Individualism and Collectivism

·1976·The Road to Serfdom

DOI 10.4324/9780203991718-8

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Before we can progress with our main problem, an obstacle has yet to be surmounted. A confusion largely responsible for the way in which we are drifting into things which nobody wants must be cleared up.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4324/9780203991718-8

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context
Hofstede, G. (2011) · Online Readings in Psychology and Culture · doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1014 · Cited by 7,250
Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.
Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3 · Cited by 5,758
Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response
Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., et al. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z · Cited by 4,964
Social and Psychological Resources and Adaptation
Hobfoll, S. E. (2002) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307 · Cited by 4,594
Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition.
Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.2.291 · Cited by 4,263
On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism
Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.864 · Cited by 4,069
Untitled work
(2005) · Cited by 3,670
The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love and Outgroup Hate?
Brewer, M. B. (1999) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00126 · Cited by 3,494
Mapping the moral domain.
Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021847 · Cited by 2,666
Individualism-collectivism and personality
Triandis, H. C. (2001) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.696169 · Cited by 2,589
Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research.
Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., & Szapocznik, J. (2010) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0019330 · Cited by 2,226
Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?
Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.4.766 · Cited by 2,247
Social Cognitive Theory in Cultural Context
Bandura, A. (2002) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00092 · Cited by 2,092
Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective
Bandura, A. (1999) · Asian Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-839x.00024 · Cited by 2,050
“Economic man” in cross-cultural perspective: behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies
Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., Gintis, H., McElreath, R., Alvard, M., Barr, A., Ensminger, J., et al. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000142 · Cited by 1,898
Consumers' Need for Uniqueness: Scale Development and Validation
Tian, K. T., Bearden, W. O., & Hunter, G. L. (2001) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/321947 · Cited by 1,791
Cultures and Selves: A Cycle of Mutual Constitution
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610375557 · Cited by 1,625
Religion and spirituality: unfuzzying the fuzzy
Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M. S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T. G., Hipp, K. M., Scott, A. B., & Kadar, J. L. (1997) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1387689 · Cited by 1,543
The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes.
Triandis, H. C. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.51.4.407 · Cited by 1,457
Large-Scale Psychological Differences Within China Explained by Rice Versus Wheat Agriculture
Talhelm, T., Zhang, X., Oishi, S., Shimin, C., Duan, D., Lan, X., & Kitayama, S. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1246850 · Cited by 1,374
Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor.
Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Keltner, D. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0028756 · Cited by 1,397
Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being.
Chirkov, V., Ryan, R. M., Kim, Y., & Kaplan, U. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.97 · Cited by 1,425
Social network changes and life events across the life span: A meta-analysis.
Wrzus, C., Hänel, M., Wagner, J., & Neyer, F. J. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0028601 · Cited by 1,381
Explanation and Understanding
Keil, F. C. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190100 · Cited by 1,350
Autonomy and Relatedness in Cultural Context: Implications for Self and Family
Kagitcibasi, C. (2005) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022105275959 · Cited by 1,345
Motivation and justification: a dual process model of culture in action.
Vaisey, S. (2009) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/597179 · Cited by 1,279
The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms
Suh, E., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Triandis, H. C. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.482 · Cited by 1,282
Why do people use Facebook?
Nadkarni, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.007 · Cited by 1,276
