Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine

In the paper

“There are no studies on the health effects of single doses of caffeine consumed by pregnant women prior to intense physical exercise.”

• Also stated in: § 5.2. Pregnant women 5.2.1. Single doses of caffeine · plain

  “There are no studies on the health effects of single doses of caffeine consumed by pregnant women prior to intense physical exercise.”

In the paper

“Data to characterise the risk of habitual caffeine consumption in this population subgroup are scarce.”

In the paper

“At these doses of caffeine, daily caffeine intakes by the breastfed infant would not exceed 0.3 mg/kg bw, which is 10-fold below the lowest dose of 3 mg/kg bw tested in a dose finding study and at which no adverse effects were observed in the majority of infants.”

In the paper

“In 7 out of 13 countries, the 95 th percentile of daily caffeine intake from foods and beverages exceeded 400 mg.”

In the paper

“Single doses of 100 mg (about 1.4 mg/kg bw for a 70-kg adult) of caffeine may increase sleep latency and reduce sleep duration in some adult individuals, particularly when consumed close to bedtime.”

In the paper

“Like for adults, caffeine doses of about 1.4 mg/kg bw may increase sleep latency and reduce sleep duration in some children and adolescents, particularly when consumed close to bedtime.”

• Also stated in: § 5.4.1. Single doses of caffeine · hedged

  “The Panel notes that, like for adults, caffeine doses of about 1.4 mg/kg bw may increase sleep latency and reduce sleep duration in some children and adolescents, particularly when consumed close to bedtime.”

In the paper

“There are no data available to characterise the risk of single doses of caffeine from all sources consumed by children and adolescents.”

In the paper

“and no new data have become available on these or other clinical outcomes which could justify modifying these conclusions.”

In the paper

“In these studies, the contribution of”

In the paper

“In Ireland and the UK, tea was the main source of caffeine, which contributed 59 and 57 %, respectively, to total caffeine consumption (Appendix E).”

In the paper

“Data on pregnant women are available for Latvia only (n = 1 002).”

In the paper

“The 95 th percentile ranged from 0.1 to 3.5 mg/kg bw per day.”

In the paper

“Daily caffeine intake from all sources could be estimated for adults from 16 Member States.”

In the paper

“Mean daily caffeine intake was 1.1 mg/kg bw per day in this country (Appendix B).”

In the paper

“Mean daily intake of caffeine from all sources ranged from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/kg bw per day.”

In the paper

“The main sources of caffeine in the diet include coffee, tea, caffeinated soft drinks (including “energy drinks”) and chocolate.”

In the paper

“For children aged 3 to < 10 years, 17 surveys were available.”

In the paper

“Data on lactating women are available from only a small survey in Greece (n = 65).”

In the paper

“For toddlers, the highest 95 th percentile of caffeine intake per kg bw on a single day when considering all days recorded was 7.1 mg/kg bw (Appendices C and D).”

In the paper

“When considering only coffee consumption days, the highest 95 th percentile of caffeine intake from coffee on a single day was 445 mg (Appendix C).”

In the paper

“The 95 th percentile ranged from 1.2 to 4.6 m/kg bw per day.”

In the paper

“For adults, the highest 95 th percentile of caffeine intake on a single day was 809 mg (10.8 mg/kg bw) (Appendices C and D).”

In the paper

“Cola beverages and energy drinks were negligible as sources of caffeine in these population groups in all surveys.”

In the paper

“Mean daily intakes of caffeine ranged from 0 to 2.1 mg/kg bw per day (Table 2, Appendix B).”

In the paper

“Daily caffeine intakes from all sources could be estimated for adolescents from 13 Member States.”

In the paper

“Variability in caffeine levels for different foods and beverages, in particular for coffee drinks, espresso coffee and tea, have been noticed within the same product and for the same country.”

In the paper

“There were large differences among countries regarding the contribution of different food sources to total caffeine intake (Appendix E).”

In the paper

“For children aged 3 to 10 years, the highest 95 th percentile of caffeine intake from all sources on a single day was estimated to be 5.7 mg/kg bw (Appendices C and E).”

In the paper

“Data were available from 16 Member States (Zucconi et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Zucconi et al., 2013

In the paper

“Even using this conservative approach, the contribution of “energy drinks” to total caffeine intakes was very low in all surveys published before 2000.”

