The impact of atypical sensory processing on social impairments in autism spectrum disorder

In the paper

“Altered sensory processing has been an important feature of the clinical descriptions of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kanner, 1943

In the paper

“There is evidence that sensory dysregulation arises early in the progression of ASD and impacts social functioning.”

In the paper

“This relationship is also evident from findings of early abnormal sensory sensitivity to stimuli predicting later joint attention and language development (Baranek et al., 2013), development of social play (Miller Kuhaneck and Britner, 2013), increased withdrawal and negative temperament (Brock et al., 2012), and higher levels of social impairment in adults with ASD (Hilton et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Baranek et al., 2013
• Not checked yetcites Miller Kuhaneck and Britner, 2013
• Not checked yetcites Brock et al., 2012

In the paper

“up to 95% of parents of children with ASD report some atypical sensory behavior in their child (e.g., seeming indifference to pain, avoidance of certain sounds or textures, unusual smelling of objects, seeking out visual experiences of lights or movement; Rogers and Ozonoff, 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Rogers and Ozonoff, 2005 source

In the paper

“sensory processing abnormalities in ASD (see Baum et al., 2015; or Marco et al., 2011; for reviews) are reported across all ages and levels of symptom severity (Leekam et al., 2007) and adversely affect both daily functioning (Suarez, 2012) and academic performance (Howe and Stagg, 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Leekam et al., 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Suarez, 2012
• Not checked yetcites Howe and Stagg, 2016

In the paper

“Sensory and social behaviors may arise from a common underlying mechanism and/or may exert reciprocal influence on each other in the course of a child’s development (Gliga et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gliga et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Atypical visual processing has been widely documented in individuals with ASD (see Simmons et al., 2009 for a review), with alterations in basic perceptual functions, including contrast sensitivity (Behrmann et al., 2006, Bertone et al., 2003), boundary detection (Vandenbroucke et al., 2008), field of view size (Song et al., 2015) and color perception (Franklin et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Simmons et al., 2009 source
• Not checked yetcites Behrmann et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Bertone et al., 2003 source

In the paper

“Deficits in visual form processing (Spencer and O'Brien, 2006) and motion perception (see Kaiser and Shiffrar, 2009 for a review), reduced susceptibility to illusion (Happe, 1996, Bolte et al., 2007), superior visual search (Jolliffe and Baron-Cohen, 1997), a local processing bias (Dakin and Frith, 2005), spatial attention impairments (Haist et al., 2005), and altered oculomotor function (Goldberg”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Spencer and O'Brien, 2006
• Not checked yetcites Kaiser and Shiffrar, 2009
• Not checked yetcites Happe, 1996

In the paper

“For example, a child that is overly sensitive to loud noises may withdraw from socio-communicative environments that are over-stimulating, leading to less practice with social scenarios and ultimately resulting in a breakdown of successful social interaction.”

In the paper

“The frequency of lateral glances and visual hypo-responsivity predict poorer social skills and greater overall ASD symptomology (Hellendoorn et al., 2014, Kern et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hellendoorn et al., 2014
• Not checked yetcites Kern et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Behaviorally, some differences manifest as enhanced perceptual abilities in ASD, particularly in basic low level visual search tasks; conversely, these may be disruptive to efficient processing in fast-paced, complex visual environments (Happe and Frith, 2006, Mottron et al., 2006, Pellicano and Burr, 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Happe and Frith, 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Mottron et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Pellicano and Burr, 2012 source

In the paper

“Many studies suggest that individuals with ASD are able to determine the direction of others’ gaze, but fail to effectively use this information socially (Leekam et al., 1997, Pelphrey and Carter, 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Leekam et al., 1997
• Not checked yetcites Pelphrey and Carter, 2008

In the paper

“Face processing abnormalities in individuals with ASD, including less focus on eyes and increased looking to the mouth (Klin et al., 2002), have been studied extensively”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Klin et al., 2002 source

