Prevalence and impacts of genetically engineered feedstuffs on livestock populations1

In the paper

“United States animal agriculture produces over 9 billion foodproducing animals annually”

In the paper

“An estimated 24 consecutive generations of broilers would have been consuming GE feed during the time period 2000 to 2011.”

In the paper

“There was no indication of worsening animal health after the introduction of GE feed, and productivity improvements continued in the same direction and at similar rates as those that were observed before the introduction of GE crop varieties in 1996.”

In the paper

“Moreover, mortality was essentially unchanged throughout the years presented and was also at its lowest in 2011.”

In the paper

“The EU imports 65% of its protein-rich feedstuffs, for which there are no alternative sources grown in the EU (Popp et al., 2013), and is the largest importer of soybean meal and the second largest importer of soybeans after China (Fig. 4 and 5).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Popp et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“Poultry continue to be the single largest domestic user of soybean meal, consuming about half of all meal, followed by swine.”

In the paper

“Cattle fed or finished in feedyards, typically for 120 d before slaughter on high concentrate diets containing corn and soy as major ingredients, made up the majority (82%) of the cattle at harvest but represented a minority (12%) of the cattle condemned.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites White and Moore, 2009

In the paper

“The rate of broiler carcass condemnation decreased significantly over time and was at its lowest in 2011.”

In the paper

“The EU imports 65% of its protein-rich feedstuffs, for which there are no alternative sources grown in the EU (Popp et al., 2013), and is the largest importer of soybean meal and the second largest importer of soybeans after China (Fig. 4 and 5).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fig. 4 and 5

In the paper

“It is estimated that approximately 85% of soybean and 57% of corn grain production (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2014b) are used in global livestock diets annually.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2014b

In the paper

“Condemnation rates for non-fed cattle, particularly cows, were higher than for fed cattle, but the rate in 2007 (2.49%), the last year for which data are available, was similar to that reported in cattle in 1994 (2.6%; Boleman et al., 1998), before the introduction of GE crops.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Boleman et al., 1998 source

In the paper

“United States agriculture feeds billions of food-producing animals each year, with annual broiler numbers alone exceeding the current size of the global human population (Table 2).”

In the paper

“About 70% of soybean meal consumed in the EU is imported and 80% of this meal is produced from GE soybeans.”

In the paper

“The available health parameters, somatic cell count (an indicator of mastitis and inflammation in the udder) in the dairy data set (Fig. 1), postmortem condemnation rates in cattle (Fig. 1), and postmortem condemnation rates and mortality in the poultry industry (Fig. 2) all decreased (i.e., improved) over time.”

In the paper

“In the 2011 to 2012 marketing year, domestic animal agriculture used 27.6 million t of U.S. soybean meal.”

In the paper

“In Asia alone, consumption of meat and dairy products has been increasing annually by approximately 3 and 5%, respectively (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012

In the paper

“In 2011, the United States had 1.26 million ha of certified organic cropland and 0.93 million ha of certified organic pasture and range (USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2012

In the paper

“This translates into roughly 0.8 and 0.5% of total U.S. cropland and pasture/rangeland, respectively (Fig. 7).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fig. 7

In the paper

“The amount of organic farmland increased well over 1,000% in these countries between 2002 and 2006, while organic farmland in Europe and North America showed slower (27-80%) expansion rates (Grow and Greene, 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grow and Greene, 2009

In the paper

“In 2009, Canada was the main market for U.S. organic exports, while countries in Latin America, including Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, along with China and other countries in Asia are major sources of organic imports (Grow and Greene, 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grow and Greene, 2009

In the paper

“Three of the top 5 corn exporting countries-the United States, Brazil, and Argentina-currently grow GE corn.”

In the paper

“During 2011, approximately 254,700 dairy cows (2.78% of the total U.S. dairy herd; Table 2) on 1,848 dairy operations were certified organic.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Table 2

In the paper

“China has a zero-tolerance policy for unapproved events.”

