A Dual-Route Approach to Orthographic Processing

In the paper

“This differential time-course of effects has been revealed on several occasions in studies of masked orthographic and phonological priming (Ferrand and Grainger, 1994; Ziegler et al., 2000).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The General Discussion states that Experiment 1 illustrates different time-courses for orthographic and phonological effects, and that Experiment 2 found robust orthographic priming but no phonological priming at 29-msec exposures with appropriate controls. It explicitly describes masked priming as a means of studying the time-course of these effects. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Ferrand and Grainger, 1994 source
• Supported

  The Discussion reports that orthographic priming reached its maximum at the shortest prime duration, while phonological priming increased with longer durations. It explicitly concludes that orthographic and phonological activation follow distinct time courses. Page numbers are not provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Ziegler et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“Evidence in favor of this approach, and against purely morpho-orthographic accounts (Rastle and Davis, 2008), comes from masked priming studies showing an advantage for semantically transparent derived primes relative to semantically opaque and/or pseudo-derived primes (Diependaele et al., 2005, 2009; Morris et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diependaele et al., 2005 source
• Supported

  The General Discussion reports greater morphological priming for transparent than for opaque prefixed primes, including in the visual priming experiments with brief exposures. The Abstract also describes a numerical advantage for transparent over opaque and pseudocomplex primes across prior masked-priming studies, with statistical support in some cases. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Diependaele et al., 2009 source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Morris et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Although these reports of significant effects of semantic transparency appear isolated relative to the numerous reports of non-significant differences, recent meta-analyses by Feldman et al. (2009) and Davis and Rastle (2010) show that despite the non-significance in the majority of individual studies, the effect of semantically transparent primes is indeed significantly larger than that of opaque”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The paper’s opening discussion reports a quantitative comparison of 16 published experiments using masked morphological primes at SOAs shorter than 60 msec. It finds significantly greater facilitation after semantically transparent than opaque primes (paired t test, p = .03; Wilcoxon test, p = .049), matching the claim’s cross-study point. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Feldman et al., 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Davis and Rastle, 2010 source

In the paper

“(2) a reduction in phonological effects that arise principally via phonological recoding (e.g., Sprenger-Charolles et al., 2003)”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Development of Reading and Spelling Skills section reports that the expected fading of the regularity effect—a measure of reliance on phonological processing—appeared in reading latencies only, from the end of Grade 3. It did not appear in spelling, and phonological effects persisted in other measures. The unqualified claim of a reduction is therefore broader than the paper's findings. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Sprenger-Charolles et al., 2003 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Finally, it is interesting to note the fact that standard TL priming effects are not found in Semitic languages, at least for the true Semitic words of these languages (Velan and Frost, 2009, 2011; Perea et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Experiment 3 (Results and Discussion; page unavailable) reports that transposing root letters in Hebrew did not produce the standard facilitatory TL priming effect. The General Discussion distinguishes Hebrew words with Semitic roots from borrowed non-Semitic words. The study tested Hebrew, however, so it does not establish the claim for Semitic languages generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Velan and Frost, 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Velan and Frost, 2011
• Partly supported

  The Results and Discussion report no transposed-letter priming when two Arabic root letters were transposed, supporting the claim for that condition. But the same section reports robust priming when the transposition preserved root-letter order, so the broader statement that standard effects are not found for Semitic words needs that qualification. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Perea et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“With respect to the role of fusiform gyrus in fine-grained orthographic processing as defined in our account, it is important to note that there is evidence suggesting that sublexical morpho-orthographic processing is performed by neural structures in this region (Bick et al., 2011; Solomyak and Marantz, 2009).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says the left occipito-temporal region is involved in a structural level of morphological processing that is mainly morpho-orthographic. It does not identify the region showing that effect specifically as the fusiform gyrus, so the claim’s precise anatomical location is not established by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites Bick et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Solomyak and Marantz, 2009 source

In the paper

“we found significant priming from intact derived primes (e.g., farmer–farm) and TL derived primes (e.g., faremr–farm), as well significant priming from intact pseudo-derived primes (e.g., corner–corn), but most important, no priming from TL pseudo-derivations (e.g., corenr–corn).”

In the paper

“we found significant priming from intact derived primes (e.g., farmer–farm) and TL derived primes (e.g., faremr–farm), as well significant priming from intact pseudo-derived primes (e.g., corner–corn), but most important, no priming from TL pseudo-derivations (e.g., corenr–corn).”

In the paper

“we found significant priming from intact derived primes (e.g., farmer–farm) and TL derived primes (e.g., faremr–farm), as well significant priming from intact pseudo-derived primes (e.g., corner–corn), but most important, no priming from TL pseudo-derivations (e.g., corenr–corn).”

