Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition

Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning

Sweller, J. (1988) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/0364-0213(88)90023-7 · Cited by 11,048

The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance

Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.3.363 · Cited by 9,564

Cognitive Load Theory

Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8126-4 · Cited by 5,531

Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components

Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673

Learning by Expanding: An Activity-Theoretical Approach to Developmental Research

Engeström, Y. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139814744 · Cited by 4,991

Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior

Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1 · Cited by 3,984

Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design

Sweller, J. (1994) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/0959-4752(94)90003-5 · Cited by 3,801

The unbearable automaticity of being

Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462 · Cited by 3,699

Long-term working memory.

Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.211 · Cited by 3,498

Toward an instance theory of automatization.

Logan, G. D. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.4.492 · Cited by 3,466

The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task

Cosmides, L. (1989) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(89)90023-1 · Cited by 2,471

Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory

Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Perrig, W. J. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0801268105 · Cited by 2,187

EXPERT AND EXCEPTIONAL PERFORMANCE: Evidence of Maximal Adaptation to Task Constraints

Ericsson, K. A., & Lehmann, A. C. (1996) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.273 · Cited by 2,139

The restless mind

Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.946 · Cited by 2,067

Toward a design theory of problem solving

Jonassen, D. H. (2000) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02300500 · Cited by 2,114

Multiple Processes by which Attitudes Guide Behavior: The Mode Model as an Integrative Framework

Fazio, R. H. (1990) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60318-4 · Cited by 2,002

Contextual Cueing: Implicit Learning and Memory of Visual Context Guides Spatial Attention

Chun, M. M., & Jiang, Y. (1998) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1998.0681 · Cited by 1,959

Default Bayes factors for ANOVA designs

Rouder, J. N., Morey, R. D., Speckman, P. L., & Province, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2012.08.001 · Cited by 1,800

The automated will: nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals.

Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., & Trötschel, R. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1014 · Cited by 1,865

Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation.

Kraiger, K., Ford, J. K., & Salas, E. (1993) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.2.311 · Cited by 1,831

A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes

Tiffany, S. T. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.2.147 · Cited by 1,554

On Distinguishing Epistemic from Pragmatic Action

Kirsh, D., & Maglio, P. (1994) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1804_1 · Cited by 1,641

The structure-mapping engine: Algorithm and examples

Falkenhainer, B., Forbus, K. D., & Gentner, D. (1989) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(89)90077-5 · Cited by 1,454

The Use of Worked Examples as a Substitute for Problem Solving in Learning Algebra

Sweller, J., & Cooper, G. A. (1985) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0201_3 · Cited by 1,214

Do “brain-training” programs work?

Simons, D. J., Boot, W. R., Charness, N., Gathercole, S. E., Chabris, C. F., Hambrick, D. Z., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. L. (2016) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100616661983 · Cited by 1,183

Chunking mechanisms in human learning

GOBET, F., LANE, P., CROKER, S., CHENG, P., JONES, G., OLIVER, I., & PINE, J. (2001) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01662-4 · Cited by 1,157

On the anglocentricities of current reading research and practice: The perils of overreliance on an “outlier” orthography.

Share, D. L. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.584 · Cited by 1,022

Identity, deep structure and the development of leadership skill

Lord, R. G., & Hall, R. J. (2005) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.06.003 · Cited by 964

Cognitive Load Theory: Implications for medical education: AMEE Guide No. 86

Young, J. Q., Van Merrienboer, J., Durning, S., & Ten Cate, O. (2014) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2014.889290 · Cited by 935

On the role of analogies and metaphors in learning science

Duit, R. (1991) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.3730750606 · Cited by 921

Cognitive load theory and educational technology

Sweller, J. (2020) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-019-09701-3 · Cited by 911

A theory of adult intellectual development: Process, personality, interests, and knowledge

Ackerman, P. L. (1996) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(96)90016-1 · Cited by 846

Sequencing in SLA: Phonological Memory, Chunking, and Points of Order

Ellis, N. C. (1996) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263100014698 · Cited by 837

Replication and Analysis of Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve

Murre, J. M. J., & Dros, J. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120644 · Cited by 777

Regulation of Positive Emotions: Emotion Regulation Strategies that Promote Resilience

Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2007) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9015-4 · Cited by 791

The Interaction of Domain-Specific and Strategic Knowledge in Academic Performance

Alexander, P. A., & Judy, J. E. (1988) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543058004375 · Cited by 728

Thoughts beyond words: When language overshadows insight.

Schooler, J. W., Ohlsson, S., & Brooks, K. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.122.2.166 · Cited by 694

Learning from worked-out examples: A study on individual differences

RENKL, A. (1997) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/s0364-0213(99)80017-2 · Cited by 679

Developmental change in speed of processing during childhood and adolescence

Kail, R. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.3.490 · Cited by 673

Implementation intentions and efficient action initiation.