In the paper

“Atypical face processing in ASD could arise from sociocognitive factors, or reflect visual processing deficits more broadly, such as distinguishing between both social and non-social stimuli that are visually complex or highly similar, including upright faces, inverted faces, and cars (Ewing et al., 2013); and poor ability to discriminate between novel, and perceptually similar objects (Greebles)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ewing et al., 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Scherf et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“In addition, poorer facial identity recognition (e.g., Kirchner et al., 2011), facial memory (e.g., Wilson et al., 2010), face discrimination (e.g., Rutherford et al., 2007a), and deficits in facial emotion recognition (e.g., Hobson, 1986, Baron-Cohen, 1991, Harms et al., 2010) have also been reported in ASD.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kirchner et al., 2011
• Not checked yetcites Wilson et al., 2010
• Not checked yetcites Rutherford et al., 2007a

In the paper

“Moreover, individuals with ASD have difficulty using information from biological motion to infer emotions (Nackaerts et al., 2012), recognize faces (O'Brien et al., 2014) and follow pointing (Swettenham et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nackaerts et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites O'Brien et al., 2014
• Not checked yetcites Swettenham et al., 2013

In the paper

“Atypical auditory processing is well-documented in ASD (see O'Connor, 2012 for review) with a profile of enhanced pitch perception (Bonnel et al., 2003, Bonnel et al., 2010, O'Riordan and Passetti, 2006), increased sensitivity to loud noises (Khalfa et al., 2004), lack of auditory orientation (Paul et al., 2007), impaired perception of prosody (Järvinen-Pasley et al., 2008), and diminished”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites O'Connor, 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Bonnel et al., 2003
• Not checked yetcites Khalfa et al., 2004

In the paper

“It is possible that pre-existing visual processing deficits may disrupt developing social skills by preventing the perception of visual cues that signal social rewards, making the cause and effect of social interactions unpredictable.”

In the paper

“Some evidence suggests that motion processing impairments in ASD are specific to biological motion perception (e.g., Koldewyn et al., 2011), possibly stemming from a failure to modulate posterior STS activity specifically for biological motion (Pelphrey et al., 2007, Pelphrey and Carter, 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Koldewyn et al., 2011
• Not checked yetcites Pelphrey et al., 2007
• Not checked yetcites Pelphrey and Carter, 2010

In the paper

“Thus, evidence suggests some deficits in low-level visual motion perception in ASD, stemming from early visual processing areas, which may contribute to biological motion processing impairments, which in turn is central to the social impairments seen in ASD.”

In the paper

“However, it should be noted that high functioning individuals with ASD score in the atypical range on sensory processing behavioral measures and these scores predict the severity of social functioning (Hilton et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hilton et al., 2010

In the paper

“Research utilizing a mismatch negativity (MMN) EEG paradigm found reduced preference for social and affective auditory information in children with ASD as well as decreased sensory discrimination between expected and unexpected speech (Fan and Cheng, 2014) suggesting that social information is filtered out and ignored at a basic sensory or perceptual level.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fan and Cheng, 2014

In the paper

“Thus, abnormal auditory processing is consistently reported in ASD and stems from atypical sensation, altered perception, and lack of preferential attention to auditory stimuli which directly impacts successful social engagement.”

In the paper

“With competing sources of auditory information, individuals with ASD display limited ability to isolate certain features of concurrent auditory information (Lepistö et al., 2009) and are less able to focus auditory attention on the more salient information in the environment compared to controls, even after controlling for IQ and hearing ability (Teder-Sälejärvi et al., 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lepistö et al., 2009
• Not checked yetcites Teder-Sälejärvi et al., 2005

In the paper

“In addition, there is neural evidence of enhanced pitch processing of non-speech sounds, but not speech sounds in ASD (Yu et al., 2015) possibly suggesting that superior pitch processing in childhood may lead to attentional exclusion of language-related pitch and subsequent delays in language acquisition.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Yu et al., 2015

In the paper

“Enhanced pitch discrimination, well-documented in autism (Bonnel et al., 2003, Bonnel et al., 2010, Bouvet et al., 2014, O'Riordan and Passetti, 2006), extends to both music (Mottron et al., 2000) and speech (Järvinen-Pasley and Heaton, 2007) and represents a relative area of strength in auditory processing in autism (see O'Connor, 2012 for review).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bonnel et al., 2003
• Not checked yetcites Mottron et al., 2000
• Not checked yetcites Järvinen-Pasley and Heaton, 2007

In the paper

“Thus, even in the absence of a basic auditory sensory impairment, some individuals with ASD have difficulty filtering auditory information which may underscore a general deficit in integrating information.”