In the paper

“we found significant priming from intact derived primes (e.g., farmer–farm) and TL derived primes (e.g., faremr–farm), as well significant priming from intact pseudo-derived primes (e.g., corner–corn), but most important, no priming from TL pseudo-derivations (e.g., corenr–corn).”

In the paper

“and on the other hand to involve the detection of letter combinations that correspond to pre-existing sublexical phonological and morphological representations (chunking constraint)”

In the paper

“The specific architecture of the BIAM allows it to account for a wide range of phenomena associated with visual word recognition, and in particular, the rapid involvement of phonological codes in the process of silent word reading”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Braun et al., 2009
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diependaele et al., 2010 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Grainger and Ziegler, 2008

In the paper

“As pointed out by Goswami and Ziegler (2006), however, this kind of flexible orthographic code is unlikely to provide an appropriate input for the sublexical translation of orthography to phonology.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Goswami and Ziegler (2006) source

In the paper

“This enables the chunking of frequently co-occurring contiguous letter combinations that form relevant units for morpho-orthographic processing (prefixes and suffixes) and for the sublexical translation of print to sound (multi-letter graphemes).”

In the paper

“However, for the purposes of location-invariant word recognition, this location-specific map must be transformed into a “word-centered” code such that letter identity is tied to within-word position (where a word is defined as a string of letters separated by spaces) independently of retinal location”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Caramazza and Hillis, 1990 source

In the paper

“In its most recent form, the dual-route approach provides a comprehensive account of phenomena related to the process of reading aloud in skilled adult readers and dyslexics”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Perry et al., 2007, 2010

In the paper

“Knowing that S is somewhere before H (as in an open-bigram coding scheme) would generate too many false positive coding errors or binding errors (von der Malsburg, 1999), such as identifying the presence of the complex grapheme “sh” in the word “sahara.””

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites von der Malsburg, 1999 source

In the paper

“Therefore, exactly the same open-bigram representation (e.g., T–A) would be activated by words containing these two letters in that order independently of how many intervening letters there are”

In the paper

“Thus, processing at the level of the alphabetic array is insensitive to the orthographic regularity of letter strings.”

In the paper

“One key feature of many models of visual word recognition, including the BIAM, is that there is a single type of sublexical orthographic code.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McClelland and Rumelhart, 1981 source

In the paper

“In the Grainger and van Heuven model of orthographic processing (Figure 2), the alphabetic array codes for the presence of a given letter at a given location relative to eye fixation along the horizontal meridian.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Grainger and van Heuven (2003)

In the paper

“In the present article, we describe a dual-route approach to orthographic processing that postulates the existence of two fundamentally different kinds of location-invariant, word-centered, sublexical, orthographic codes.”

In the paper

“In order to compute the identity of complex graphemes such as “sh,” you need to know that H immediately follows S.”

In the paper

“That is, the strategy of this route is to code for combinations of the most visible letters that best constrain word identity.”

In the paper

“Letter combinations that are encountered less often in other words are more diagnostic of the identity of the word being processed.”

In the paper

“This observation suggests that the initial phase of orthographic processing in the Grainger and van Heuven (2003) model, the alphabetic array, should feed into two different types of location-invariant sublexical codes.”

In the paper

“Rigid slot-coding schemes cannot account for transposed-letter effects (see Grainger, 2008, for review).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Grainger, 2008 source

In the paper

“That is, the system needs to know precisely the ordering of the different letter identities in the stimulus word”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Goswami and Ziegler, 2006 source

In the paper

“This fine-grained code enables the coding of multi-letter graphemes and their precise ordering in the string.”

In the paper

“Now, one key empirical phenomenon provided the principal motivation for the theoretical shift from overly precise letter position coding schemes, such as the slot-coding scheme of the interactive-activation model (McClelland and Rumelhart, 1981), to more flexible coding schemes such as open-bigram coding. That was the effects of letter transpositions observed in masked priming experiments”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Perea and Lupker, 2004 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schoonbaert and Grainger, 2004 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chambers, 1979 source

In the paper

“Pseudo-homophone effects represent one key empirical signature of fine-grained orthographic processing, since it is generally agreed that the processing of such stimuli involves some form of sublexical conversion of print-to-sound.”

In the paper

“In one route, a coarse-grained orthographic code is computed in order to rapidly home in on a unique word identity and the corresponding semantic representations (the fast track to semantics).”