Where (who) are collectives in collectivism? Toward conceptual clarification of individualism and collectivism
Brewer, M. B., & Chen, Y.-R. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.1.133 · Cited by 1,200
Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity: A cultural analysis
Kim, H., & Markus, H. R. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.785 · Cited by 1,216
The Role of Espoused National Cultural Values in Technology Acceptance1
Srite, M., & Karahanna, E. (2006) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148745 · Cited by 1,169
Examining the impact of culture’s consequences: A three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions
Taras, V., Kirkman, B. L., & Steel, P. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018938 · Cited by 1,160
How children and adolescents spend time across the world: work, play, and developmental opportunities
Larson, R. W., & Verma, S. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.701 · Cited by 1,166
The Influence of Cultural Individualism-Collectivism, Self Construals, and Individual Values on Communication Styles Across Cultures
GUDYKUNST, W. B., MATSUMOTO, Y., TING-TOOMEY, S., NISHIDA, T., KIM, K., & HEYMAN, S. (1996) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00377.x · Cited by 1,100
The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships.
Cross, S. E., Bacon, P. L., & Morris, M. L. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.791 · Cited by 1,092
Stereotype content model across cultures: Towards universal similarities and some differences
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., Kwan, V. S. Y., Glick, P., Demoulin, S., Leyens, J., Bond, M. H., Croizet, J., Ellemers, N., Sleebos, E., et al. (2009) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466608x314935 · Cited by 1,078
Fundamental dimensions of social judgment: Understanding the relations between judgments of competence and warmth.
Judd, C. M., James-Hawkins, L., Yzerbyt, V., & Kashima, Y. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.899 · Cited by 1,061
Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures
Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010 · Cited by 965
Measuring Hofstede's Five Dimensions of Cultural Values at the Individual Level: Development and Validation of CVSCALE
Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lenartowicz, T. (2011) · Journal of International Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1080/08961530.2011.578059 · Cited by 916
Pancultural self-enhancement.
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Toguchi, Y. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.60 · Cited by 885
Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example
Quintal, V. A., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2010) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.006 · Cited by 855
Loneliness and international students: an Australian study
Sawir, E., Marginson, S., Deumert, A., Nyland, C., & Ramia, G. (2008) · Journal of Studies in International Education · doi:10.1177/1028315307299699 · Cited by 829
Psychological universals: what are they and how can we know?
Norenzayan, A., & Heine, S. J. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.763 · Cited by 820
Beyond self-esteem: influence of multiple motives on identity construction.
Vignoles, V. L., Regalia, C., Manzi, C., Golledge, J., & Scabini, E. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.308 · Cited by 805
National Culture and the Values of Organizational Employees: A Dimensional Analysis Across 43 Nations
Smith, P. B., Dugan, S., & Trompenaars, F. (1996) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022196272006 · Cited by 807
Ideal Affect: Cultural Causes and Behavioral Consequences
Tsai, J. L. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00043.x · Cited by 781
Personal, master, and alternative narratives: An integrative framework for understanding identity development in context
McLean, K. C., & Syed, M. (2015) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000445817 · Cited by 743
Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: An experimental longitudinal intervention to boost well-being.
Lyubomirsky, S., Dickerhoof, R., Boehm, J. K., & Sheldon, K. M. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022575 · Cited by 720
Cross-cultural variations in predictors of life satisfaction: Perspectives from needs and values
Oishi, S., Diener, E. F., Lucas, R. E., & Suh, E. M. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672992511006 · Cited by 728
Experiences of Autonomy and Control Among Chinese Learners: Vitalizing or Immobilizing?
Vansteenkiste, M., Zhou, M., Lens, W., & Soenens, B. (2005) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.3.468 · Cited by 725
Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States.
Vandello, J. A., & Cohen, D. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.279 · Cited by 717
The Cultural Psychology of Personality
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1998) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022198291004 · Cited by 684
Successful lean implementation: Organizational culture and soft lean practices