In the paper

“Thus, failure to preferentially respond to speech early in development may be indicative of a lower level sensory or perceptual deficit or a higher order impairment in attention or language processing which can cascade into impairments in speech recognition.”

In the paper

“Thus, atypical auditory processing in ASD is noted early in development and has cascading effects on speech processing, social engagement, and language acquisition.”

In the paper

“Stimulation of C-tactile (CT) afferents, nerve fibers that process affective and limbic touch (Wessberg and Norrsell, 1993), have been shown to correlate with activation of regions of the social brain (Kaiser et al., 2016, Gordon et al., 2013, Björnsdotter and Olausson, 2011, Björnsdotter et al., 2009, Olausson et al., 2002, Olausson et al., 2010), supporting the hypothesis that skin is a “social”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kaiser et al., 2016
• Not checked yetcites Gordon et al., 2013
• Not checked yetcites Olausson et al., 2002

In the paper

“Individuals with ASD may have a deficit specific to affective prosody. This is supported by findings of unimpaired perception of pragmatic prosody, but disrupted perception of affective prosody despite intact pitch discrimination and direction recognition in ASD (Globerson et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Globerson et al., 2015

In the paper

“Inappropriate use of prosody (Kanner, 1943, Järvinen-Pasley et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2006) as well as difficulty extracting socially salient features from speech such as vocal affect (Järvinen-Pasley et al., 2008) is associated with worse social and communication skills (Paul et al., 2005) and is consistently reported in ASD.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kanner, 1943
• Not checked yetcites Järvinen-Pasley et al., 2008
• Not checked yetcites Paul et al., 2005

In the paper

“Enhanced auditory processing of pitch and oversensitivity to loudness (Khalfa et al., 2004) can result in heightened awareness of simple perceptual features of auditory information at the exclusion of complex auditory input such as speech (Lin et al., 2016) and the inability to discriminate the salient social information in the auditory environment, an ability known as auditory stream segregation.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Khalfa et al., 2004
• Not checked yetcites Lin et al., 2016

In the paper

“Touch plays a significant role in communication (Hertenstein, 2002, Hertenstein et al., 2006, Langland and Panicucci, 1982), developing social bonds (Dunbar, 2010, Langland and Panicucci, 1982), and overall physical development (Field, 1998, Polan and Ward, 1994).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hertenstein, 2002
• Not checked yetcites Dunbar, 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Field, 1998

In the paper

“For example, touch-seeking behaviors have been found to predict levels of social impairment, and tactile hyporesponsivity was associated with both poorer social functioning and nonverbal communication skills (Foss-Feig et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Foss-Feig et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Recent evidence supports both hypo-and-hyper-reactivity to tactile stimuli in ASD, with these responses varying according to stimuli and context (Lane et al., 2011, Crane et al., 2009, Ben-Sasson et al., 2007, Tomchek and Dunn, 2007, Allely, 2013, Brown and Dunn, 2010, Cascio et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lane et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Crane et al., 2009 source
• Not checked yetcites Ben-Sasson et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Further, individuals with ASD who have secure attachments tend to have less socially severe symptoms than individuals with ASD who are not securely attached, suggesting symptom severity and overall level of functioning could impact the strength of attachment (Capps et al., 1994).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Capps et al., 1994

In the paper

“Individuals with ASD display abnormal detection of tactile stimuli (Blakemore et al., 2006) as well as a lack of habituation to tactile stimuli (Tannan et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Blakemore et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Tannan et al., 2008

In the paper

“While individuals with ASD are capable of forming a secure attachment to their caregivers (Shapiro et al., 1987, Teague et al., 2017), they tend to be less securely attached than their typically developing peers (for a meta-analysis, see Rutgers et al., 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Shapiro et al., 1987
• Not checked yetcites Teague et al., 2017 source
• Not checked yetcites Rutgers et al., 2004 source

In the paper

“Infants who are later diagnosed with ASD have been observed to have less maternal touch stimulation (Baranek, 1999), and failure to orient has been associated with poor attachment (Reece et al., 2016, Weiss et al., 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Baranek, 1999 source
• Not checked yetcites Reece et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Weiss et al., 2000

In the paper

“Thus, although individuals with ASD most likely have an altered experience of touch and pain, it is not likely that they always exhibit hypo or hyper reactivity.”

