold-standard tools to assess cognition in MDD and the variety of neuropsychological tests employed in different investigations hinder clear comparisons between studies.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Methodological challenges in the study of cognition in MDD
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Path analysis showed that better cognitive performance was determined not only by decreases in depression severity but also by enhancements of verbal learning and memory performance.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive effects of conventional antidepressants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Greer TL, Sunderajan P, Grannemann BD, Kurian BT, Trivedi MH. Does duloxetine improve cognitive function independently of its antidepressant effect in patients with major depressive disorder and subjective reports of cognitive dysfunction? Depress Res Treat. 2014;2014:627863.
plaindirectn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the evidence base remains limited, and the effect sizes derived from this meta-analysis were small in magnitude (standard mean difference was 0.16 for psychomotor speed and 0.24 for delayed recall, respectively).”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive effects of conventional antidepressants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Rosenblat JD, Kakar R, McIntyre RS. The cognitive effects of antidepressants in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015. [Epub ahead of print] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, conventional antidepressants are generally associated with a beneficial effect on cognitive impairment in individuals with MDD, which may be mediated at least in part by improvement in affective symptoms.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive effects of conventional antidepressants
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, no significant between-group differences were observed in this study, in contrast to data obtained from a cross-sectional naturalistic study that reported a superior effect of bupropion over SSRIs or venlafaxine on cognitive function [65].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive effects of conventional antidepressants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Gualtieri CT, Johnson LG. Bupropion normalizes cognitive performance in patients with depression. MedGenMed. 2007;9(1):22.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Since cognitive dysfunction is one of the residual symptoms of MDD that most strongly impairs quality of life and since accumulating evidence suggests that persistent cognitive impairment prevents full recovery even following the resolution of depressive episodes, some authors have advocated for the achievement of ‘cognitive remission’ as an appropriate, novel aim for MDD treatment [57, 58].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Clinical implications of cognitive dysfunction in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] McIntyre RS. Using measurement strategies to identify and monitor residual symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74 Suppl 2:14–8. source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Trivedi MH, Greer TL. Cognitive dysfunction in unipolar depression: implications for treatment. J Affect Disord. 2014;152–154:19–27. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, the concept of remission provides only a vague theoretical definition that may be influenced by the psychometric limitations of available instruments [52, 53].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Clinical implications of cognitive dysfunction in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Ostergaard SD, Bech P, Miskowiak KW. Fewer study participants needed to demonstrate superior antidepressant efficacy when using the Hamilton melancholia subscale (HAM-D) as outcome measure. J Affect Disord. 2016;190:842–5. source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Fountoulakis KN, Moller HJ. Antidepressant drugs and the response in the placebo group: the real problem lies in our understanding of the issue. J Psychopharmacol. 2012;26(5):744–50. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“On the other hand, other findings indicated that sertraline, citalopram, or paroxetine administration, were not associated with significant changes in cognitive performance in a cohort of elderly patients with major depression, whereas a beneficial effect was observed in patients with minor depression, regardless of changes in the severity of depressive symptoms and concomitant benzodiazepine or p”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive effects of conventional antidepressants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Han L, McCusker J, Cole M, Capek R, Abrahamowicz M. Antidepressant use and cognitive functioning in older medical patients with major or minor depression: a prospective cohort study with database linkage. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31(4):429–35. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, whereas in this study the SSRI group (n = 27) performed significantly worse than healthy controls in tests of psychomotor and processing speed and cognitive flexibility, and the venlafaxine group performed worse than controls in measures of processing speed, the bupropion group (n = 27) did not differ from healthy controls in any cognitive measure; this aspect limits the generalizability”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive effects of conventional antidepressants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Gualtieri CT, Johnson LG. Bupropion normalizes cognitive performance in patients with depression. MedGenMed. 2007;9(1):22.