In the paper

“On a per kg bw basis, these intakes were estimated to be 2.9 and 7.2 mg, respectively.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Zucconi et al., 2013

In the paper

“On a per kg bw per day basis, the mean intakes ranged from 0.4 to 1.4 mg/kg bw per day.”

In the paper

“In most surveys, coffee was the predominant source of caffeine for the adult population and contributed between 40 and 94 % to total caffeine intake.”

In the paper

“The scientific publications identified almost exclusively reported no relationship or an inverse relationship between habitual caffeine intake and other adverse health effects.”

In the paper

“When considering only coffee consumption days, the highest 95 th percentile of caffeine intake from coffee on a single day was 890 mg.”

In the paper

“The Panel notes that there were no major differences among surveys and publications from different countries regarding average caffeine levels in foods and beverages (Table 1).”

In the paper

“The 95 th percentile varied between 1.5 and 4.1 mg/kg bw per day (Appendix B).”

In the paper

“About 41 % of adolescent”

In the paper

“About 52 % of adult”

In the paper

“The Panel also notes that no single prospective cohort study reported an increased risk of heart failure associated with habitual coffee consumption.”

In the paper

“The Panel also notes that no single prospective cohort study reported an increased risk of stroke associated with habitual coffee or tea consumption in the general adult population.”

In the paper

“The estimated proportion of children with intakes exceeding 3 mg/kg bw per day of caffeine from foods and beverages in these countries ranged from 6 % to about 13 % (Appendix B).”

In the paper

“In these countries, the estimated proportion of the adolescent population exceeding caffeine intakes of 3 mg/kg bw per day from food and beverages ranged from 5 to 10 % (Appendix B).”

In the paper

“For only one out of nine Member States did the 95 th percentile of caffeine intake from all sources exceed 3 mg/kg bw per day.”

In the paper

“The proportion of days in which daily intakes of caffeine from all sources exceeds 3 mg/kg bw ranges from 7 % to 37 % (Appendix D).”

In the paper

“The Panel notes that coffee was the main source of dietary caffeine in the seven countries for which the 95 th percentile of daily caffeine intake exceeded 400 mg, and that the use of a mean value for the caffeine content in coffee on a volume basis may not accurately reflect caffeine intakes in all countries.”

In the paper

“The proportion of days on which daily intakes of caffeine from food and beverages exceeds 3 mg/kg bw in these countries ranges from about 7% to about 12 % (Appendix D).”

In the paper

“About 6 % of the toddlers had a daily consumption > 3 mg/kg bw in that country (Appendix B).”

In the paper

“In these countries, the estimated proportion of the adult population exceeding daily intakes of 400 mg ranged from about 6 % to almost one-third (32.9 %) (Appendix B).”

In the paper

“For 3 out of 10 Member States, the estimated 95 th percentile of caffeine intake from all sources on a single day exceeded 3 mg/kg bw.”

In the paper

“For 6 out of 16 Member States, the estimated 95 th percentile of caffeine intake from foods and beverages on a single day exceeded 3 mg/kg bw.”

In the paper

“For 7 out of 13 Member States, estimates of the 95 th percentile of daily caffeine intake from foods and beverages exceeded 400 mg.”

In the paper

“For 9 out of 16 Member States, the estimated 95 th percentile of caffeine intake from food and beverages on a single day exceeded 3 mg/kg bw.”

In the paper

“There are no data available to characterise the risk of single doses of caffeine consumed by adults in relation to physical exercise.”

In the paper

“For 5 out of 13 Member States, the 95 th percentile of caffeine intake from food and beverages exceeded 3 mg/kg bw per day.”

In the paper

“As only single doses of caffeine of 200 mg have been tested in relation to this outcome, a dose-response relationship cannot be derived on the basis of the data available.”

In the paper

“The proportion of days on which daily intakes of caffeine from food and beverages exceeds 3 mg/kg bw in these countries ranges from about 6 % to about 15 % (Appendix D).”

In the paper

“No women in that small survey (n = 65) consumed more than 400 mg of caffeine per day.”

In the paper

“About 6.5 % of the women in that survey (n = 1 002) had daily caffeine intakes > 200 mg per day.”

In the paper

“The Panel also notes that no studies are available in pregnant women or middle-aged/elderly subjects undertaking intense physical exercise.”

In the paper

“The Panel notes that chocolate beverages were important contributors to total caffeine intakes in this age group in most countries, and that the use of a conservative caffeine value for this food category may have led to an overestimation of caffeine intakes in children.”