Bortolotti, T., Boscari, S., & Danese, P. (2015) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.10.013 · Cited by 678
Identity‐based motivation: Implications for action‐readiness, procedural‐readiness, and consumer behavior
Oyserman, D. (2009) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2009.05.008 · Cited by 651
Culture, identity consistency, and subjective well-being.
Suh, E. M. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1378 · Cited by 649
A cultural task analysis of implicit independence: Comparing North America, Western Europe, and East Asia.
Kitayama, S., Park, H., Sevincer, A. T., Karasawa, M., & Uskul, A. K. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015999 · Cited by 639
Consumer behavior in social commerce: A literature review
Zhang, K. Z. K., & Benyoucef, M. (2016) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2016.04.001 · Cited by 631
Taking stock in our progress on individualism-collectivism: 100 years of solidarity and community
Christopher Earley, P. (1998) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/s0149-2063(99)80063-4 · Cited by 624
Happiness and unhappiness in east and west: themes and variations
Uchida, Y., & Kitayama, S. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0015634 · Cited by 612
Individual Differences in Analytic Versus Holistic Thinking
Choi, I., Koo, M., & Choi, J. A. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206298568 · Cited by 584
Many forms of culture.
Cohen, A. B. (2009) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0015308 · Cited by 589
Generation Cohorts and Personal Values: A Comparison of China and the United States
Egri, C. P., & Ralston, D. A. (2004) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1030.0048 · Cited by 573
Can an Angry Woman Get Ahead?: Status Conferral, Gender, and Expression of Emotion in the Workplace
Brescoll, V. L., & Uhlmann, E. L. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02079.x · Cited by 571
Views from Inside and Outside: Integrating Emic and Etic Insights about Culture and Justice Judgment
Morris, M. W., Leung, K. Y., Ames, D. R., & Lickel, B. A. (1999) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1999.2553253 · Cited by 561
The Effect of Culture on Perspective Taking
Wu, S., & Keysar, B. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01946.x · Cited by 550
The paradox of group-based guilt: Modes of national identification, conflict vehemence, and reactions to the in-group's moral violations.
Roccas, S., Klar, Y., & Liviatan, I. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.698 · Cited by 544
Identity-Based Motivation: Implications for Intervention
Oyserman, D., & Destin, M. (2010) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000010374775 · Cited by 542
Parasite-stress promotes in-group assortative sociality: The cases of strong family ties and heightened religiosity
Fincher, C. L., & Thornhill, R. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000021 · Cited by 530
Service failure recovery: The moderating impact of individual-level cultural value orientation on perceptions of justice
Patterson, P. G., Cowley, E., & Prasongsukarn, K. (2006) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2006.02.004 · Cited by 525
Cross-cultural consumer behavior: a review of research findings
de Mooij, M., & Hofstede, G. (2011) · Journal of International Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1080/08961530.2011.578057 · Cited by 517
A cross-cultural study of switching barriers and propensity to stay with service providers
Patterson, P. G., & Smith, T. (2003) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/s0022-4359(03)00009-5 · Cited by 515
Are Cultures Becoming Individualistic? A Cross-Temporal Comparison of Individualism–Collectivism in the United States and Japan
Hamamura, T. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868311411587 · Cited by 497
Cross-Cultural Differences in Physical Aggression Between Partners: A Social-Role Analysis
Archer, J. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_3 · Cited by 494
Leader–member exchange (LMX) and culture: A meta-analysis of correlates of LMX across 23 countries
Rockstuhl, T., Dulebohn, J. H., Ang, S., & Shore, L. M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029978 · Cited by 477
The Psychological Appeal of Personalized Content in Web Portals: Does Customization Affect Attitudes and Behavior?
Kalyanaraman, S., & Sundar, S. S. (2006) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00006.x · Cited by 475
How country characteristics affect the perceived value of Web sites
Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M., & Geyskens, I. (2006) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.70.3.136 · Cited by 465
Culture and basic psychological processes--Toward a system view of culture: Comment on Oyserman et al. (2002).
Kitayama, S. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.89 · Cited by 465
Are Scores on Hofstede's Dimensions of National Culture Stable over Time? A Cohort Analysis
Beugelsdijk, S., Maseland, R., & van Hoorn, A. (2015) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1002/gsj.1098 · Cited by 455