plainn = 27- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, remission does not equate to recovery.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Clinical implications of cognitive dysfunction in MDD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In particular, executive deficits in the elderly were found to correlate with increased residual symptomatology, higher recurrence rates, and worse response to antidepressant medication [77, 78].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive effects of conventional antidepressants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Alexopoulos GS, Reynolds 3rd CF, Bruce ML, Katz IR, Raue PJ, Mulsant BH, et al. PROSPECT Group. Reducing suicidal ideation and depression in older primary care patients: 24-month outcomes of the PROSPECT study. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(8):882–90. source
- Not checked yetcites [78] Potter GG, Kittinger JD, Wagner HR, Steffens DC, Krishnan KR. Prefrontal neuropsychological predictors of treatment remission in late-life depression. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;29(12):2266–71. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, a recent systematic review indicates that although augmentation therapy may potentially improve cognitive performance after remission of a MDE, available evidence should be interpreted cautiously because of significant heterogeneity in study design and treatment duration across studies [72].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive effects of conventional antidepressants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Keefe RS, McClintock SM, Roth RM, Doraiswamy PM, Tiger S, Madhoo M. Cognitive effects of pharmacotherapy for major depressive disorder: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(8):864–76. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conversely, in elderly subjects (age >65 years; n = 58) with MDD, executive dysfunction was associated with increased risk of relapse after 16-week therapy with nortriptyline, as well as higher recurrence rates after a 2-year placebo-controlled maintenance phase [76].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive effects of conventional antidepressants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Kalayam B, Kakuma T, Gabrielle M, et al. Executive dysfunction and long-term outcomes of geriatric depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(3):285–90. source
plaincorrelationaln = 58- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the recent discovery of compounds with potential therapeutic use in MDD-related cognitive dysfunction, there are still few choices available.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Whereas poor pretreatment word fluency performance predicted non-response to SSRIs and longer choice reaction time on the Stroop Test predicted non-response to SSRIs or dual therapy, patients who responded to bupropion tended to show the opposite pattern of neurocognitive performance, exhibiting slower reaction time and poorer pretreatment word fluency performance compared with those of controls.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive effects of conventional antidepressants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Bruder GE, Alvarenga JE, Alschuler D, Abraham K, Keilp JG, Hellerstein DJ, et al. Neurocognitive predictors of antidepressant clinical response. J Affect Disord. 2014;166:108–14. source
plaincorrelationaln = 70- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, some compounds under preliminary investigation show promising results with respect to their procognitive potential.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, psychotropic agents may have a similar effect on the immune system and, consequently, on cognitive performance [86, 87].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive effects of conventional antidepressants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] McAfoose J, Baune BT. Evidence for a cytokine model of cognitive function. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009;33(3):355–66. source
- Not checked yetcites [87] Yirmiya R, Goshen I. Immune modulation of learning, memory, neural plasticity and neurogenesis. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25(2):181–213. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Path analysis showed that, although more than one-half of the duloxetine effect on cognitive deficits was attributable to improvements in depressive symptoms, the effect of vortioxetine on cognitive performance was largely independent of the alleviation of depressive symptoms [92].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Mahableshwarkar AR, Zajecka J, Jacobson W, Chen Y, Keefe RS. A randomized, placebo-controlled, active-reference, double-blind, flexible-dose study of the efficacy of vortioxetine on cognitive function in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;40(8):2025–37. source
plaindirectn = 602- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Comorbid metabolic disturbances aggravate the burden of depressive illness, in part by sharing common risk factors and pathophysiological pathways, since impaired insulin signaling and insulin resistance have been documented to play an important role in the pathogenesis of MDD [109].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Stuart MJ, Baune BT. Depression and type 2 diabetes: inflammatory mechanisms of a psychoneuroendocrine co-morbidity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012;36(1):658–76. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) is a pharmacologically inactive pro-drug of D-amphetamine approved for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder treatment.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, it exerts antioxidant properties by suppressing free radical generation and attenuates increases in lipid peroxidation [100]”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] Morimoto N, Shimazawa M, Yamashima T, Nagai H, Hara H. Minocycline inhibits oxidative stress and decreases in vitro and in vivo ischemic neuronal damage. Brain Res. 2005;1044(1):8–15. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Path analyses showed that this effect was largely attributable to a direct effect of treatment on cognition because one-half to two-thirds of the procognitive effect could not be the result of the overall reduction in depression symptoms.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] McIntyre RS, Lophaven S, Olsen CK. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of vortioxetine on cognitive function in depressed adults. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;17(10):1557–67. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is also great research interest in the development or repurposing of various agents as cognitive enhancers for MDD.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“EPO crosses the blood–brain barrier and exerts antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects enhancing hippocampus-dependent memory and neuroplasticity, partly via increased production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) [95].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Miskowiak K, Vinberg M, Christensen EM, Kessing LV. Is there a difference in subjective experience of cognitive function in patients with unipolar disorder versus bipolar disorder? Nord J Psychiatry. 2012;66(6):389–95. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Procognitive effects were suggested by a preliminary RCT that investigated vortioxetine treatment in non-demented subjects with recurrent MDD (n = 453) [71]. Although these were secondary outcome measures, vortioxetine-treated individuals showed increased learning and memory performance (assessed by the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; RAVLT) and higher processing speed (assessed by the Digit”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Katona C, Hansen T, Olsen CK. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, duloxetine-referenced, fixed-dose study comparing the efficacy and safety of Lu AA21004 in elderly patients with major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;27(4):215–23. source