In the paper

“oxytocin has been found to increase the perceived pleasantness of the touch of opposite gender, along with activity in parts of the social brain (Scheele et al., 2014)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Scheele et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Further evidence of attenuation of oxytocin in ASD comes from abnormalities in oxytocin peptide and plasma levels (Green et al., 2001, Modahl et al., 1998)”

• Also stated in: § Tactile processing and its role in social functioning in ASD · plain

  “alterations in: the gene that encodes the oxytocin receptor, OXTR, (Ebstein et al., 2009, Hammock and Levitt, 2006), in oxytocin receptors (Campbell et al., 2011, Liu et al., 2010, Skuse et al., 2014, Wermter et al., 2010, Wu et al., 2005), and in epigenetic mechanisms (Gregory et al., 2009, Kumsta et al., 2015)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Green et al., 2001 source
• Not checked yetcites Modahl et al., 1998 source
• Not checked yetcites Ebstein et al., 2009

In the paper

“Individuals with ASD are also more likely to have a body mass index (BMI) within the obesity or overweight range for their ages (Bennetto et al., 2012)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bennetto et al., 2012

In the paper

“Youth with ASD have been found to be more selective regarding food groups, textures, tastes, and temperatures, and are more likely to exhibit higher levels of food refusal (Bennetto et al., 2012, Wiggins et al., 2009;)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bennetto et al., 2012
• Not checked yetcites Wiggins et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“there is evidence of atypical response, disrupted taste detection (Tavassoli and Baron-Cohen, 2012), in these domains.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tavassoli and Baron-Cohen, 2012

In the paper

“social interactions require the integration of another person’s voice, face, lip movements, and gestures, failure of which may lead to misinterpretation and abnormal social response.”

In the paper

“all of which are consistently found to be deficits in autism (Baron-Cohen, 1997, Baron-Cohen et al., 1985, Gallagher et al., 2000, Harms et al., 2010, Bölte and Poustka, 2003)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Baron-Cohen, 1997
• Not checked yetcites Baron-Cohen et al., 1985 source
• Not checked yetcites Gallagher et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“with evidence of abnormal integration of auditory and visual stimuli during the flash-beep illusion, either perceiving the illusion over a longer temporal window (Foss-Feig et al., 2010), or being less susceptible to the illusion (Stevenson et al., 2014b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Foss-Feig et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Stevenson et al., 2014b

In the paper

“In summary, individuals with ASD show altered integration of senses across multiple domains, which may impact their social functioning.”

In the paper

“The atypical language development in ASD (Tager-Flusberg et al., 2005) is an important contributor to social functioning and may be impacted by deficits in multisensory integration.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tager-Flusberg et al., 2005

In the paper

“Individuals with ASD often struggle to appropriately integrate additional visual information to auditory speech (Iarocci et al., 2010, Mongillo et al., 2008, Smith and Bennetto, 2007), which may impair comprehension.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Iarocci et al., 2010
• Not checked yetcites Mongillo et al., 2008
• Not checked yetcites Smith and Bennetto, 2007

In the paper

“Recruitment of regions such as the STG and STS during concurrent speech and beat gestures is found to be absent in children with ASD, with increased activity in visual areas; this was associated with increased social deficits (Hubbard et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hubbard et al., 2012

In the paper

“infants at high-risk for ASD do not show differential looking during congruent and incongruent speech and lip-movement; this indicates difficulty matching auditory and visual information (Guiraud et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Guiraud et al., 2012

In the paper

“Altogether, there is evidence that individuals with ASD fail to integrate visual cues to speech, which may negatively impact speech comprehension, a function critical to social behavior.”