In the paper

“The countries with the fastest growth in organic production are those that produce organic products for export including China, Bolivia, Chile, Uruguay, and Ukraine.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grow and Greene, 2009

In the paper

“In 2013, the United States imported over $100 million of organic soybeans primarily from China and India (Fig.  8; Global Agricultural Trade System online [GATS] organic products www.fas.usda. gov/commodities/organic-products).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fig. 8; Global Agricultural Trade System online [GATS] organic products www.fas.usda. gov/commodities/organic-products

In the paper

“The main driver for non-GE feed is the poultry sector (17%) followed by the cattle (9%) and pig sectors (2%; European Feed Manufacturers' Federation, 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites European Feed Manufacturers' Federation, 2013

In the paper

“The proportion of organic imports used for livestock feed versus human food purposes is unavailable as import product codes do not distinguish between these uses.”

In the paper

“In 2007, USDA-accredited groups certified 27,000 producers and handlers worldwide to the U.S. organic standard, with approximately 16,000 in the United States and 11,000 in over 100 foreign countries (Grow and Greene, 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grow and Greene, 2009

In the paper

“Of the top 5 corn importing countries-Japan, Mexico, the EU, South Korea, and Egypt-only 5 countries within the EU (Spain, Portugal, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Slovakia) grew a small amount (148,013 ha) of BtMON810 corn (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2014a).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2014a

In the paper

“Corn is the second largest category of GE products imported into the EU after soy.”

In the paper

“Consumers wishing to purchase products from animals fed non-GE diets in the United States currently have that choice available through certified NOP prod -ucts, the FSIS-approved Non-GMO Project verified label claim for meat and liquid eggs, and other non-genetically modified organism certification programs.”

In the paper

“Similarly, in 2007 there was a problem with asynchronous approval of a GE corn variety approved for cultivation in Argentina but unapproved for food and feed use in the EU. This concentrated demand on corn grown in Brazil, which in -creased prices an estimated €50/million t for compound feed producers in the EU (Popp et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Popp et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“Farm animal feed in the 27 member states of the European Union (EU-27) is composed of 50% roughages and 10% grains produced on farm, 10% purchased feed materials, and 30% industrial compound feed.”

In the paper

“China only accepts GE-positive cargo if the shipment is marked accordingly and contains only those GE events that are approved for import in China as well as cultivation in the country of origin.”

In the paper

“In 2013, 4 major United Kingdom food supermarket groups-Tesco, Cooperative, Marks and Spencer, and Sainsbury's-ceased requiring that poultry and egg suppliers use only non-GE feed (Popp et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Popp et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“For example, in March 2013, the retail chain Whole Foods Market set a deadline that by 2018, animal products sold in its U.S. and Canadian stores must be labeled to indicate whether or not they came from animals that had consumed GE feed (Whole Foods Market, 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Whole Foods Market, 2013

In the paper

“Since these trade disruptions began, a total of 3.3 million t of U.S. corn have been subject to re-”

In the paper

“Organically raised livestock accounted for $1.31 billion in sales in 2011, the last year with a complete set of data on production and sales.”

In the paper

“Of the top 5 soybean meal exporting countries in 2013-Argentina, Brazil, the United States, India, and Paraguay-only India does not allow the cultivation of GE soybeans.”

In the paper

“The remaining 2 countries-Ukraine and India-do not have officially registered and approved GE corn varieties.”

In the paper

“In 2007, approximately half of the accredited foreign organic farmers and handlers certified to NOP standards were in Canada, Italy, Turkey, China, and Mexico.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grow and Greene, 2009

In the paper

“Annual EU imports of corn products include US$1.8 billion of corn, $151 million of corn seed for planting, and $87 million of dried distillers grains (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2013a).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2013a

In the paper

“It has been estimated that in the EU, less than 15% of the animal feed market is identity-preserved certified non-GE, although there are great variations between countries.”

In the paper

“The estimated size of the export market requiring certified non-GE corn is 7.3 million t or 7% (Table 6).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Table 6

In the paper

“Unlike soybean, EU corn production is sufficient to meet most of its own corn consumption, with imports accounting for only 10% of total supply.”

In the paper

“It has been estimated that up to $2.9 billion in economic losses were sustained by the U.S. corn, distillers' grains, and soy sectors in the aftermath of the ze -ro-tolerance enforcement policy on U.S. export shipments to China (National Grain and Feed Association, 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites National Grain and Feed Association, 2014

In the paper

“Ukraine does not export or import GE products as none are officially registered and approved for commer -cial use or sale in the country.”