hedgeddirectn = 453- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“modulates glutamate transmission reducing glutamate release and excitotoxicity, and may indirectly target the monoaminergic system [101].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] Baptiste DC, Hartwick AT, Jollimore CA, Baldridge WH, Seigel GM, Kelly ME. An investigation of the neuroprotective effects of tetracycline derivatives in experimental models of retinal cell death. Mol Pharmacol. 2004;66(5):1113–22. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a large double-blind 8-week-long RCT investigated the effects of vortioxetine (10 mg or 20 mg) on cognitive performance as the primary outcome measure in adults with recurrent, moderate-to-severe MDD [91]. The study showed that vortioxetine significantly increased a composite index calculated from the DSST and the RAVLT scores, as well as self-reported cognitive tests (i.e. Perceived”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] McIntyre RS, Lophaven S, Olsen CK. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of vortioxetine on cognitive function in depressed adults. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;17(10):1557–67. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, it has been postulated that vortioxetine may improve the cognitive symptoms of MDD through its effects on cognate serotoninergic receptors, which may modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission [90].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] Pehrson AL, Sanchez C. Serotonergic modulation of glutamate neurotransmission as a strategy for treating depression and cognitive dysfunction. CNS Spectr. 2014;19(2):121–33. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Minocycline promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and exerts anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-2, TNF-α, INF-γ) and up-regulating anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-10) [99].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Dean OM, Data-Franco J, Giorlando F, Berk M. Minocycline: therapeutic potential in psychiatry. CNS Drugs. 2012;26(5):391–401. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) is an antidepressant that acts as an antagonist of the 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 serotonin receptors, partial agonist of the 5-HT1B serotonin receptor, agonist of the 5-HT1A receptor, and inhibits the serotonin transporter [88].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] Bang-Andersen B, Ruhland T, Jorgensen M, Smith G, Frederiksen K, Jensen KG, et al. Discovery of 1-[2-(2,4-dimethylphenylsulfanyl)phenyl]piperazine (Lu AA21004): a novel multimodal compound for the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Med Chem. 2011;54(9):3206–21. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In accord with these findings, vortioxetine procognitive effects were confirmed as a primary outcome in another 8-week duloxetine-referenced RCT in individuals with moderate-to-severe MDE who reported subjective cognitive dysfunction (n = 602). Significant improvements in objective and subjective measures of cognitive function (i.e. Number of Correct Symbols in the DSST and the attention/con”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Mahableshwarkar AR, Zajecka J, Jacobson W, Chen Y, Keefe RS. A randomized, placebo-controlled, active-reference, double-blind, flexible-dose study of the efficacy of vortioxetine on cognitive function in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;40(8):2025–37. source
boosteddirectn = 602- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In healthy volunteers, EPO modulated neuronal activity in a frontoparietal network during working memory and improved executive function (i.e. verbal fluency) 1 week after a single high-dose administration (40,000 IU) [96].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Miskowiak K, Inkster B, O'Sullivan U, Selvaraj S, Goodwin GM, Harmer CJ. Differential effects of erythropoietin on neural and cognitive measures of executive function 3 and 7 days post-administration. Exp Brain Res. 2008;184(3):313–21. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both vortioxetine and duloxetine were significantly superior to the placebo in reducing depressive symptoms assessed by MADRS.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Mahableshwarkar AR, Zajecka J, Jacobson W, Chen Y, Keefe RS. A randomized, placebo-controlled, active-reference, double-blind, flexible-dose study of the efficacy of vortioxetine on cognitive function in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;40(8):2025–37. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, metformin improved memory performance (assessed by the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised), which was significantly related to a decrease in depressive symptoms [122].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [122] Guo M, Mi J, Jiang QM, Xu JM, Tang YY, Tian G, et al. Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus. Clin Exper Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;41(9):650–6. source
plaindirectn = 58- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, the authors of this study underscored that antidepressant properties appeared to be largely independent of insulin-sensitizing action and are possibly mediated by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] Kashani L, Omidvar T, Farazmand B, Modabbernia A, Ramzanzadeh F, Tehraninejad ES, et al. Does pioglitazone improve depression through insulin-sensitization? Results of a randomized double-blind metformin-controlled trial in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome and comorbid depression. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2013;38(6):767–76. source
- Not checked yetcites [119] Kapadia R, Yi JH, Vemuganti R. Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions of PPAR-gamma agonists. Front Biosci. 2008;13:1813–26. source
hedgedconditionaln = 50- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Thiazolidinediones act as agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and have been demonstrated to exert neuroprotective effects, reducing oxidative stress and weakening the pro-inflammatory response, as well as promoting neuroplasticity via increased production of BDNF [116].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Menendez-Gutierrez MP, Roszer T, Ricote M. Biology and therapeutic applications of peroxisome proliferator- activated receptors. Curr Top Med Chem. 2012;12(6):548–84. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, n-3 PUFAs reduce the inflammatory response, limiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators by microglial cells following ischemic insults, and enhance glutathione-related antioxidant pathways [135, 136].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135] Zhang W, Hu X, Yang W, Gao Y, Chen J. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation confers long-term neuroprotection against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury through anti-inflammatory actions. Stroke. 2010;41(10):2341–7. source
