The cingulum bundle: Anatomy, function, and dysfunction

In the paper

“Other researchers using the constrained spherical deconvolution algorithm (Tournier et al., 2004) for fibre tracking have divided the tract three-ways, e.g., into its ‘subgenual’, ‘retrosplenial’ (supracallosal), and ‘parahippocampal’ (ventral) components (Jones et al., 2013; see Fig. 6C).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tournier et al., 2004 source
• Supported

  The Introduction identifies subgenual, retrosplenial, and parahippocampal as the three selected cingulum subdivisions. Materials and methods (Tract reconstructions; page unavailable) states that fibre tracking followed peaks reconstructed using constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD). (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Jones et al., 2013 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Fig. 6C

In the paper

“The laterodorsal nucleus projects to area 23 (Shibata and Yukie, 2003) and 30 (Morris et al., 1999b), with both the laterodorsal and anterior thalamic nuclei also reaching medial parietal area 7 m (precuneus) (Heilbronner and Haber, 2014), while laterodorsal fibres also extend to more lateral parietal areas (Mufson and Pandya, 1984).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shibata and Yukie, 2003 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Morris et al., 1999b
• Supported

  The AV/LD thalamus section reports that fibers from the anterior ventral/lateral dorsal thalamic region terminate in the precuneus. Table 1 identifies parietal area 7M as the precuneus and lists it among the thalamic fibers’ terminal areas. The other projections in the citing sentence have separate citations and are not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 source

In the paper

“These three subdivisions were found to exhibit distinct FA measures and occupied different medial-lateral positions within the bundle, even in areas where they overlapped (Jones et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (Tract reconstructions) describe the subdivisions’ medial-to-lateral positions, including where the retrosplenial and parahippocampal subdivisions overlap. The Discussion states that the reconstructed tracts had different FA measures and topographies. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Jones et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“Meanwhile, the problem of disentangling complex fibre architecture (Fischer et al., 2012; Jeurissen et al., 2017) helps to explain why the reconstructed cingulum sometimes appears to extend rostrally beyond the limit of the tract (Heilbronner and Haber, 2014), suggesting that streamlines have jumped into adjacent pathways.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion says fiber crossings make part of the cingulate bundle less reliably trackable and that probabilistic algorithms are especially suited to detecting crossings. This supports the fibre-architecture difficulty attributed to Fischer et al.; the rostral extent of the tract is cited to a different source. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Fischer et al., 2012 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Jeurissen et al., 2017
• Partly supported

  The Results describe the cingulum bundle’s anatomical course and its proximity to the uncinate fasciculus, providing a basis for identifying the tract’s limits. They do not report that reconstructed cingulum streamlines extend rostrally beyond those limits or jump into adjacent pathways; that reconstruction-specific part is unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“In contrast, both fornix and anterior thalamic lesions, as well as hippocampal and medial prefrontal lesions (Aggleton et al., 1992, 1995), persistently impair this task.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aggleton et al., 1992 source
• Partly supported

  The introduction reports that hippocampal, fornix, and anterior thalamic lesions produce severe deficits on spatial tasks including delayed nonmatching-to-position. The paper also reports fornix and medial prefrontal DNMP deficits when rats were retested about six weeks after surgery (Subjects; Comparisons among animals with medial prefrontal lesions). It does not establish that the hippocampal and anterior thalamic deficits persist, so the claim’s persistence qualifier is not supported for all four lesion types. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites Aggleton et al., 1995 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Another issue is that the pathways between the hippocampal formation, anterior thalamic nuclei, and retrosplenial cortex might contain sufficient crossed projections to nullify the impact of the disconnection (Mathiasen et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (Functional considerations; page unavailable) describes crossed projections and suggests that they may contribute to gradual improvement after crossed disconnection lesions. It does not say they are sufficient to nullify the disconnection’s impact; it instead notes that such lesions can substantially disrupt spatial memory. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Mathiasen et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“One potential example of the latter concerns landmark and head-direction information within retrosplenial cortex (Jacob et al., 2016), which presumably reflect its cingulum connections.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract (page not provided) reports landmark-influenced head-direction activity in dysgranular retrosplenial cortex, supporting the point immediately preceding the citation. The cingulum-connections explanation follows the citation as the citing authors’ inference, rather than a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Jacob et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Further, evidence that anterior cingulate lesions can decrease social responsiveness and the memory of social stimuli in rats (Rudebeck et al., 2007) points to the likely involvement of the bundle.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract reports that ACC lesions diminished interest in other rats and reduced memory for social stimuli. The Discussion likewise reports reduced social behaviour and impaired use of social information, while the Results (Thirty-min delay condition) document impaired social recognition memory. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Rudebeck et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“while related studies show how cholinergic activity is intrinsic to 5-CSRTT performance (Dalley et al., 2004).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports that disrupting cholinergic transmission in the rat medial prefrontal cortex produces attentional and executive deficits on the 5-CSRT task. The scopolamine results also show that blocking muscarinic receptors impairs aspects of task performance. Together, these passages support the broad paraphrase that cholinergic activity contributes to performance. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Dalley et al., 2004 source