In the paper

“Our multiple-route model makes one key prediction with respect to effects of pseudo-homophone primes. These effects should be eradicated by a transposed-letter manipulation, since precise letter order information is required along the fine-grained processing route that generates a sublexical phonological code.”

In the paper

“On the other hand, frequency of co-occurrence enables the formation of higher-order representations (chunking) in order to diminish the amount of information that is processed, via data compression.”

In the paper

“We agree with Frankish and Turner (2007) and Frankish and Barnes (2008), that the reduced TL effects seen with legal non-words most likely reflect the more efficient computation of a phonological code with this kind of non-word compared with the illegal non-words.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Frankish and Turner (2007)
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Frankish and Barnes (2008) source

In the paper

“That is, according to our approach, precise letter order information is required in order to generate a pseudo-homophone priming effect because phoneme representations are activated via the fine-grained orthographic code.”

In the paper

“According to the model depicted in Figure 4, the route from print to meaning via sublexical phonological representations, involves fine-grained orthographic processing.”

In the paper

“In the absence of such additional top-down constraints, processing along the slower fine-grained route will also provide disambiguating information when necessary”

In the paper

“Letter combinations that often occur together can be usefully grouped to form higher-level orthographic representations such as multi-letter graphemes (th, ch) and morphemes (ing, er), thus providing a link with pre-existing phonological and morphological representations during reading acquisition.”

In the paper

“Pseudo-homophone effects represent one key empirical signature of fine-grained orthographic processing, since it is generally agreed that the processing of such stimuli involves some form of sublexical conversion of print-to-sound.”

In the paper

“However, contrary to alternative dual-route accounts of orthographic processing (e.g., Whitney and Cornelissen, 2005, 2008), the motivation behind the two routes in our approach is not based on the traditional distinction between direct “orthographic” and indirect “phonological” pathways in reading”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Whitney and Cornelissen, 2005, 2008

In the paper

“Most important is that the latter research compared priming from transposed-letter primes (e.g., barin–BRAIN vs. bolin–BRAIN) with priming from pseudo-homophone primes (e.g., brane–BRAIN vs. brans–BRAIN).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Grainger et al., 2006b

In the paper

“Effects of transposed-letter primes were seen in the ERP waveforms about 50 ms before the emergence of pseudo-homophone priming effects.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Grainger et al., 2006b

In the paper

“However, even in the domain of spoken language one can draw a distinction between diagnosticity and chunking.”

In the paper

“On the one hand, frequency of occurrence determines the probability with which a given combination of letters belongs to the word being read.”

In the paper

“Empirical evidence in favor of this type of coarse orthographic coding has been obtained using the masked priming paradigm in the form of robust priming effects with transposed-letter primes (e.g., gadren-GARDEN: Perea and Lupker, 2004; Schoonbaert and Grainger, 2004), and subset and superset primes”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Perea and Lupker, 2004 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schoonbaert and Grainger, 2004 source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Peressotti and Grainger, 1999 source

In the paper

“On the right-hand side of Figure 3, the fine-grained orthographic code provides more precise information about the ordering of letters in the string.”

In the paper

“Another line of evidence in favor of this dual-route approach comes from experiments manipulating the orthographic regularity and pronounceability of non-word stimuli created by a letter transposition”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Frankish and Turner, 2007
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Frankish and Barnes, 2008 source

In the paper

“This is particularly important for extracting contiguous letter combinations that form multi-letter grapheme representations, such as the “ch” and “ai” in the word “chair.””

In the paper

“A large number of masked priming studies have shown that derived suffixed primes facilitate the recognition of stem targets (worker–work) relative to unrelated primes (e.g., Grainger et al., 1991).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Grainger et al., 1991

In the paper

“The key idea behind this proposal is that given variations in letter visibility across a string of letters (e.g., Stevens and Grainger, 2003), the most efficient means of obtaining a fast guess at word identity is to compute order and identity information for the most visible letters.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Stevens and Grainger, 2003

In the paper

“We nevertheless point out that open-bigram coding is only one possible implementation of the coarse-grained orthographic processing route of our dual-route approach.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Whitney, 2001 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Grainger and van Heuven, 2003
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Grainger and Whitney, 2004

In the paper

“This phonological code, generated via the fine-grained processing route in our model, would interfere with the output of the coarse-grained processing route, therefore reducing the evidence in favor of the presence of the baseword”

In the paper

“The two routes differ notably in terms of the level of precision with which letter position information is coded.”

In the paper

“Both these prime types show priming that is similar to that of semantically transparent complex primes (worker–work; see Rastle and Davis, 2008 for review)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rastle and Davis, 2008 source

In the paper

“and (3) the emergence of both morpho-semantic and morpho-orthographic representations via the combination of coarse-grained and fine-grained orthographic processing.”