- Not checked yetcites [136] Smesny S, Milleit B, Schaefer MR, Hipler UC, Milleit C, Wiegand C, et al. Effects of omega-3 PUFA on the vitamin E and glutathione antioxidant defense system in individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2015;101:15–21. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“ACE inhibitors have immune-modulating properties and suppress cytokine production (e.g. IL-1, TNF-α), likely through interference with NF-κB activation [123].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] Andersson P, Cederholm T, Johansson AS, Palmblad J. Captopril-impaired production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced interleukin-1beta in human monocytes is associated with altered intracellular distribution of nuclear factor-kappaB. J Lab Clin Med. 2002;140(2):103–9. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A pilot, open-label trial involving adult outpatients with MDD (n = 23) with comorbid abdominal obesity (waist circumference >35 inches in women and >40 inches in men) or metabolic syndrome documented that adjunctive pioglitazone significantly improves depressive severity (assessed by the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology), with a concurrent reduction in insulin resistance and inflammatory”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Kemp DE, Ismail-Beigi F, Ganocy SJ, Conroy C, Gao K, Obral S, et al. Use of insulin sensitizers for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a pilot study of pioglitazone for major depression accompanied by abdominal obesity. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(3):1164–73. source
plaindirectn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Alterations in insulin signaling are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and lead to the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways, as well as increased oxidative/nitrosative stress and glutamate excitotoxicity, which result in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration [111].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] Spielman LJ, Little JP, Klegeris A. Inflammation and insulin/IGF-1 resistance as the possible link between obesity and neurodegeneration. J Neuroimmunol. 2014;273(1–2):8–21. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“SAMe is a major methyl donor required for the synthesis of several neurotransmitters and serves as a precursor molecule to the transsulfuration pathway, which leads to the synthesis of glutathione [126].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [126] Bottiglieri T. S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe): from the bench to the bedside--molecular basis of a pleiotrophic molecule. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(5):1151s–7s. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has been posited that ALA supplementation in MDD would result in antidepressant effects, possibly via increased insulin sensitization and a consequent increase in monoamine synthesis [131].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [131] Salazar MR. Alpha lipoic acid: a novel treatment for depression. Med Hypotheses. 2000;55(6):510–2. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Preclinical evidence suggests that a diet enriched in n-3 PUFA (i.e. ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid) may attenuate IL-1-induced memory impairment and block IL-1-induced increases in serum corticosterone concentration [134].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [134] Song C, Phillips AG, Leonard BE, Horrobin DF. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid ingestion prevents corticosterone-mediated memory impairment induced by central administration of interleukin-1beta in rats. Mol Psychiatry. 2004;9(6):630–8. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these results provide the rationale for investigating ALC’s efficacy in the treatment of neurocognitive deficits in the context of MDD.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, they both enrolled small samples, with that by Holtzheimer et al. [150] enrolling only elderly participants.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150] Holtzheimer 3rd PE, Meeks TW, Kelley ME, Mufti M, Young R, McWhorter K, et al. A double blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of galantamine augmentation of antidepressant treatment in older adults with major depression. Inter J Geriatr Psychiat. 2008;23(6):625–31. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cognitive studies of NAC have produced inconsistent results, which may be linked to variations in study design [155].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [155] Deepmala, Slattery J, Kumar N, Delhey L, Berk M, Dean O, et al. Clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry and neurology: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;55:294–321. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Curcumin is a pleiotropic agent that targets immune-inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways and promotes neuroprotection and improved neurogenesis [165, 166].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Pluta R, Bogucka-Kocka A, Ulamek-Koziol M, Furmaga-Jablonska W, Januszewski S, Brzozowska J, et al. Neurogenesis and neuroprotection in postischemic brain neurodegeneration with Alzheimer phenotype: is there a role for curcumin? Folia Neuropathol. 2015;53(2):89–99. source
- Not checked yetcites [166] Maes M, Fisar Z, Medina M, Scapagnini G, Nowak G, Berk M. New drug targets in depression: inflammatory, cell-mediated immune, oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial, antioxidant, and neuroprogressive pathways. And new drug candidates--Nrf2 activators and GSK-3 inhibitors. Inflammopharmacol. 2012;20(3):127–50. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, few studies have investigated the effects of n-3 PUFAs on cognition, yielding inconclusive results to date.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