In the paper

“The Panel notes that the information available for this population subgroup on the relationship between caffeine intakes and health outcomes is insufficient to derive a safe level of caffeine intake.”

In the paper

“The Panel notes the absence of data for repeated caffeine doses in relation to the majority of health outcomes discussed for single doses of caffeine.”

In the paper

“No health concerns in relation to acute toxicity, bone status, cardiovascular health, cancer risk or male fertility have been raised by other bodies in previous assessments for this level of habitual caffeine consumption”

In the paper

“The same amount does not give rise to safety concerns when consumed < 2 hours prior to intense physical exercise under normal environmental conditions.”

• Also stated in: § Single doses of caffeine · plain

  “The same amount of caffeine does not give rise to safety concerns when consumed less than two hours prior to intense physical exercise under normal environmental conditions.”

In the paper

“A level of no safety concern of 3 mg/kg bw per day (i.e. the level of no concern derived for single doses of caffeine for adults) is proposed for habitual caffeine consumption by children and adolescents.”

In the paper

“Other common constituents of”

In the paper

“Alcohol consumption at doses up to about 0.65 g/kg bw, leading to a blood alcohol concentration of about 0.08 %, would not affect the safety of single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg from any dietary source, including”

In the paper

“For children and adolescents, the information available is insufficient to derive a safe caffeine intake.”

• Also stated in: § Children and adolescents · plain

  “The information available for this population subgroup on the relationship between caffeine intakes and health outcomes is insufficient to derive a safe level of caffeine intake.”

In the paper

“The human intervention studies on which these conclusions are based were primarily conducted with caffeine supplements for most of the outcomes assessed (i.e.changes in myocardial blood flow, hydration status, body temperature, perceived exertion/effort during exercise, sleep).”

In the paper

“Up to these levels of intake, caffeine is unlikely to mask the subjective perception of alcohol intoxication.”

• Also stated in: § 5.1.2. Single doses of caffeine in combination with other common constituents of "energy drinks", alcohol and p-synephrine · hedged

  “Up to these levels of intake, caffeine is unlikely to mask the subjective perception of alcohol intoxication.”

In the paper

“Habitual caffeine consumption up to 400 mg per day does not give rise to safety concerns for non-pregnant adults.”

• Also stated in: § Habitual caffeine consumption · plain

  “Caffeine intakes from all sources up to 400 mg per day (about 5.7 mg/kg bw per day for a 70-kg adult) consumed throughout the day do not give rise to safety concerns for healthy adults in the general population, except pregnant women (see below).”

In the paper

“Single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg (about 3 mg/kg bw for a 70-kg adult) do not give rise to safety concerns.”

• Also stated in: § Single doses of caffeine · plain

  “Single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg (about 3 mg/kg bw for a 70-kg adult) from all sources do not give rise to safety concerns for the general healthy adult population.”

In the paper

“Up to these levels of intake, other common constituents of”

In the paper

“The Panel considers that caffeine intakes of no concern derived for acute caffeine consumption by adults (3 mg/kg bw per day) may serve as a basis to derive single doses of caffeine and daily caffeine intakes of no concern for these population subgroups.”

• Also stated in: § Single doses of caffeine · hedged

  “Single doses of caffeine of no concern derived for adults (3 mg/kg bw per day) may also apply to children, considering that caffeine clearance in children and adolescents is at least that of adults, and that the limited studies available on the acute effects of caffeine on anxiety and behaviour in children and adolescents support this level of no concern.”

In the paper

“Habitual caffeine consumption up to 200 mg per day by pregnant women does not give rise to safety concerns for the fetus.”

• Also stated in: § Habitual caffeine consumption · plain

  “Caffeine intakes from all sources up to 200 mg per day consumed throughout the day by pregnant women in the general population do not give rise to safety concerns for the fetus.”

In the paper

“Single doses of caffeine and habitual caffeine intakes up to 200 mg consumed by lactating women do not give rise to safety concerns for breastfed infants.”

• Also stated in: § Single doses of caffeine and habitual caffeine consumption · plain

  “Single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg and habitual caffeine consumption at doses of 200 mg per day consumed by lactating women in the general population do not give rise to safety concerns for the breastfed infant.”

In the paper

“With regard to the different kinetics of caffeine in this population subgroup, single doses of caffeine which are of no safety concern for non-pregnant adults do not apply to pregnant women performing physical exercise.”