Compliance with a Request in Two Cultures: The Differential Influence of Social Proof and Commitment/Consistency on Collectivists and Individualists
Cialdini, R. B., Wosinska, W., Barrett, D. W., Butner, J., & Gornik-Durose, M. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299258006 · Cited by 458
Cultural Influences on Neural Substrates of Attentional Control
Hedden, T., Ketay, S., Aron, A., Markus, H. R., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02038.x · Cited by 451
The American dream in Russia: Extrinsic aspirations and well-being in two cultures
Ryan, R. M., Chirkov, V. I., Little, T. D., Sheldon, K. M., Timoshina, E., & Deci, E. L. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672992510007 · Cited by 450
The effects of national culture values on consumer acceptance of e-commerce: Online shoppers in China
Yoon, C. (2009) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2009.06.001 · Cited by 425
Face consciousness and risk aversion: Do they affect consumer decision‐making?
Bao, Y., Zhou, K. Z., & Su, C. (2003) · Psychology & Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.10094 · Cited by 419
Psychological predispositions and network structure: The relationship between individual predispositions, structural holes and network closure
Kalish, Y., & Robins, G. (2006) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2005.04.004 · Cited by 412
Intuitions about combining opinions: misappreciation of the averaging principle
Larrick, R. P., & Soll, J. B. (2006) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1050.0459 · Cited by 410
The effects of religion on consumer behavior: A conceptual framework and research agenda
Mathras, D., Cohen, A. B., Mandel, N., & Mick, D. G. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2015.08.001 · Cited by 399
Exploring the Nature of Power Distance: Implications for Micro- and Macro-Level Theories, Processes, and Outcomes
Daniels, M. A., & Greguras, G. J. (2014) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314527131 · Cited by 386
Does Choice Mean Freedom and Well-Being?
Markus, H. R., & Schwartz, B. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/651242 · Cited by 381
Collectivism predicts mask use during COVID-19
Lu, J. G., Jin, P., & English, A. S. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2021793118 · Cited by 342
Cultural neuroscience of the self: understanding the social grounding of the brain
Kitayama, S., & Park, J. (2010) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq052 · Cited by 335
Need Satisfaction and Well-Being: Testing Self-Determination Theory in Eight Cultures
Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Locke, K. D., Zhang, H., Shen, J., de Jesús Vargas-Flores, J., Ibáñez-Reyes, J., Tanaka-Matsumi, J., Curtis, G. J., Cabrera, H. F., et al. (2013) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022112466590 · Cited by 335
Combining creativity and control: Understanding individual motivation in large-scale collaborative creativity
Adler, P. S., & Chen, C. X. (2011) · Accounting, Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2011.02.002 · Cited by 329
Untitled work
(2009) · PubMed · Cited by 329
Congruent or conflicted? The impact of injunctive and descriptive norms on environmental intentions.
Smith, J. R., Louis, W. R., Terry, D. J., Greenaway, K. H., Clarke, M. R., & Cheng, X. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.06.001 · Cited by 324
Asian American multidimensional acculturation scale: development, factor analysis, reliability, and validity
Gim Chung, R. H., Kim, B. S. K., & Abreu, J. M. (2004) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.10.1.66 · Cited by 320
Perceived Autonomy Support in Physical Education and Leisure-Time Physical Activity: A Cross-Cultural Evaluation of the Trans-Contextual Model.
Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Barkoukis, V., Wang, C. K. J., & Baranowski, J. (2005) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.3.376 · Cited by 317
Dimensions of service quality in developed and developing economies: multi‐country cross‐cultural comparisons
Malhotra, N. K., Ulgado, F. M., Agarwal, J., Shainesh, G., & Wu, L. (2005) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/02651330510602204 · Cited by 319
A longitudinal experimental study comparing the effectiveness of happiness-enhancing strategies in Anglo Americans and Asian Americans
Boehm, J. K., Lyubomirsky, S., & Sheldon, K. M. (2011) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.541227 · Cited by 318
On Being Both With Us and Against Us: A Normative Conflict Model of Dissent in Social Groups
Packer, D. J. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868307309606 · Cited by 311
Cultural differences in social networking site use: a comparative study of China and the United States
Jackson, L. A., & Wang, J.-L. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.024 · Cited by 305

Venue: The Road to Serfdom
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 1976-09-30
Pages: 43-54
DOI: 10.4324/9780203991718-8
OpenAlex: W2798304687
Cited by: 6,058
References: 0
FWCI: 0.00
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.

Individualism and Collectivism

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks

Data sources