plainn = 40- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Acute curcumin administration improved performance on tasks that measured sustained attention and working memory, whereas chronic treatment also improved mood and fatigue [164].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] Cox KH, Pipingas A, Scholey AB. Investigation of the effects of solid lipid curcumin on cognition and mood in a healthy older population. J Psychopharmacol. 2015;29(5):642–51. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because of its modulatory effects on nicotinic receptors, it has been proposed that this drug may modulate other neurotransmitter systems, including monoamines, glutamate, and GABA [149].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [149] Colovic MB, Krstic DZ, Lazarevic-Pasti TD, Bondzic AM, Vasic VM. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology. Current Neuropharmacol. 2013;11(3):315–35. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“NAC acts as a modulator of synaptic glutamate through the cysteine-glutamate exchanger, increases glutathione and oxidative defenses, enhances neurogenesis and mitochondrial function, decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines, and regulates apoptosis [156].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [156] Samuni Y, Goldstein S, Dean OM, Berk M. The chemistry and biological activities of N-acetylcysteine. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1830(8):4117–29. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two double-blind, RCTs evaluated the effects of galantamine augmentation on neurocognitive function in MDD [150, 151], and both failed to demonstrate beneficial effects on cognition.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150] Holtzheimer 3rd PE, Meeks TW, Kelley ME, Mufti M, Young R, McWhorter K, et al. A double blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of galantamine augmentation of antidepressant treatment in older adults with major depression. Inter J Geriatr Psychiat. 2008;23(6):625–31. source
- Not checked yetcites [151] Elgamal S, MacQueen G. Galantamine as an adjunctive treatment in major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(3):357–9. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of the above-reviewed studies of novel candidate treatments for cognitive dysfunction in MDD remain preliminary.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Methodological considerations in cognition trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, meta-analytic evidence suggests that statins induce mood-enhancing effects and decrease the risk of development of de novo depression in humans [170, 171].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] O'Neil A, Sanna L, Redlich C, Sanderson K, Jacka F, Williams LJ, et al. The impact of statins on psychological wellbeing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2012;10:154. source
- Not checked yetcites [171] Parsaik AK, Singh B, Murad MH, Singh K, Mascarenhas SS, Williams MD, et al. Statins use and risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2014;160:62–7. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, no trial to date has evaluated the effects of statin members as cognitive enhancers for patients with MDD.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another issue is the lack of guidelines on which cognition measures should be implemented as primary outcomes in these trials (i.e. single neuropsychological test measures or composite scores of tests assessing several cognitive domains).”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Methodological considerations in cognition trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, statins may decrease the activity of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase [175], which is induced by IFN-γ, leading to the cleavage of the essential amino acid tryptophan, a precursor of serotonin and melatonin, as well as the production of neurotoxic tryptophan catabolites [176].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [175] Wirleitner B, Sperner-Unterweger B, Fuchs D. Statins to reduce risk of depression. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(6):1132. author reply 1132–1133. source
- Not checked yetcites [176] Reus GZ, Jansen K, Titus S, Carvalho AF, Gabbay V, Quevedo J. Kynurenine pathway dysfunction in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression: Evidences from animal and human studies. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;68:316–28. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As an antioxidant, CoQ10 protects cells from the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species [177].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [177] Morris G, Anderson G, Berk M, Maes M. Coenzyme Q10 depletion in medical and neuropsychiatric disorders: potential repercussions and therapeutic implications. Mol Neurobiol. 2013;48(3):883–903. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Atorvastatin also promotes antidepressant-like effects and increases hippocampal BDNF levels in rodents [169].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Ludka FK, Zomkowski AD, Cunha MP, Dal-Cim T, Zeni AL, Rodrigues AL, et al. Acute atorvastatin treatment exerts antidepressant-like effect in mice via the L-arginine-nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway and increases BDNF levels. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;23(5):400–12. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of consensus regarding these methodological issues is a substantial limitation that must be addressed to advance the field.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Methodological considerations in cognition trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although inconsistent but positive effects of conventional treatments on cognitive impairment are observed, there is an absence of compelling evidence of a specific and direct effect with most antidepressants.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data are preliminary across these agents and are promising for EPO, SAMe, insulin, NAC, and antidiabetic agents.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Summary
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among agents within a class of antidepressants, it is also uncertain whether efficacy can be generalized to all members.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The group allocated to atorvastatin showed lower HDRS scores by the end of the trial; however, no participant achieved remission.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [173] Haghighi M, Khodakarami S, Jahangard L, Ahmadpanah M, Bajoghli H, Holsboer-Trachsler E, et al. In a randomized, double-blind clinical trial, adjuvant atorvastatin improved symptoms of depression and blood lipid values in patients suffering from severe major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;58:109–14. source
plaindirectn = 60- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“CoQ10 displays antidepressant-like effects in chronically stressed rats, with a reduction in hippocampal oxidative/nitrosative DNA damage [181].”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Aboul-Fotouh S. Coenzyme Q10 displays antidepressant-like activity with reduction of hippocampal oxidative/nitrosative DNA damage in chronically stressed rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2013;104:105–12. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One key issue is the lack of consensus on whether and how to screen for cognitive dysfunction in these trials.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Methodological considerations in cognition trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“at study completion, the latter showed significantly lower depressive symptoms, whereas differences in remission rates did not achieve statistical significance.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [174] Gougol A, Zareh-Mohammadi N, Raheb S, Farokhnia M, Salimi S, Iranpour N, et al. Simvastatin as an adjuvant therapy to fluoxetine in patients with moderate to severe major depression: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2015;29(5):575–81. source
plaindirectn = 48- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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The paper relies on this without support.