In the paper

“(e): Only two studies (the Netherlands and Ireland) with a sufficient number (≥ 60) of subjects who had consumed “energy drinks”, were available to estimate statistically robust 95 th percentiles.”

In the paper

“These surveys do not provide information about the consumption of caffeine-containing food supplements.”

In the paper

“(d): Only one study (the Netherlands) with a sufficient number (≥ 60) of subjects who had consumed “energy drinks”, was available to estimate a statistically robust 95 th percentile.”

In the paper

“The highly variable caffeine concentrations in coffee beverages depend on the manufacturing process, on the type of coffee beans used and on the type of preparation (e.g.drip coffee, espresso) (Waizenegger et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Waizenegger et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“Differences between surveys regarding the contribution of different caffeine sources to total caffeine intakes could be explained, at least in part, by the different mean age of the adolescents studied in the different surveys and by dietary habits.”

In the paper

“(i) “energy drink consumers” may not be representative of the general population with respect to caffeine intake from all sources;”

In the paper

“The volume of distribution is 0.671 L/kg bw (Abernethy and Todd, 1985).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Abernethy and Todd, 1985

In the paper

“A single dose of caffeine (200-250 mg, equivalent to two to three cups of coffee) was found to increase systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 3-14 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 4-13 mmHg in normotensive subjects.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nurminen et al. (1999) source

In the paper

“A lower CYP1A2 activity was found in women taking oral contraceptives.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Rasmussen et al., 2002 source

In the paper

“single caffeine doses of 200 to 300 mg induced a mean increase in SBP and DBP of 8.1 mmHg (95 % confidence interval (CI) = 5.7-10.6 mmHg) and 5.7 mmHg (95 % CI = 4.1-7.4mmHg), respectively, which was observed in the first 60 minutes after intake and persisted up to 180 minutes afterwards.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Mesas et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“The Panel considers that, from the information available, no conclusions can be drawn on whether or not the simultaneous consumption of p-synephrine modulates the pressor effects of caffeine, and if so to what extent or at what doses this occurs.”

In the paper

“Conversely, no significant changes in BP were found with p-synephrine (12-13 mg) and lower doses of caffeine (150-176 mg).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stohs et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“The main route of metabolism in humans (70-80 %) is via N-3 demethylation to paraxanthine (also known as 1,7-dimethylxanthine or 17X) catalysed by cytochrome (CYP) 1A2 in the liver.”

In the paper

“Significant increases in SBP and DBP were reported for p-synephrine from C. aurantium extracts when consumed at doses of 54 mg, but not at lower doses (13.5-50 mg).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stohs et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Acute increases in SBP, DBP or both, as well as in pulse pressure and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), have been reported after single doses of caffeine ranging from 80 to 250 mg in coffee abstainers, in habitual caffeine consumers after 12-48 hours' withdrawal and after caffeine habituation (300-600 mg per day for six days)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hodgson et al., 1999 source
• Not checked yetcites Lane et al., 2002
• Not checked yetcites Farag et al., 2005a

In the paper

“The clinical relevance of acute changes in endothelial function and arterial compliance following an intervention is unclear, particularly when simultaneous changes in BP occur (Anderson, 2006;McCall et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Anderson, 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites McCall et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“The kinetics of caffeine have been reported to be linear in doses up to 10 mg/kg bw (Bonati et al., 1982), whereas a later study claimed non-linearity beginning at doses as high as 500 mg, corresponding to about 7.1 mg/kg bw (Kaplan et al., 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bonati et al., 1982 source

In the paper

“The acute changes in endothelial function and arterial compliance following caffeine consumption are vascular phenomena concordant with the acute increase in BP, which can be predicted from arterial physiology.”

In the paper

“The Panel notes that caffeine consumption acutely increases BP in virtually all adult population subgroups tested, regardless of baseline BP, regular caffeine consumption/time of caffeine withdrawal, age, sex or hormonal status.”

In the paper

“CYP1A2 polymorphism has been reported to be a source of variability in the metabolism of caffeine between individuals measured by caffeine metabolites in urine (Rasmussen et al., 2002).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Rasmussen et al., 2002 source

In the paper

“The Panel notes that none of the available studies has investigated the effects on BP of single doses of caffeine alone, of p-synephrine alone or of their combination.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stohs et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“the Panel considers the effect to be of low clinical relevance for healthy individuals in the general population under normal environmental conditions.”