In the paper

“More precisely, we propose that affix detection is the key mechanism underlying morpho-orthographic segmentation (see Andrews and Davis, 1999, for a concrete proposal).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Andrews and Davis, 1999

In the paper

“Within our dual-route approach, the likely reduced efficiency in morpho-orthographic processing of such words compared with root-derived words, would allow the development of coarse-grained processing, without actually reaching the same level of efficiency as achieved when processing non-Semitic words in the coarse-grained route.”

In the paper

“Given the nature of these pre-existing representations, this optimization is thought to involve detection of frequently co-occurring letter combinations (the chunking constraint).”

In the paper

“Therefore, since the detection of affixes, just like complex graphemes, requires precise letter position coding (e.g., to distinguish between the real suffix “ion” and the non-suffix ending “oin”), it can only be performed via fine-grained orthographic processing.”

In the paper

“Activation in whole-word form representations (both orthographic and phonological, not shown in Figure 5) is further constrained by top-down feedback from morpho-semantic representations”

In the paper

“These results all point to some form of sublexical morpho-orthographic processing that, when presented with a fully decomposable stimulus, segments the stem and affix thereby allowing activation of an orthographic representation of the stem.”

In the paper

“Letter transpositions would therefore disrupt the processing of these root morphemes, causing as much damage as letter substitutions because of the fine-grained nature of the coding.”

In the paper

“Within the framework of our dual-route approach to orthographic processing, we would argue that both coarse-grained and fine-grained orthographic processing is performed by neural structures in the VOT junction, and specifically in the left fusiform gyrus (the VWFA, Cohen et al., 2002).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen et al., 2002 source

In the paper

“Just as is the case with complex graphemes, coarse-grained coding would give rise to too many false affix detections (binding errors), such as detecting the suffix “er” in “their.””

In the paper

“The development of a parallel version of this fine-grained orthographic coding is particularly important for the extraction of suffixes or rhymes, for which the positions of the component letters are defined with respect to word endings (e.g., Treiman et al., 1995).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Treiman et al., 1995 source

In the paper

“It is the development of parallel letter processing, thought to involve some form of location-specific letter code, that then leads to the development of the two types of location-invariant, sublexical, orthographic codes that form the basis of skilled silent reading according to our dual-route approach.”

In the paper

“According to this account, the development of parallel orthographic processing will enable (1) faster access to semantic representations via the development of a coarse-grained orthographic code”

In the paper

“while again no priming is found when the prime is formed by the stem plus a non-suffix ending (cornal–corn; Longtin and Meunier, 2005, but see Morris et al., 2011, for possible limits of such a finding).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Longtin and Meunier, 2005
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Morris et al., 2011

In the paper

“This is the coarse-grained processing route that provides direct access to semantics via orthographic information alone.”

In the paper

“Furthermore, although learning of coarse-grained and fine-grained representations may well both largely involve implicit, unsupervised learning algorithms, attention might play a different role in these two cases.”

In the paper

“(3) an increased sensitivity to orthographic priming (e.g., Castles et al., 2007; Acha and Perea, 2008)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Castles et al., 2007 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Acha and Perea, 2008

In the paper

“(2) greater efficiency in the sublexical translation of orthography to phonology via the development of a fine-grained orthographic code”

In the paper

“On the other hand, true morphological relations (e.g., farmer–farm) still benefit from morpho-semantic facilitation obtained via coarse-grained coding, such that the prime “faremr” strongly activates the whole-word orthographic representation “farmer” which connects with the whole-word orthographic representation for the word “farm” via shared morpho-semantic representations.”

In the paper

“Furthermore, Velan and Frost (2011) have recently demonstrated that morphologically simple Hebrew words of non-Semitic origin show the standard effects of letter transpositions seen with words in languages like English and French.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Velan and Frost, 2011

In the paper

“Inspired by the self-teaching hypothesis of Share (1995), we propose that it is during this relatively slow and painstaking process of phonological recoding that exposure to printed words enables the setting-up of the specialized system for parallel orthographic processing that is hypothesized in our model of orthographic processing.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Share, 1995 source

In the paper

“It is this boost in activation of the representation of the stem that generates facilitation during processing of the stem as the following target word.”

In the paper

“As noted above, such prioritizing is not thought to occur on-line, but arises for each individual word as a function of the relative efficiency of the process of mapping orthographic information onto semantics along each of the two routes.”