Only 30–40% of individuals with major depressive disorder reach symptomatic remission after adequate treatment with a first-line antidepressant.
“Only a subset of individuals with MDD (30–40 %) reach symptomatic remission after adequate treatment with a first-line antidepressant, and many patients do not reach premorbid levels of psychosocial functioning, such that a significant proportion of patients present residual symptoms.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The clinical magnitude of antidepressant effects on cognitive performance is small in non-elderly adult subjects with major depressive disorder.
“Notwithstanding the paucity of data showing beneficial effects of antidepressants on cognitive performance in non-elderly adult subjects with MDD, converging evidence supports the assumption that the clinical magnitude of antidepressant effects is also small in this population.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Insulin exerts anti-apoptotic activities and facilitates neuronal growth and differentiation by promoting synapse formation, thereby influencing learning and memory processes.
“Insulin exerts anti-apoptotic activities and facilitates neuronal growth and differentiation by promoting synapse formation, thus influencing learning and memory processes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Insulin serves as a neuromodulator by enhancing serotonin synthesis and inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine by pre-synaptic neurons.
“In addition, insulin serves as a neuromodulator by enhancing serotonin synthesis and inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine by pre-synaptic neurons.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Scopolamine may modulate serotonin, neuropeptide Y, and the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems.
“In addition to its anticholinergic effect, scopolamine may modulate serotonin, neuropeptide Y, and the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Simvastatin and atorvastatin inhibit inflammation by decreasing TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels.
“For example, simvastatin and atorvastatin inhibit inflammation by decreasing TNF-α and IL-1β levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Simvastatin is neuroprotective in an animal model of ischemia, and this effect is associated with an increase in the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.
“Simvastatin was also shown to be neuroprotective in an animal model of ischemia; this effect was associated with an increase in the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.”
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In the citing paper
“Some studies have suggested that long-term antidepressant treatment (generally lasting more than 6 months) can have a detrimental impact on executive function, memory, attention, and motivation in patients with MDD (Fava et al., 2006; Popovic et al., 2015; Bortolato et al., 2016).”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Bortolato et al., 2016
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Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
“Thiazolidinediones | Antagonist of PPAR-gamma; increased the production of BDNF; has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
“Thiazolidinediones act as agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
“No published clinical trials to date have investigated the effects of omega-3 PUFAs on cognitive performance in samples with MDD.”
§ Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? > Discussion > Cognitive dysfunction as a target for novel treatments
“An RCT evaluating the effect of n-3 PUFA (1.5 g/day) supplementation on mood and cognition in mildly to moderately depressed patients did not indicate any significant change in cognitive functions [139].”
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“While the recovery of the cognitive deficits after clinical remission from depression may be associated with subtypes of MDD (76), several other novel agents may be repurposed as cognitive enhancers for MDD treatment for those patients who continue to experience significant cognitive impairment (77).”
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BackgroundInfluence of Drugs on Cognitive Functions
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“Moreover, some evidence has shown that conventional antidepressant treatment selectively diminishes cognitive dysfunction [86].”
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Depressive Symptoms and Frailty Among the Oldest Old: Evidence From a Multicenter Prospective Study
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Contributors of Functional Impairment in Major Depressive Disorder: a Biopsychosocial Approach
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Antidepressant-Like Effects of Chronic Guanosine in the Olfactory Bulbectomy Mouse Model
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“Similar results were reported for tricyclic antidepressants (52, 53), as well as for chronic IMI treatment on spatial working memory deficits in OBX mice tested 2 weeks after OBX (54).”
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“Accordingly, treatment priorities have shifted to targeting functional recovery, rather than solely symptomatic remission [8,11,12].”
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“These findings suggest that cold cognition dysfunction can be used as a good marker for depression susceptibility (13), prognosis (14) and functional recovery (15).”