In the paper

“The ability to accurately perceive and recognize emotions is essential to appropriate social functioning and involves the integration of facial expressions, vocal tone, posture, and gestures.”

In the paper

“In TD, there is evidence that visual and auditory stimuli (Massaro and Egan, 1996, Piwek et al., 2015, Stienen et al., 2011, de Gelder and Vroomen, 2000) as well as visual and olfactory stimuli (Novak et al., 2015) are integrated in emotion detection.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Massaro and Egan, 1996
• Not checked yetcites Piwek et al., 2015
• Not checked yetcites Stienen et al., 2011

In the paper

“Motor imitation requires the integration of a stimulus with one’s own proprioceptive movements.”

In the paper

“The act of imitation has been proposed to provide a substrate for the development of theory of mind, empathy (Meltzoff and Decety, 2003), and peer relationships (Rubin et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Meltzoff and Decety, 2003
• Not checked yetcites Rubin et al., 2011

In the paper

“It is based on the premise that sensory stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are more likely to be integrated and perceived as emanating from the same source; thus, timing information is crucial to binding and integrating associated stimuli (Shams et al., 2000, McGurk and Macdonald, 1976, Stevenson et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Shams et al., 2000 source
• Not checked yetcites McGurk and Macdonald, 1976 source
• Not checked yetcites Stevenson et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“The temporal binding hypothesis (Brock et al., 2002) has previously been used to explain altered sensory functioning in ASD.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Brock et al., 2002

In the paper

“An altered temporal binding window could also impact social learning, such as those involving rewards.”

In the paper

“Thus, this physical self might be a precursor for developing a more abstract sense of self, and a lack of ability to integrate in ASD populations might be an obstacle in forming the sense of self needed for mastering theory-of-mind (ToM) skills.”

In the paper

“There is converging evidence that the “temporal binding window” is extended in individuals with ASD, which may give rise to alterations in sensory processing (see Wallace and Stevenson, 2014 for a review; Foss-Feig et al., 2010, Kwakye et al., 2011, Stevenson et al., 2014b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wallace and Stevenson, 2014
• Not checked yetcites Foss-Feig et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Kwakye et al., 2011

In the paper

“It has been proposed (Bahrick, 2010, Bahrick and Todd, 2012) that social stimuli − such as speech, faces, voices − inherently provide large amounts of inter-sensory redundancy, resulting in preferences for social over nonsocial stimuli in infants (Farah et al., 1998)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bahrick, 2010
• Not checked yetcites Bahrick and Todd, 2012
• Not checked yetcites Farah et al., 1998

In the paper

“Thus, the ability to detect amodal information is a prerequisite for sensory integration; alterations in early integration abilities could limit the salience of social stimuli and cascade into social deficits across development.”

In the paper

“Research has suggested that under-utilization of top-down processes such as context or experience (e.g., Pellicano and Burr, 2012) or an over-reliance on bottom-up sensory perception (e.g., Brock, 2012a, Mottron and Burack, 2001, Mottron et al., 2006) characterizes perception in ASD.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pellicano and Burr, 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Brock, 2012a
• Not checked yetcites Mottron and Burack, 2001

In the paper

“In this way, the Intense World Theory explains both the unique sensory and social features of ASD and offers a mechanism for how an up-regulation in primary sensory perception results in social avoidance and withdrawal.”

In the paper

“Such perceptual up-regulation results in an avoidance of highly emotional and unpredictable cues, such as eyes, faces, and social interactions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Markram et al., 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Markram and Markram, 2010

In the paper

“This results in eye gaze aversion, social withdrawal, limited communication, and a focus on stable, predictable cues instead (Markram and Markram, 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Markram and Markram, 2010

In the paper

“To efficiently perceive and operate in a dynamic world, humans use both incoming sensory information (bottom-up processes) and inference from prior experience and context (top-down processes) (e.g., Knill and Pouget, 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Knill and Pouget, 2004 source

In the paper

“This creates an intense world, a fragmented world (with focus on individual components of the environment), and an aversive world.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Markram et al., 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Markram and Markram, 2010

In the paper

“This neurobiologically-informed theory proposes that there is excessive functioning of neural circuits, such that the neural circuits are hyper-reactive, hyper-plastic, and generally up-regulated.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Markram et al., 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Markram and Markram, 2010