In the paper

“Approximately 11.6% (100 million t) of global corn production was internationally traded in 2013.”

In the paper

“Organic milk led livestock commodities, accounting for $765 million, or 58%, of organic animal product sales; however, less than 2% of U.S. dairy production is currently organic (Hafla et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hafla et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“Interestingly, Ukraine signed a 3-yr agreement with China in 2013 for the delivery of 4 to 5 million t of corn per year.”

In the paper

“However, private sources estimate approximately 60% of the Ukraine soybean crop and 30% of the corn crop consist of GE varieties (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2013b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2013b

In the paper

“The retail price for or -ganic milk between 2004 and 2007 averaged 3 times the cost of conventional milk (USDA Economic Research Service, 2012b), and in 2013, organic milk made up 4.38% of total U.S. fluid milk market sales.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites USDA Economic Research Service, 2012b

In the paper

“In 2011, sales of U.S. organic broilers and eggs totaled $115 million and $276 million, representing 0.5 and 3.7% of total sales, respectively.”

In the paper

“Several of these crops are far advanced in the regulatory pipeline (Table 8; Tillie et al., 2013)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Table 8; Tillie et al., 2013

In the paper

“In 2013, approximately 175.2 million ha of GE crops were cultivated worldwide (James, 2013) by 18 million farmers.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites James, 2013

In the paper

“The price of natural/organic beef averaged $12.08/kg in the first quarter of 2011, which represent -ed a premium of $3.75/kg.”

In the paper

“In China, 7.5 million farmers cultivating an average of approximately 0.5 ha collectively grew 4.2 million ha of Bt cotton, an adoption rate of 90%.”

In the paper

“Organic beef cattle may be finished in feedlots for no more than 120 d and must have access to pasture during this time.”

In the paper

“Natural, organic (grain-fed or otherwise), and grass/ forage-fed (including cattle finished on grasses/forages to a specific quality standard) account for about 3% of the U.S. beef market (Mathews and Johnson, 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Mathews and Johnson, 2013

In the paper

“Currently, 33 countries have regulatory systems that handle approval for the cultivation or importation of new GE crops (International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, 2014

In the paper

“However, silage is an accepted feed that can consist of relatively large portions of grain.”

In the paper

“Under this verification standard, grass or forage must be the exclusive feed source throughout the lifetime of the ruminant animal except for milk consumed before weaning.”

In the paper

“Likewise, the USDA NE3 Process Verified Program does not mandate or specify the use of non-GE feed.”

In the paper

“There are numerous GE crops enhanced for animal nutrition in the research and development pipeline, with almost 100 events under research in many countries of the world (Tillie et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tillie et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“By 2020, developing countries will consume 107 million t more meat and 177 million t more milk than the annual average of the years 1996 through 1998.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Delgado, 2003 source

In the paper

“Protocols have been developed to address the safety testing of these crops (International Life Sciences Institute, 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites International Life Sciences Institute, 2007

In the paper

“The largest volume of organic meat sales is for poultry.”

In the paper

“In 2011, 106,181 beef cows (0.34% of the total U.S. beef cows; Table 2) and 113,114 unclassified cows and young stock were raised in certified organic production systems.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Table 2

In the paper

“As a result of fuel savings associated with making fewer spray runs, the adoption of production systems with reduced tillage, and additional soil carbon sequestration, GE crops have also resulted in a significant reduction in the release of greenhouse gas emissions, which, in 2012 alone, was equivalent to removing 11.88 million cars from the roads (Brookes and Barfoot, 2014b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Brookes and Barfoot, 2014b

In the paper

“Over 90% (>16.5 million) were small-scale, resource-poor farmers in developing countries.”

In the paper

“In 2011, the number of certified organic broilers totaled more than 28 million (0.33% of the total U.S. broilers; Table 2), layer hens totaled more than 6.6 million (1.97% of the total U.S. layers), and turkeys totaled 504,000 (0.20% of the total U.S. turkeys).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Table 2

In the paper

“The animal cannot be fed grain or any grain byproduct before marketing and must have continuous access to pasture during the growing season.”

In the paper

“India cultivated 11.0 million ha of Bt cotton with an adoption rate of 95%.”