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Predictors of cognitive remediation therapy improvement in (partially) remitted unipolar depression
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“Most often, methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall), modafinil [6] and armodafinil (Provigil, Modiodal), piracetam (Oikamid, Kalicor), racetams, diazepam, alprazolam, etizolam, lorazepam, ephedrine, sertraline, fluoxetine, atomoxetine, morphine, oxycodone, bupropion, pyritinol (Encephab…”
BackgroundCuomo, A., Aguglia, A., Berardis, D. D., Ventriglio, A., Gesi, C., & Fagiolini, A. M. (2024) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-024-00505-1 · Cited by 13
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) treatment challenges include delayed pharmacotherapy response, adverse effects, and persistent cognitive dysfunction affecting executive function, memory, and attention, which can hinder recovery even during remission [13, 14].”
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“It is largely known that cognitive deficits are commonly present in MDD patients (Bortolato et al., 2016; Pan et al., 2019).”
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“These patient-reported findings support the empirical evidence, suggesting that although conventional antidepressants mitigate deficits in certain cognitive domains in a proportion of patients [8], outstanding deficits in executive functioning [27-29] often persist even after the depressive symptoms have remitted [30-…”
BackgroundResultAdongo, D. W., Mante, P. K., Kukuia, K. K. E., Benneh, C. K., Biney, R. P., Boakye‐Gyasi, E., Amekyeh, H., Harley, B. K., Tandoh, A., Okyere, P. D., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278231 · Cited by 10
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Depressive disorders and their pharmacotherapy in routine clinical practice
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“However, with the exception of vortioxetine, these drugs have not exhibited significant improvement in emotional or cognitive symptoms in MDD patients 9 .”
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“Current treatment regimens, while effective in improving core symptoms of MDD, fall short in addressing MDD-related disability [2-4].”
The correlation between high temperature and cognitive function: a CHARLS 2018 cross-sectional study
Kong, L., Chen, D., Zhang, J.-D., Cheng, X.-F., Zhang, Y.-L., & Li, B. (2025) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-025-01665-6 · Cited by 11
Statins in depression: a repurposed medical treatment can provide novel insights in mental health
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“…science (Walker et al., 2021) and clinical research (Hayes et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2019) indicates that statins may play a role in the treatment of neuropsychiatric syndromes, particularly in the context of affective disorders such as depression (Bortolato et al., 2016; De Giorgi et al., 2021).”
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Evaluation of cognitive impairment in patients with major depressive disorder in remission
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“Therefore, they concluded that cognitive impairment persists during the remission as a residual manifestation in depression [12].”
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Cognitive Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: Cause and Effect
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Aberrant brain dynamics in major depressive disorder during working memory task
Sun, F., Liu, Z., Yang, J., Fan, Z., Wang, F., & Yang, J. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01854-4 · Cited by 7
“In addition to emotional symptoms, patients with MDD are often accompanied by neurocognitive impairment, which can predict poor response to treatment and more relapses [2].”
Wang, P., Jing, C., Pei, Y., Lu, M., Xu, X., Pei, Q., & Yan, F. (2021) · Technology and Health Care · doi:10.3233/thc-218024 · Cited by 7
“Thus, recovering cognitive dysfunctions has been identified as the novel therapeutic strategy for depression [5,11,12].”
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“, 2014) together with our finding that a change in response inhibition and change in depression over the course of psychotherapy are related: implementing specific additional interventions such as cognitive remediation therapy to improve cognitive deficits may help cognitively impaired patients with MDD to perform at…”
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“Cognitive impairment is thus considered a key predictor of susceptibility to depression, as well as its prognosis and functional recovery in older adults [14–16].”
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“[53] With the disease progression, elderly patients with COPD were more likely to have negative emotions, such as mental stress, panic, and depression, due to functional decline, reduced endurance activity, and limited physical and social activities; as a result, the incidence of depression…”
Dimensions and Predictors of Personal Recovery in Major Depression
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“[54] a. Minocycline b. Insulin and Antidiabetic Agents (e.g., Thiazolidinediones). c. S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAMe) d. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids e. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) f. Curcumin g.”
Subjective cognitive and neurocognitive functions over the course of CBT
Bernhardt, M., Schwert, C., Aschenbrenner, S., Weisbrod, M., & Schröder, A. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113895 · Cited by 5
Problem Solving Therapy Improves Effortful Cognition in Major Depression
Jiang, C., Zhou, H., Chen, L., & Zhou, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.607718 · Cited by 8
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“36 A meta-analysis showed that the effect size of cognitive dysfunction in patients with depression, compared to healthy controls, ranged from −0.34 to −0.65.”
InfluentialWang, X., Xie, J., Yang, Y., Li, M., Li, G., Zhang, X., & Li, J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.172 · Cited by 4
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“, 2014), the continuous finding of this to not be adequately addressed by CBT shows the necessity to strive for “cognitive”, next to clinical remission in MD (Bernhardt et al., 2019; Bortolato et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodCognitive Dysfunction in Unipolar Depression: A Case-Control Study
Rakesh, C., Sharma, R., & Singh, C. (2024) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176241259683 · Cited by 4
“13,14 They are integral to cognition as well as secondary to the other symptoms of depression, such as psychomotor retardation, motivation, fatigue, insomnia, and mood disturbances.”