Brandstätter, V., Lengfelder, A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.5.946 · Cited by 644

“Learning factors analysis-a general method for cognitive model evaluation and improvement,”

Cen, H., Koedinger, K., & Junker, B. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11774303_17 · Cited by 572

Language Acquisition as Rational Contingency Learning

Ellis, N. C. (2006) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/ami038 · Cited by 559

Skill and Working Memory

Chase, W. G., & Ericsson, K. A. (1982) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60546-0 · Cited by 533

Us and them: Social categorization and the process of intergroup bias.

Perdue, C. W., Dovidio, J. F., Gurtman, M. B., & Tyler, R. B. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.475 · Cited by 527

Automatic and effortful processing in depression.

Hartlage, S., Alloy, L. B., Vázquez, C., & Dykman, B. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.2.247 · Cited by 523

Synthetic grammar learning: Implicit rule abstraction or explicit fragmentary knowledge?

Perruchet, P., & Pacteau, C. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.119.3.264 · Cited by 526

Memory for goals: an activation‐based model

Altmann, E. M., & Trafton, J. G. (2002) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2601_2 · Cited by 795

Maintaining excellence: Deliberate practice and elite performance in young and older pianists.

Krampe, R. T., & Ericsson, K. A. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.125.4.331 · Cited by 540

Evolution of human cognitive architecture

Sweller, J. (2003) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(03)01015-6 · Cited by 511

Interactive Team Cognition

Cooke, N. J., Gorman, J. C., Myers, C. W., & Duran, J. L. (2013) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12009 · Cited by 522

Environmental Influences on Cognitive and Brain Plasticity During Aging

Kramer, A. F., Bherer, L., Colcombe, S. J., Dong, W., & Greenough, W. T. (2004) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/59.9.m940 · Cited by 503

An Evolutionary Upgrade of Cognitive Load Theory: Using the Human Motor System and Collaboration to Support the Learning of Complex Cognitive Tasks

Paas, F., & Sweller, J. (2012) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-011-9179-2 · Cited by 502

An instance theory of attention and memory.

Logan, G. D. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.2.376 · Cited by 467

Guidance during mathematical problem solving.

Tarmizi, R. A., & Sweller, J. (1988) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.80.4.424 · Cited by 464

What determines initial feeling of knowing? Familiarity with question terms, not with the answer.

Reder, L. M., & Ritter, F. E. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.3.435 · Cited by 464

Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Second Language Fluency

Schmidt, R. (1992) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263100011189 · Cited by 458

Preparing to resume an interrupted task: effects of prospective goal encoding and retrospective rehearsal

Trafton, J. G., Altmann, E. M., Brock, D. P., & Mintz, F. E. (2003) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/s1071-5819(03)00023-5 · Cited by 457

The information-loss model: a mathematical theory of age-related cognitive slowing

Myerson, J., Hale, S., Wagstaff, D., Poon, L. W., & Smith, G. A. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.4.475 · Cited by 425

Task-Based Core-Periphery Organization of Human Brain Dynamics

Bassett, D. S., Wymbs, N. F., Rombach, M. P., Porter, M. A., Mucha, P. J., & Grafton, S. T. (2013) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003171 · Cited by 356

Expertise in debugging computer programs: A process analysis

Vessey, I. (1985) · International Journal of Man-Machine Studies · doi:10.1016/s0020-7373(85)80054-7 · Cited by 359

Effects of video-game play on information processing: a meta-analytic investigation

Powers, K. L., Brooks, P. J., Aldrich, N. J., Palladino, M. A., & Alfieri, L. (2013) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0418-z · Cited by 348

Interface Metaphors and User Interface Design

Carroll, J. M., Mack, R. L., & Kellogg, W. A. (1988) · Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-70536-5.50008-7 · Cited by 345

Practice under changing priorities: an approach to the training of complex skills

Gopher, D., Weil, M., & Siegel, D. (1989) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(89)90007-3 · Cited by 288

A neurobiological theory of automaticity in perceptual categorization

Ashby, F. G., Ennis, J. M., & Spiering, B. J. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.3.632 · Cited by 286

The nature of the black–white difference on various psychometric tests: Spearman's hypothesis

Jensen, A. R. (1985) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00020392 · Cited by 284

Natural Information Processing Systems

Sweller, J., & Sweller, S. (2006) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470490600400135 · Cited by 279

Domain-Specific Knowledge and Why Teaching Generic Skills Does Not Work

Tricot, A., & Sweller, J. (2014) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-013-9243-1 · Cited by 273

Basal Ganglia Circuits for Reward Value–Guided Behavior

Hikosaka, O., Kim, H. F., Yasuda, M., & Yamamoto, S. (2014) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013924 · Cited by 259

Spacing and Testing Effects

(2010) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(10)53003-2 · Cited by 255

Integration as a general boundary condition on retrieval-induced forgetting.