In the paper

“The Panel notes that these studies suggest an increased risk of acute cardiovascular events in the hour following consumption of caffeinated coffee, particularly in subjects with low habitual coffee intake.”

In the paper

“and 4 mg/kg bw per day of caffeine from coffee were consumed for three consecutive days by habitual coffee consumers (three to six cups of coffee per day) (Killer et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Killer et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“and do not provide information about the risk of acute cardiovascular events following caffeine consumption in the general population”

In the paper

“The relative risk (RR) of MI in the hour after drinking coffee was 1.49 (95 % CI = 1.17-1.89).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Baylin et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“A single dose of 200 mg of caffeine also decreases MBF if consumed approximately one hour prior to endurance exercise (i.e. when the BP-raising effect of caffeine reaches its peak).”

In the paper

“No significant differences among trials were found regarding measures of hydration status, relative dehydration, fluid retention, urine output or sweat rate.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Millard-Stafford et al., 2007

In the paper

“Although such changes could increase the risk of acute cardiovascular 18314732, 2015, 5, Downloaded from https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102,Wiley Online Library on [26/08/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License”

In the paper

“whereas tympanic body temperature increased significantly pre-exercise only (by 0.12 C).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kim et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“The Panel also notes that these studies conducted in subjects with an established (fatal or non-fatal) cardiovascular event included few cases, which may limit the value of the sensitivity and subgroup analyses conducted to explore modifying factors (e.g.influence of other risk factors of the event, such as disease conditions or physical activity prior to the event)”

In the paper

“as well as in habitual coffee consumers after 24-48 hours of caffeine withdrawal.”

In the paper

“or on the dose of caffeine which could trigger such events.”

In the paper

“However, any diuretic effects resulting from chronic caffeine consumption are unlikely to have adverse health consequences for healthy individuals in the general population.”

In the paper

“The acute effects of lower caffeine doses and/or taken at longer time intervals on BP have not been tested in the studies available.”

In the paper

“A single dose of 200 mg of caffeine consumed one to two hours pre-exercise significantly increases BP during resistance training in caffeine-naive subjects”

In the paper

“In addition, doses of caffeine up to 6 mg/kg bw per day consumed for four days by habitual caffeine consumers (one week run-in with doses of 3 mg/kg bw per day) did not lead to significant changes in body mass, urine osmolality, urine specific gravity, urine colour, 24-hour urine volume, 24-hour Na + and K + excretion, 24-hour creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, serum Na + and K + , serum osmolality,”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Armstrong et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“The RR of stroke in the hour after consuming coffee was 2.0 (95 % CI = 1.4-2.8;p < 0.001).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Mostofsky et al., 2010a, b

In the paper

“Mean body temperature (calculated from tympanic and skin temperatures) was significantly higher in pre-(by 0.08 C) and post exercise (by 0.14 C) following caffeine consumption than following water consumption”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kim et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“No significant differences in fluid losses, serum osmolality or core temperature were observed between the WAT and CES groups with caffeine and without caffeine.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Del Coso et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“Alcohol drinking did not appear to influence the risk in coffee drinkers.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Selb Semerl and Selb, 2004

In the paper

“Rehydration with WAT or CES, with or without caffeine, prevented the significant losses of body fluid, the increase in serum osmolality and the significant rise in core temperature observed with no fluid replacement, with or without caffeine.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Del Coso et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“The Panel notes that this study does not show a clinically significant effect of caffeine on core (rectal) temperature or hydration status at doses of 5.3 mg/kg bw consumed during physical exercise and hot and humid conditions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Millard-Stafford et al., 2007

In the paper

“It is well established that caffeine has a diuretic effect (SCF, 1983;EFSA, 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites SCF, 1983
• Not checked yetcites EFSA, 2009

In the paper

“Higher doses (≥ 400-500 mg) consumed either on a single occasion or within short periods of time have been reported to increase anxiety upon oral consumption, mostly in patients with psychiatric anxiety disorders, but also in healthy adults, particularly if they are non-habitual caffeine consumers (FSANZ, 2000;Nawrot et al., 2003;Childs and de Wit, 2006;NNT, 2008;SHC, 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites FSANZ, 2000
• Not checked yetcites Nawrot et al., 2003 source
• Not checked yetcites Childs and de Wit, 2006 source

In the paper

“The Panel notes that caffeine at doses of 3 mg/kg bw (equivalent to 210 mg for a 70-kg adult) ingested about one hour prior to endurance exercise appear to induce only a modest increase in body temperature compared with placebo.”