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Studies on Depression and Fatigue in People With End Stage Kidney Disease Receiving Haemodialysis
Guirguis, A. (2018) · University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) · doi:10.18745/th.19696 · Cited by 4
Guidetti, C., Serra, G., Pani, L., Pappagallo, M., Maglio, G., Martin, S. D., Mattarei, A., Folli, F., Manfredi, P. L., & Fava, M. (2023) · The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders · doi:10.4088/pcc.22m03267 · Cited by 4
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“These cognitive impairments often remain unresolved despite standard first-line treatments, including antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy (Bortolato et al. 2016 ; Shilyansky et al. 2016 ).”
Vasiliu, O. (2022) · Psihiatru ro · doi:10.26416/psih.69.2.2022.6630 · Cited by 3
Insights on the cognitive enhancement effect of desvenlafaxine in major depressive disorder
Vicent-Gil, M., Trujols, J., Sagués, T., Serra-Blasco, M., Navarra‐Ventura, G., Mantellini, C. L., Crivillés, S., Portella, M. J., & Cardoner, N. (2025) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-025-00552-2 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, research in this field highlights that cognitive difficulties in depression are not mood-dependent as they often persist even during clinical remission [57, 58].”
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“Domain-specific mild to moderate cognitive deficits in learning and memory, executive function, processing speed, and attention and concentration are highly replicated findings in individuals with MDD [5].”
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Efficacy of curcumin in cognitive functions and inflammatory markers of major depressive disorder
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“Despite the existence of evidence-based medical guidelines, which rely on monoaminergic theory, these approaches are more effective in improving mood symptoms (Carvalho et al., 2014) and only 30-40% of patients return to pre-disease functional levels (Bortolato et al., 2016).”
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Procognitive effects of fluvoxamine: preliminary data
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“Bortolato and colleagues introduced the concept of cognitive remission as an additional aim in the treatment of affective disorders [10].”
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“It is worth noting that the impairment of executive function and attention can persist even after the complete alleviation of affective symptoms in individuals with major depressive disorder [21].”
Lin, Y., Xu, C., Tao, Y., Sun, Y., Liyanage, B. N., Yue, W., & Shi, C. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07243-y · Cited by 2
“Cognitive dysfunction constitutes a core feature of major depressive disorder (MDD), manifesting not merely as an epiphenomenon of mood disturbances but rather as an independent dimension of psychopathology with profound clinical implications [1].”
Tiba, A., Drugas, M. I., Sîrbu, I., Trip, S., Bora, C. H., & Voss, L. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105025 · Cited by 2
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“A recent study had reported that 94 percent of depressed patients had cognitive dysfunctions during the onset of depression, and in remission of depression, they still had cognitive impairments (3).”
BackgroundAntidepressant-Like Effects of Cinnamomum verum on Open-Space Forced Swim-Induced Depression in Mice
Yusha’u, Y., Hanafi, A. A., & Adam, U. M. (2023) · Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences · doi:10.54548/njps.v38i2.11 · Cited by 2
Sumedrea, A. G., Sumedrea, C. M., & Săvulescu, F. (2024) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc8080088 · Cited by 2
Personal Recovery in People with Mental Disorders: The Achievement of a Meaningful Life
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Liu, S., Qi, Y., Hu, S., Wei, N., Zhang, J., Zhu, J., Wu, H., Hu, H., Yang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3566057 · Cited by 4
Complementariedad terapéutica en el trastorno depresivo mayor con síntomas psicóticos
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Determining the cognitive performance in the first episode of depression
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New Antidepressant Medication: Benefits Versus Adverse Effects
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“Furthermore, it increases glutamatergic neurotransmission, probably through inhibiting GABA interneurons [80, 92, 94].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bortolato, B., Miskowiak, K. W., Köhler, C. A., Maes, M., Fernandes, B. S., Berk, M., & Carvalho, A. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (BR)
- Deakin University (AU)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Venue
- BMC Medicine
- Published
- 2016-01-22
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9-9
- ISSN
- 1741-7015 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4724131
- OpenAlex
- W2264576686
- Semantic Scholar
- ff474a091e9300a6374d6b59c15f1e55ca7ac09b
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 197
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 2.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1059660)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, cognitive impairment, antidepressants, vortioxetine, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, erythropoietin, executive dysfunction, verbal memory, attention, nootropic drugs, drug repurposing, functional recovery
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Attention, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Humans, Memory, Remission Induction, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Nootropic Agents, Recovery of Function
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