In the paper

“These models all predict the superior perception seen at times in ASD, such as reduced susceptibility to illusions, and superior visual search and pitch perception (Happe, 1996, Bonnel et al., 2003, Jolliffe and Baron-Cohen, 1997, Pellicano et al., 2006, Muth et al., 2014), but inefficient perception of ambiguous or complex sensory information.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Happe, 1996
• Not checked yetcites Bonnel et al., 2003
• Not checked yetcites Jolliffe and Baron-Cohen, 1997

In the paper

“Low-level sensory perception is enhanced (intense world), coupled with deficits in sensory integration (fragmented world).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Markram et al., 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Markram and Markram, 2010

In the paper

“The thalamus and basal ganglia form circuits throughout the brain that are connected to cognitive, motor, and emotional functioning (Schuetze et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Schuetze et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“The thalamus is a relay center in subserving both sensory and motor mechanisms, and awareness (Smythies, 1997), attention (Büchel et al., 1998) and other neurocognitive processes such as memory and language (Engelborghs et al., 1998, Johnson and Ojemann, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Smythies, 1997 source
• Not checked yetcites Büchel et al., 1998 source
• Not checked yetcites Engelborghs et al., 1998

In the paper

“Predictive coding may also underlie mentalizing (Palmer et al., 2015), as individuals with ASD are impaired in using social information to predict others’ actions (von der Luhe et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Palmer et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites von der Luhe et al., 2016

In the paper

“At the neural level, this profile may reflect hyper-activation of primary sensory cortices, decreased prefrontal activity, and reduced neural habituation during sensory processing (Ring et al., 1999, Lee et al., 2007, Kana et al., 2013, Guiraud et al., 2011, Green et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ring et al., 1999
• Not checked yetcites Lee et al., 2007
• Not checked yetcites Kana et al., 2013

In the paper

“Neuroanatomical alterations (Ebisch et al., 2011, Uddin and Menon, 2009, Doyle-Thomas et al., 2013b, Haznedar et al., 1997, Henderson et al., 2006) of these areas in ASD may result in poor ability to integrate the physical self into a self-identity, possibly creating the stereotypical deficit in ToM in autism.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ebisch et al., 2011
• Not checked yetcites Uddin and Menon, 2009
• Not checked yetcites Doyle-Thomas et al., 2013b

In the paper

“Neuroimaging studies of the thalamus have found atypical functional and anatomical connectivity (Horwitz et al., 1988, Nair et al., 2013), decreased thalamic volume (Tsatsanis et al., 2003, Tamura et al., 2010), lower levels of N-acetylasparate, phosphocreatine, creatin, and choline-containing metabolites (Hardan et al., 2008, Haznedar et al., 2006), and reduced neuronal integrity (Friedman et al.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Horwitz et al., 1988 source
• Not checked yetcites Nair et al., 2013
• Not checked yetcites Tsatsanis et al., 2003

In the paper

“All sensory input with the exception of olfaction passes through the thalamus before reaching their associated primary cortical areas.”

In the paper

“The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula receive input from the thalamus, and are thought to be major nodes of the limbic system which contributes to emotion processing (Hadland et al., 2003), learning (Bush et al., 2000, Devinsky et al., 1995), and memory (Frankland et al., 2004, Sutherland et al., 1988).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hadland et al., 2003
• Not checked yetcites Bush et al., 2000 source
• Not checked yetcites Devinsky et al., 1995 source

In the paper

“The superior temporal cortex (STC), including the superior temporal sulcus and gyrus, is considered a hub of the “social brain” network (Pelphrey and Carter, 2008), with important roles in emotion recognition (Narumoto et al., 2001), understanding intention (Pelphrey et al., 2004a, Castelli et al., 2002, Kana et al., 2009, Kana et al., 2015), biological motion perception (Allison et al., 2000) and”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pelphrey and Carter, 2008
• Not checked yetcites Narumoto et al., 2001
• Not checked yetcites Pelphrey et al., 2004a