Anderson, M. C., & McCulloch, K. C. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.25.3.608 · Cited by 246

Taking aim at the cognitive side of learning in sensorimotor adaptation tasks

McDougle, S. D., Ivry, R. B., & Taylor, J. A. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.05.002 · Cited by 236

Bending the power law: A CMPL theory of strategy shifts and the automatization of cognitive skills.

Rickard, T. C. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.126.3.288 · Cited by 231

Measuring team knowledge: A window to the cognitive underpinnings of team performance.

Cooke, N. J., Kiekel, P. A., Salas, E., Stout, R., Bowers, C., & Cannon-Bowers, J. (2003) · Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.7.3.179 · Cited by 228

Internal models in biological control

McNamee, D., & Wolpert, D. M. (2019) · Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems · doi:10.1146/annurev-control-060117-105206 · Cited by 225

20 years later: deliberate practice and the development of expertise in sport

Baker, J., & Young, B. (2014) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2014.896024 · Cited by 223

Editing episodic memory following the identification of error

Wilkes, A. L., & Leatherbarrow, M. (1988) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724988843000168 · Cited by 217

Practice makes perfect: entrepreneurial-experience curves and venture performance

Toft-Kehler, R., Wennberg, K., & Kim, P. H. (2014) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.001 · Cited by 216

The role of domain-specific practice, handedness, and starting age in chess.

Gobet, F., & Campitelli, G. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.159 · Cited by 216

Cognitive load theory and individual differences

Sweller, J. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102423 · Cited by 214

Functional imaging of procedural motor learning: Relating cerebral blood flow with individual subject performance

Grafton, S. T., Woods, R. P., & Tyszka, M. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460010307 · Cited by 214

The Strategy-Specific Nature of Improvement: The Power Law Applies by Strategy Within Task

Delaney, P. F., Reder, L. M., Staszewski, J. J., & Ritter, F. E. (1998) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00001 · Cited by 214

A Three–Part Framework for Self–Regulated Personality Development across Adulthood

Hennecke, M., Bleidorn, W., Denissen, J. J. A., & Wood, D. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1945 · Cited by 201

Exploring links between polychronicity and well-being from the perspective of person–job fit: Does it matter if you prefer to do only one thing at a time?

Hecht, T. D., & Allen, N. J. (2005) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.07.004 · Cited by 199

Working Memory, Long-term Memory, and Instructional Design

Sweller, J. (2016) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.12.002 · Cited by 192

Learning by imagining.

Cooper, G., Tindall-Ford, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.7.1.68 · Cited by 191

Timecourse of recovery from task interruption: Data and a model

Altmann, E. M., & Trafton, J. G. (2007) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03193094 · Cited by 191

Perspectives on problem solving and instruction

van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.11.025 · Cited by 187

Understanding the benefits of providing peer feedback: how students respond to peers’ texts of varying quality

Patchan, M. M., & Schunn, C. D. (2015) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-015-9353-x · Cited by 181

The change of the brain activation patterns as children learn algebra equation solving

Qin, Y., Carter, C. S., Silk, E. M., Stenger, V. A., Fissell, K., Goode, A., & Anderson, J. R. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0401227101 · Cited by 142

Digit memory of grand experts in abacus-derived mental calculation

Hatano, G., & Osawa, K. (1983) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90035-5 · Cited by 143

Leveraging characteristics of task structure to predict the cost of interruption

Iqbal, S. T., & Bailey, B. P. (2006) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1124772.1124882 · Cited by 138

Artifactual power curves in forgetting

Anderson, R. B., & Tweney, R. D. (1997) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211315 · Cited by 129

Evidence against conflict monitoring and adaptation: An updated review

Schmidt, J. R. (2019) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-018-1520-z · Cited by 127

Does Strategic Memory Training Improve the Working Memory Performance of Younger and Older Adults?

Carretti, B., Borella, E., & De Beni, R. (2007) · Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.54.4.311 · Cited by 127

Simulation of expert memory using EPAM IV.

Richman, H. B., Staszewski, J. J., & Simon, H. A. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.305 · Cited by 124

Human agency and responsible computing: Implications for computer system design

Friedman, B., & Kahn, P. H. (1992) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/0164-1212(92)90075-u · Cited by 123

Process versus Product: A Perspective on Tools for Communal and Informal Electronic Learning

Brown, J. S. (1985) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/l00t-22h0-b7nj-1324 · Cited by 116

The acquisition of robust and flexible cognitive skills.

Taatgen, N. A., Huss, D., Dickison, D., & Anderson, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.137.3.548 · Cited by 115

Motivation and Volition in the Course of Action

Achtziger, A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2018) · Motivation and Action · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_12 · Cited by 104

A deliberate practice account of typing proficiency in everyday typists.

Keith, N., & Ericsson, K. A. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.13.3.135 · Cited by 101