In the paper

“The retail price for or -ganic milk between 2004 and 2007 averaged 3 times the cost of conventional milk (USDA Economic Research Service, 2012b), and in 2013, organic milk made up 4.38% of total U.S. fluid milk market sales.”

In the paper

“The retail price for organic poultry and eggs between 2004 and 2006 was approximately twice that of conventional products (USDA Economic Research Service, 2012a).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites USDA Economic Research Service, 2012a

In the paper

“For example, corn silage, which averages 10 to 20% grain and can consist of up to a third or more grain, blurs the distinction between grain fed and forage fed (Mathews and Johnson, 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Mathews and Johnson, 2013

In the paper

“V oluntary labeling programs and market premiums exist for products derived from animals that have not consumed GE feed.”

In the paper

“Sampling, testing, and certification depend on statistical processes, however, and hence all are subject to some error, which increases at very low tolerances (Lamb and Booker, 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lamb and Booker, 2011

In the paper

“Currently, the most accepted techniques for the detection of rDNA and protein products are PCR and ELISA, respectively.”

In the paper

“Although efforts have been taken to harmonize analytical methodology for the detection of GE products at national, regional, and international levels, no international standards have yet been established (Holst-Jensen et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Holst-Jensen et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“Animal agriculture is currently highly dependent on GE feed sources, and global trade of livestock feed is largely supplied by countries that have approved the cultivation of GE crops.”

In the paper

“Commercial livestock populations are the largest consumers of GE crops, and globally, billions of animals have been eating GE feed for almost 2 decades.”

In the paper

“Various analytical methods have been developed and are routinely used for the monitoring of GE origin in raw materials and processed foods and have been reviewed elsewhere (Alexander et al., 2007; Marmiroli et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Alexander et al., 2007; Marmiroli et al., 2008

In the paper

“There is currently a pipeline of so-called 'second generation' GE crops with improved output traits for livestock production.”

In the paper

“The cost of these products is higher than conventionally produced products due to both the higher cost of non-GE feed and the costs associated with certifying the absence of GE crops in the production process and product segregation.”

In the paper

“The market for animals that have not consumed GE feed is currently a niche market in the United States, although such products are available to interested consumers via voluntary processbased marketing programs.”

In the paper

“no significant differences in feed digestibility, performance, or health have been observed in livestock that consume GE feed (Flachowsky et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Flachowsky et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“the European Food Safety Authority (2008; Parma, Italy) states that such testing is only warranted when driven by a specific hypothesis indicated by mo -lecular, compositional, phenotypic, agronomic, or other analysis (e.g., metabolic pathway considerations) of the particular GE event.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites European Food Safety Authority, 2008 source

In the paper

“Results from these comprehensive studies revealed the compositional and nutritional noninferiority of GE corn to its isogenic control and an absence of long-term adverse effects from GE corn consumption.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Guertler et al., 2010, 2012
• Not checked yetcites Steinke et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Walsh et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“α-solanine, a glycoalkaloid, was unintentionally increased to unacceptable levels in certain varieties of potato through plant breeding resulting in certain cultivars being withdrawn from the U.S. and Swedish markets due to frequently exceeding the upper safe limit for total glycoalkaloid content (Petersson et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Petersson et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“Many toxicologists concur that animal feeding trials of whole GE food have a low power to detect adverse effects and contribute little, if anything, to the safety assessment of whole foods (Kuiper et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kuiper et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“Antibodies specific to the GE corn protein (Cry1Ab) were not detected in the blood, indicating the absence of an allergic-type immune response to the protein.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Guertler et al., 2010, 2012
• Not checked yetcites Steinke et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Walsh et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“Neither the cry1Ab gene nor the Cry1Ab protein was found in the blood, organs, or products of animals fed GE corn”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Guertler et al., 2010, 2012
• Not checked yetcites Steinke et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Walsh et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“indicating that neither the intact rDNA nor the intact recombinant protein migrated from the digestive system of the animal into other body tissues or edible animal products.”