In the paper

“The Panel notes that these studies (Elkins et al., 1981;Rapoport et al., 1981b;Bernstein et al., 1994) do not show an effect of single doses of caffeine ranging from 2.5 to 10 mg/kg bw on most selfreported measures of anxiety in children.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Elkins et al., 1981 source
• Not checked yetcites Rapoport et al., 1981b
• Not checked yetcites Bernstein et al., 1994 source

In the paper

“In adults, single doses of caffeine of about 100 mg (1.4 mg/kg bw per day in a 70-kg adult) have been shown to increase sleep latency and reduce sleep duration when consumed close to bedtime (Landolt et al., 1995)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Landolt et al., 1995 source

In the paper

“The Panel notes that the results from prospective cohort studies on the association between habitual caffeine consumption and long-term changes in BP are mixed.”

In the paper

“The Panel notes that 100 mg of caffeine (about 1.4 mg/kg bw for a 70-kg adult) may increase sleep latency and reduce sleep duration in some individuals, particularly when consumed close to bedtime.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Landolt et al., 1995 source

In the paper

“The Panel notes that regular consumption of caffeine up to about 3 mg/kg bw per day does not appear to induce behavioural changes in children and adolescents”

In the paper

“whereas doses < 100 mg do not appear to have such an effect on sleep (Dorfman and Jarvik, 1970).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dorfman and Jarvik, 1970 source

In the paper

“or alter the subjective perception of alcohol intoxication when alcohol is consumed at doses of about 0.65 g/kg bw.”

In the paper

“Single doses of caffeine up to about 200 mg (3 mg/kg/bw for a 70-kg adult) do not appear to induce anxiety in unselected adult subjects from the general population”

In the paper

“The Panel notes that this meta-analysis does not show a significant increase in fasting BP following consumption of caffeinated coffee for > 7 days at doses of about three to six cups per day.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steffen et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“The Panel also notes that higher doses of caffeine (5-6 mg/kg bw) ingested one hour before and during prolonged endurance exercise in a hot environment do not affect body temperature or hydration status significantly beyond what could be expected from the testing conditions.”

In the paper

“In adults, tolerance to the anxiogenic effect of caffeine develops with frequent consumption, even in genetically susceptible individuals (Rogers et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Rogers et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“The Panel considers that the results of these studies cannot be used on their own to derive single doses of caffeine of no concern for children or adolescents.”

In the paper

“reduce the perceived exertion/effort during exercise when consumed one hour prior to exercise after 12-24 hours of caffeine withdrawal”

In the paper

“The Panel notes that single doses of caffeine which have been observed to reduce the rated perceived exertion/effort during exercise (≥ 4 mg/kg bw) are equivalent to 280 mg of caffeine for a 70-kg adult.”

In the paper

“Coffee drinking was not significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension at any category of coffee intake compared with the reference category.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steffen et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“A subsequent study by the same authors (Palatini et al., 2009) reported an increased risk of developing sustained hypertension requiring pharmacological treatment with increasing caffeinated coffee consumption in carriers of the slow CC or CA allele (59 %) of the CYP1A2 gene, but not in carriers of the fast AA allele”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Palatini et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“No association between total caffeine, caffeinated (regular) coffee, decaffeinated coffee or caffeinated tea and the risk of SCD was found.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bertoia et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“The Panel notes that caffeine intakes at doses of about 400 mg per day did not raise fasting BP significantly after caffeine habituation in human intervention studies.”

In the paper

“In both cohorts, no linear association between caffeine consumption and the risk of incident hypertension was observed after multivariate adjustment.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Winkelmayer et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“The Panel notes that three meta-analyses and the vast majority of the 56 prospective cohort studies included in these review publications reported no increased risk of CHD associated with habitual coffee consumption at any level of intake.”

In the paper

“The Panel notes that this study shows an inverse U-shaped relationship between total caffeine intake from dietary sources and incident hypertension.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Winkelmayer et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“Two studies (Murray et al., 1981;Stensvold and Tverdal, 1995) were not adjusted for any confounding variable.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Murray et al., 1981 source
• Not checked yetcites Stensvold and Tverdal, 1995

In the paper

“Among the 56 prospective cohort studies included in the meta-analyses above, eight studies, seven of which were published in or before 1995, reported a positive association between coffee consumption and the risk of CHD, including fatal and non-fatal CAD, fatal ischaemic heart disease and fatal and non-fatal MI.”