In the paper

“STC dysfunction during social interactions is seen across sensory modalities and in many of the sensory-linked social impairments discussed above; for example, STC hypo-activation has been documented in ASD during biological motion detection (Pelphrey et al., 2007), speech perception (Redcay, 2008), processing affective touch (Kaiser et al., 2016), and integrating auditory and visual speech”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pelphrey et al., 2007
• Not checked yetcites Redcay, 2008 source
• Not checked yetcites Kaiser et al., 2016

In the paper

“The STC may be abnormally developed in ASD, with reductions in overall volume, decreased activity during social tasks, and decreased connectivity with other regions (Boddaert et al., 2004, Patriquin et al., 2016, Venkataraman et al., 2015, Shih et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Boddaert et al., 2004
• Not checked yetcites Patriquin et al., 2016
• Not checked yetcites Venkataraman et al., 2015

In the paper

“It has also been proposed that the STC may play a common role across its many associated functions such that it processes and integrates various modes of incoming sensory information in order to assign meaning to one’s world (Redcay, 2008, Jou et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Redcay, 2008 source
• Not checked yetcites Jou et al., 2010

In the paper

“In addition to the role of STC in sensory and social processes, it has been hypothesized that the many connections of the STC with primary sensory cortices, multimodal associative systems, and the limbic system, may explain its role in a diverse range of functions (Boddaert and Zilbovicius, 2002).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Boddaert and Zilbovicius, 2002

In the paper

“The cerebellum has been proposed to enhance and depress sensory stimuli and could contribute to abnormal sensory perception in ASD (Kern, 2002).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kern, 2002 source

In the paper

“Alterations in timing could impair integration of temporally synchronous stimuli (Wallace and Stevenson, 2014), which would have profound effects on sensory perception and ultimately social responses (D'Angelo and Casali, 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wallace and Stevenson, 2014
• Not checked yetcites D'Angelo and Casali, 2012

In the paper

“In fact, the cerebellum is involved in language, emotion, and social cognition specifically (Stoodley and Schmahmann, 2009, Van Overwalle et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stoodley and Schmahmann, 2009 source
• Not checked yetcites Van Overwalle et al., 2014

In the paper

“The cerebellum is functionally connected with different cortical nodes, allowing it to modulate diverse functions − ranging from sensory to social − through feedback loops (Wolpert et al., 1998, D'Angelo and Casali, 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wolpert et al., 1998 source
• Not checked yetcites D'Angelo and Casali, 2012

In the paper

“The cerebellum operates in a feed-forward manner (Wolpert et al., 1998, Miall et al., 1993), making predictions about the environment and learning from error signals (Marr, 1969) to optimize behavior.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wolpert et al., 1998 source
• Not checked yetcites Miall et al., 1993 source
• Not checked yetcites Marr, 1969 source

In the paper

“We find that altered sensory processing and sensory integration in autism affect language, communication, emotion, response to reward, and interpersonal functioning in individuals with ASD.”

In the paper

“In general, sensory issues, which may differ across individuals on the autism spectrum, take an important role in social and communicative difficulties in ASD”

In the paper

“Socially, this profile of sensory sensitivity can impact selective attention to social stimuli, decoding intentions, social reciprocity, and adherence to social norms of behavior.”

In the paper

“The cerebellum also plays a complex role in sensory feedback and integration of social cues within the environment.”

In the paper

“Conversely, hyposensitivity to sensory stimuli in the environment can result in delayed visual and auditory processing, lack of appropriate response, and poor multisensory integration.”

In the paper

“Oversensitivity to perceptual level sensory features can come at the expense of inability to filter out extraneous information and selectively attend to instruction in the therapeutic environment.”

In the paper

“Clinically, atypical sensory processing in ASD can interfere with obtaining an accurate assessment of skills, progression of therapy, and treatment outcomes.”

In the paper

“In this way, the two core symptom domains of autism are interrelated and require intervention that targets both domains in conjunction.”

In the paper

“The sensory characteristics seen across ASD are heterogeneous, with many features ranging from intact, enhanced, or impaired from one sample to the next.”

In the paper

“Inability of the cerebellum to either integrate social cues, or to form internal models based on these cues, would have ultimate effects on social behavior.”