In the paper

“The European Food Safety Authority clarified the difference between statis -tical significance and biological relevance (European Food Safety Authority, 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites European Food Safety Authority, 2011

In the paper

“there were no adverse effects of feeding GE corn on small intestinal morphology or the gut microbiota.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Guertler et al., 2010, 2012
• Not checked yetcites Steinke et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Walsh et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“but this ratio is something that would be expected to worsen (i.e., increase) if the health of these animals was deteriorating following exposure to GE feed.”

In the paper

“Studies have concluded that animals do not digest transgenic and native plant DNA differently and that rDNA from GE crops has not been detected in animal products (Einspanier, 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Einspanier, 2013 source

In the paper

“Although broilers are exposed to large amounts of corn and soybean meal during their 42- to 49-d lifespan, they increase their body size 60fold during this period, making them very sensitive to dietary perturbations (European Food Safety Authority, 2008; International Life Sciences Institute, 2003).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites European Food Safety Authority, 2008 source
• Not checked yetcites International Life Sciences Institute, 2003

In the paper

“Adverse effects, including high rates of tumorogenesis, sterility, premature mortality, and histopathological abnormalities have been reported.”

In the paper

“however, neither recombinant DNA nor protein has ever been found in milk, meat, or eggs from animals that have eaten GE feed with the exception of a single study that reported the presence of fragments of transgenic DNA in both 'organic' and 'conventional' milk in Italy (Agodi et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Agodi et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“Some of these reports were published and then retracted (Séralini et al., 2012), although recently and controversially republished without further peer review (Séralini et al., 2014), and others were never subjected to peer review (Ermakova, 2005; Velmirov et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Séralini et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Séralini et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Ermakova, 2005

In the paper

“The DNA from GE crops is chemically equivalent to DNA from other sources and both are thoroughly broken down in the gastrointestinal tract during digestion (Beever and Kemp, 2000; Jonas et al., 2001; CAST, 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Beever and Kemp, 2000
• Not checked yetcites Jonas et al., 2001 source
• Not checked yetcites CAST, 2006

In the paper

“Increase in demand for animal products, especially meat, will drive demand for grain and protein feeds (USDA Economic Research Service, 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites USDA Economic Research Service, 2008

In the paper

“Despite a wealth of studies and literature to the contrary, these isolated and poorly designed studies have resulted in the promulgation of new regulations, including a mandatory 90-d rodent subchronic toxicity feeding study for all new GE approvals in the EU (Kuiper et al., 2013), and have generated a great deal of media attention (Arjó et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kuiper et al., 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Arjó et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Rome, Italy) predicts that by 2050 global grain trade will double to 600 million t (Bruinsma 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bruinsma 2009

In the paper

“The United States used to be a major supplier of corn to the EU in the 1990s but GE corn plantings in the United States caused a drastic decline in corn exports to the EU because of trade disruptions due to asynchronous approvals (i.e., cultivation approvals of specific GE varieties in the United States occurring before food and feed import approvals in the EU).”

In the paper

“Given asynchronous regulatory approvals and the realities of agricultural production systems where harvesting machinery and storage facilities are shared among different production systems, trade disruption appears almost unavoidable if importing countries enforce a 'zerotolerance' policy for unapproved events that have been approved for cultivation in exporting countries.”

In the paper

“As the global production of GE feed crops continues to rise, the EU's stringent GE tolerance levels (0.9% GE material limit plus 0.05% measuring uncertainty tolerance) and zero tolerance for unapproved events are complicating the maintenance of non-GE supply chains (Popp et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Popp et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“The availability and cost of certified organic feeds is a major challenge for U.S. or -ganic livestock producers.”

In the paper

“Production costs for organic dairies are greater than for conventional dairies due to the increased cost of organic feed and the increased use of labor and capital, which is not scale neutral as the total costs per unit of production drops sharply as herd size increases.”

In the paper

“These voluntary process-based labels, in effect, verify that GE crops were not used in the production process, rather than testing for the presence of GE content in the animal products themselves as such products contain no detectable and quantifiable traces of GE materials.”

In the paper

“Given the high rates of GE adoption in major feed crops, U.S. producers wishing to purchase non-GE feed for their livestock likely contract with growers or source identity-preserved (certified non-GE) or organic feed.”