In the paper

“Compared with the reference category, the pooled RRs (95 % CI) for hypertension were 1.09 (1.01-1.18)for the low category (one to three cups per day)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Zhang et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“There was no significant association between caffeine exposure and AF risk in primary or subgroup analyses, considering age, sex, race, study quality, caffeine from coffee versus caffeine from all sources, caffeine dose or duration of follow-up.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Caldeira et al., 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Cheng et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Stratified analyses by sex, region, study quality and duration of follow-up and adjustment for confounding variables did not affect the results significantly.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wu et al., 2009

In the paper

“An inverse relationship was found between habitual caffeine intake and the risk of AF in a dose-response analysis (Cheng et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cheng et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“The Panel notes that the risk of hypertension did not increase significantly at any dose of coffee consumption in this dose-response analysis.”

In the paper

“After adjustment for confounders, neither coffee nor total caffeine intake were significantly associated with the risk of CHD in either men or women.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lopez-Garcia et al., 2006

In the paper

“The studies available do not provide sufficient information to conclude on whether or not consumption of p-synephrine modifies the effects of daily caffeine consumption on fasting BP.”

In the paper

“A significant positive association between the intake of sugar-containing (p for trend = 0.03 and < 0.001 in NHS I and NHS II, respectively) and sugar-free (p for trend = 0.03 and < 0.001 in NHS I and NHS II, respectively) caffeinated cola drinks and incident hypertension was observed in both cohorts.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Winkelmayer et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“No association between caffeinated coffee consumption and the risk of incident hypertension was observed after adjusting for confounding variables in the study by Klag et al. (2002) in normotensive young males.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Klag et al., 2002 source

In the paper

“One meta-analysis (Arab et al., 2009) of prospective cohort studies which assessed the relationship between green and black tea consumption and the risk of stroke and included data from nine individual studies involving 4 378 strokes among 194 965 individuals in total found similar results.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Arab et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“Coffee consumption up to about four cups per day was inversely associated with the risk of stroke.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ding et al. (2014) source

In the paper

“Among the prospective cohort studies included in the meta-analyses above, none reported a positive association (increased risk) between coffee consumption and the risk of stroke of any type.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Larsson and Orsini, 2011
• Not checked yetcites Kim et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“total caffeine and coffee caffeine were significantly associated with increased gestational length.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sengpiel et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“However, total caffeine intake was not associated with an increased CVD risk in any of the studies that investigated all sources of caffeine.”

In the paper

“Consumption of caffeinated coffee, caffeinated tea or total caffeine (from coffee and tea) was not associated with an increased risk of ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Larsson et al. (2008) source

In the paper

“The Panel notes that this study did not assess caffeine intake during pregnancy from all dietary sources.”

In the paper

“No clear dose-response associations were found for caffeine intakes during pregnancy and fetal growth.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bakker et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“The adjusted difference in length of gestation between the decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee groups was -1.31 days (-2.87 to 0.25).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bech et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Caffeine intake was also associated with an increased risk of late miscarriage or stillbirth (Greenwood et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Greenwood et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“No association was observed between coffee consumption and CVD risk at higher intake.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ding et al. (2014) source

In the paper

“No association was observed between coffee consumption of higher intakes and the risk of stroke.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ding et al. (2014) source

In the paper

“After adjustment for confounding variables, the relationship between total caffeine intake in pregnancy and FGR showed a significant trend with increasing caffeine intake (p for trend = 0.02).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites CARE Study Group, 2008 source

In the paper

“In the dose-response analysis, coffee consumption was inversely associated with the risk of CVD up to six cups per day.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ding et al. (2014) source

In the paper

“A non-linear association between coffee consumption and heart failure risk was found (p for non-linearity = 0.02; p for overall significance of curve = 0.02).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Mostofsky et al., 2012

In the paper

“The Panel notes that coffee intake up to 11 cups per day, corresponding to about 1 100 mg of caffeine, were not significantly associated with an increased risk of heart failure in this meta-analysis.”