In the paper

“and (4) an increased sensitivity to morphological structure (e.g., Colé et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Colé et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“However, this supervision can be both externally driven (teacher) and internally driven, by using the output of the letter-by-letter strategy to modify the mapping of the parallel orthographic code onto phonology.”

In the paper

“and significantly larger facilitation than primes consisting of the stem plus a non-suffix ending (scandal–scan).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rastle and Davis, 2008 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, similar effects have also been found when comparing true derived word primes (worker–work) and complex pseudoword primes (cornity–corn)”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Longtin and Meunier, 2005
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Morris et al., 2011

In the paper

“Finally, we follow Zorzi et al., (1998) and Perry et al. (2007) in proposing that the associations established between sublexical orthographic and phonological representations (such as graphemes and phonemes) arise via supervised learning.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zorzi et al., 1998 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Perry et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Within the framework of our dual-route approach, this would imply that Semitic words are processed via fine-grained orthographic processing, which would enable the accurate detection of tri-consonantal roots.”

In the paper

“Apart from the initial acquisition of a small sight vocabulary (involving the most frequently occurring words), we agree with Share (1995) and others that phonological recoding is the essential first step in reading acquisition (e.g., Ehri, 1992).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Share, 1995 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ehri, 1992

In the paper

“Among the empirical consequences of the development of parallel orthographic processing are: (1) a reduction in the effects of word length (e.g., Aghababian and Nazir, 2000; Bijeljac-Babic et al., 2004; Acha and Perea, 2008)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aghababian and Nazir, 2000 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bijeljac-Babic et al., 2004 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Acha and Perea, 2008

In the paper

“This is therefore more a quantitative than a qualitative distinction”

In the paper

“Unsupervised learning algorithms, such as implemented in Self-Organizing Maps (e.g., Kohonen, 1982; Dufau et al., 2010) or Adaptive Resonance Theory (e.g., Grossberg, 1987; Glotin et al., 2010), provide specific mechanisms for performing orthographic chunking on the basis of a parallel letter input.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kohonen, 1982 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dufau et al., 2010 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Grossberg, 1987 source

In the paper

“Semitic root-derived words, on the other hand, would be predominantly processed via the fine-grained route.”

In the paper

“The nature of the two types of sublexical location-invariant orthographic codes that are hypothesized in our approach, is thought to be determined by the constraints imposed by the general goal of optimizing the mapping of letters onto meaning while learning to read.”

In the paper

“On the basis of these results, it is commonly agreed that morphology influences visual word recognition through fast and automatic morpho-orthographic segmentation (see Rastle and Davis, 2008, for a review of the findings).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rastle and Davis, 2008 source

In the paper

“Velan and Frost (2011) reported the results of an interesting intermediate case of Hebrew words that have an existing verbal pattern combined with a non-productive or pseudo-root. These words were found to produce a pattern of priming effects lying in between the root-derived words and the morphologically simple non-Semitic words.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Velan and Frost, 2011

In the paper

“In sum, the key idea behind our dual-route proposal when applied to morphological processing, is that the mechanism that learns that the presence of the letter F somewhere before the letter R is a good indication that the whole-word being processed is “farmer” or “farm,” is not the same mechanism that learns that there is an E just before a final R, and that this combination of letters has a”

In the paper

“Frequently co-occurring groups of letters often represent the orthographic equivalent of phonemes and morphemes.”

In the paper

“Recent research suggests that attention might be a critical factor in learning dependencies among elements (e.g., Pacton and Perruchet, 2008; see Le Pelley, 2010, for a review of the evidence).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pacton and Perruchet, 2008 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Le Pelley, 2010

In the paper

“At the same time, coarse-grained orthographic processing also feeds forward activation to whole-word orthographic representations, but independently of the morphological structure of the stimulus.”

In the paper

“This is the fine-grained processing route that provides access to semantics via phonological and morphological representations.”

In the paper

“Morpho-orthographic segmentation is achieved via fine-grained orthographic processing, which then feeds activation forward to compatible whole-word orthographic representations.”

In the paper

“Given that phonological processing is associated with both projections from fusiform to frontal regions (pars opercularis) and projections from fusiform to dorsal regions, the utility of a ventral–dorsal distinction in describing these projections is called into question.”

In the paper

“In line with this proposition, and as argued in our account of reading development (see above), the mechanisms involved in sublexical conversion of print to sound in skilled reading are thought not to be the same as the very early serial mechanisms used by beginning readers.”

In the paper

“The increased sensitivity to orthographic structure could reflect both an increase in the size of coarse-grained orthographic representations (e.g., open n-grams, with increasing n), and the increase in size of fine-grained orthographic representations (e.g., graphemes and morphemes of increasing length).”