In the paper

“Genetic engineering offers new possibilities for approaching both of these objectives, including improving the nutritional value of feed (e.g., AA content; Huang et al., 2006), lowering N and P pollution through altered crop composition (e.g., low phytate; Chen et al., 2008), and reducing manure excretion through a higher NE value (e.g., reduced lignin; Jung et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Huang et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Chen et al., 2008 source
• Not checked yetcites Jung et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“However, given the different regulatory approaches that are in place for crops that are compositionally equivalent, it is unclear how regulatory requirements may vary between countries in terms of the number and length of target animal feeding studies for these crops with altered output traits.”

In the paper

“These so-called 'second generation' crops modified for output traits will pose some regulatory and com -mercialization challenges.”

In the paper

“Feedstuffs are a major contributor to life cycle assessments in the production of meat, milk, and eggs on a national and global scale.”

In the paper

“Reversion from GE to conventional crop varieties would require the adoption of altered agronomic practices to manage those crops and relinquishment of the documented environmental and economic benefits as -sociated with the adoption of GE crops (Areal et al., 2013; Fernandez-Cornejo et al., 2014; Green, 2012; NRC, 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Areal et al., 2013; Fernandez-Cornejo et al., 2014; Green, 2012; NRC, 2010

In the paper

“This planting was greater than a 100-fold increase from the 1.7 million ha that were planted in 1996, making GE the fastest-adopted crop technology in recent history.”

In the paper

“Additionally, if the benefits derived from growing these crops accrue to the livestock producer or feeder and not directly to the farmer growing the crop, there will need to be some form of supply chain segregation in place to ensure a price premium is obtained for the value-added output trait.”

In the paper

“There are 2 ways in which plant breeding might increase the efficiency of livestock production; the first is by raising the crop yield per hect -are (e.g., improved drought tolerance or N use efficiency) and the second is by improving the rate of conversion of vegetable calories into animal calories (e.g., altered output traits or crop composition).”

In the paper

“The first is that they will not, by definition, be substantially equivalent to isogenic non-GE varieties.”

In the paper

“Farmers have planted these GE varieties to enable the adoption of improved agronomic practices (e.g., reduced insecticide applications) providing environmental, economic, and food security benefits in various countries (Ali and Abdulai, 2010; Burachik, 2010; Fernandez-Cornejo et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2010; Kathage and Qaim, 2012; Qaim and Kouser, 2013).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ali and Abdulai, 2010; Burachik, 2010; Fernandez-Cornejo et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2010; Kathage and Qaim, 2012; Qaim and Kouser, 2013

In the paper

“Using pasture as a source of dairy forage is more common on organic dairies, which can help to reduce feed costs per cow but also contributes to lower production per cow.”

In the paper

“The term 'natural' is not associated with an official production process standard so natural beef may come from animals that have consumed GE feed.”

In the paper

“2) the expanding range of GE crop species being grown and traded;”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kalaitzandonakes et al. (2014) source

In the paper

“These include 1) the expanding pipeline of novel GE crop events, including second generation crops modified for output traits;”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kalaitzandonakes et al. (2014) source

In the paper

“As discussed previously, this has resulted in trade disruptions, especially when countries use a 'zero-tolerance' policy for unapproved events, meaning that even minute traces of unapproved GE crops are illegal and must be withdrawn from the market.”

In the paper

“These developments may lead to a revaluation of the current rDNA process-based regulatory trigger for GE organisms to a more scientifically defensible product-based approach centered on the novelty and any unique risks associated with the phenotype of the product rather than the process used to accomplish the genetic modification (Bradford et al., 2005; McHughen, 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bradford et al., 2005 source
• Not checked yetcites McHughen, 2007 source

In the paper

“Countries with zero-tolerance policies will be perceived as risky export markets, and importers will pay higher prices and insurance premiums to offset risks taken by the supplier.”

In the paper

“Their approval will further complicate the sourcing of non-GE feedstuffs.”

In the paper

“will further complicate this situation.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kim and Kim, 2014

In the paper

“3) the expanding global hectarage of GE crops and the growing number of countries that raise them;”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kalaitzandonakes et al. (2014) source

In the paper

“4) the nascent and inexperienced regulatory expertise in many countries that will be called on to manage a large number of regulatory submissions for new GE crops in the future.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kalaitzandonakes et al. (2014) source