In the paper

“A non-linear inverse association between coffee consumption and stroke risk was observed (p for non-linearity = 0.005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Larsson and Orsini (2011)

In the paper

“Habitual caffeinated coffee consumption has not been associated with an increased risk of total CVD or CVD subtypes in the general adult population at any level of intake in any summary publication.”

In the paper

“The Panel notes that habitual caffeine consumption from all sources up to about 1 000 mg per day was not significantly associated with an increased risk of AF in these two meta-analyses.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Caldeira et al., 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Cheng et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“An additional 100 mg total caffeine per day was associated with a 21-to 28-g birth weight decrease, depending on the growth curve.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sengpiel et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“black tea caffeine was associated with increased risk of early spontaneous pre-term delivery (OR 1.61, 95 % CI = 1.10-2.35,p = 0.01).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sengpiel et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“The Panel also notes that the relationship between caffeine intake and outcomes related to the length of gestation is inconsistent.”

In the paper

“An additional prospective cohort study published thereafter (Loomba et al., 2014) using data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III) reported no association between coffee consumption and CVD mortality (including stroke, congestive heart failure and ischaemia-related mortality) in multivariate analysis adjusted for confounding variables at any level of intake”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Loomba et al., 2014

In the paper

“The Panel notes that this study did not report an effect of decreasing caffeine consumption from about 300 mg per day to about 100 mg per day in the last four months of pregnancy on length of gestation or birth weight.”

In the paper

“The Panel notes that coffee intake up to 8-11 cups per day, corresponding to about 800-1 100 mg of caffeine per day, were not significantly associated with an increased risk of stroke in the meta-analyses considered.”

In the paper

“Caffeine intake was positively associated with the risks of delivering an SGA child.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bakker et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“the Panel considers that habitual caffeine intake up to about 400 mg per day from all sources does not increase the risk of CVD in habitual alcohol drinkers from the general adult population.”

In the paper

“The Panel also notes that no single prospective cohort study reported an increased risk of AF associated with habitual caffeine consumption.”

In the paper

“The Panel notes that genetic polymorphisms for genes involved in caffeine metabolism may explain only a small proportion of the inter-individual variability in caffeine intake.”

In the paper

“After adjustment for length of gestation, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index and smoking at baseline, the mean birth weight of babies born to women in the decaffeinated coffee group was 16 g (95 % CI = -40 to 73 g), which was higher than those born to women in the caffeinated group.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bech et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Data from RCTs suggest that caffeine intake (from coffee or supplements) at doses ≤ 400 mg per day does not raise fasting BP significantly after caffeine habituation takes place.”

In the paper

“No single prospective cohort study reported an increased risk of AF associated with habitual caffeine or coffee consumption.”

In the paper

“Incidence of AF decreased by 6 % (RR = 0.94, 95 % CI = 0.90-0.99)for every 300 mg per day increment in habitual caffeine intake up to about 1 000 mg per day.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cheng et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Higher doses could lead to prolonged physical exercise that might compromise the cardiovascular and/or musculoskeletal systems.”

In the paper

“The Panel, therefore, considers a level of no safety concern for habitual caffeine consumption by children and adolescents of 3 mg/kg bw per day (i.e. the level of no safety concern derived for single doses of caffeine for adults) as appropriate.”

In the paper

“In addition, the Panel considers that moderate habitual alcohol consumption would not affect the safety of habitual caffeine consumption up to 400 mg per day.”

In the paper

“Single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg consumed by lactating women in the general population do not give rise to safety concerns for the breastfed infant.”

In the paper

“Single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg (about 3 mg/kg bw for a 70-kg adult) are also unlikely to mask the subjective perception of alcohol intoxication when alcohol is consumed at doses up to about 0.65 g/kg bw.”

In the paper

“The Panel also notes that the relationship between caffeine intakes and adverse birth weight-related outcomes is observed at all levels of intake, with no threshold below which the relationship is not observed.”

In the paper

“However, the Panel considers that the risk becomes clinically relevant at daily doses of about 200 mg of caffeine from all sources.”

In the paper

“Taking into account the different kinetics of caffeine in this population subgroup, the Panel considers that single doses of caffeine which are of no safety concern for non-pregnant adults may not apply to pregnant women performing physical exercise.”

In the paper

“The human intervention studies on which these conclusions are based (Section 4.4) were primarily conducted with caffeine supplements for most of the outcomes assessed (i.e.changes in MBF, hydration status, body temperature, perceived exertion/effort during exercise, sleep).”