In the paper

“In contrast, other studies suggest that anterior cingulate lesions cause monkeys to become more docile and less shy of humans (Anand et al., 1957; Glees et al., 1950; Ward, 1948).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Anand et al., 1957
• Supported

  The Summary reports increased tameness and reduced aggressiveness after anterior cingular lesions in five of seven monkeys. The Behaviour section describes reduced apprehension, including toward humans. The changes were generally temporary, and two monkeys did not show the increased tameness. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Glees et al., 1950 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ward, 1948 source

In the paper

“The advent of computerised tomography and subsequent MR imaging, confirmed that although anterior cingulotomies do compromise the cingulum (Steele et al., 2008; Turner., 1973), they cause additional cortical damage, principally in area 24 (Spangler et al., 1996; Steele et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Steele et al., 2008 source
• Supported

  Turner is cited for the claim that anterior cingulotomies compromise the cingulum, not for the subsequent claim about cortical damage in area 24. In the “Posterior cingulectomy” section, Turner describes cingulotomy as a destructive lesion in the cingulate bundle. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Turner., 1973 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Spangler et al., 1996 source

In the paper

“Related evidence from monkeys performing a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) again points to a role for the anterior cingulate cortex in representing error likelihoods and adjusting behavioural patterns following an error (Buckley et al., 2009; Kuwabara et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Buckley et al., 2009 source
• Supported

  The Introduction reports that ACC lesions abolished behavioural modulation by recent response history, including whether the preceding trial was an error, and proposes that ACC represents error likelihood to guide action selection. The Discussion describes error feedback as potentially initiating a shift in response-selection mode. The supplied passages have section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Kuwabara et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“In addition, apathy is a well-recognized feature of strokes affecting similar portions of the medial frontal cortex (Kang & Kim, 2008; Le Heron et al., 2018) and the medial and anterior thalamus (Carrera & Bogousslavsky, 2006; Krause et al., 2012; Serra et al., 2013) respectively.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kang & Kim, 2008 source
• Supported

  In the Stroke section, the paper calls the medial frontal cortex the classical cortical location linked to post-stroke apathy. It also reports apathy following infarction of the paramedian or anterior thalamus. The citation to Le Heron et al. is attached specifically to the medial-frontal portion of the citing sentence, which the paper supports. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Le Heron et al., 2018 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carrera & Bogousslavsky, 2006 source

In the paper

“Both informal reports (Tow and Whitty, 1953; Turner, 1973) and formal assessments (Cohen et al., 1999a,b; Corkin, 1980) often indicate preserved cognition, although transient confusion, disorientation, and memory loss can occur (Dougherty et al., 2003; Sharim and Pouratian, 2016; Whitty and Lewin, 1960).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In the ‘Personality Changes After Cingulectomy’ section (page not available), the authors say patients appear normal in conversation, their work performance seems unimpaired, and they found no evidence of impaired recent or remote memory. This supports the informal impression of broadly preserved cognition, although the authors also note some slowing and reduced comprehension. The cited sentence attributes the separate claim about transient confusion and memory loss to other sources, not to Tow and Whitty. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Tow and Whitty, 1953 source
• Partly supported

  In the Posterior cingulectomy section (page unavailable), Turner says anterior cingulectomy appears to have no permanent effect on memory. He also says he could not find a clear account of its effects on mentality or performance, so the paper supports preserved memory but not the broader claim of preserved cognition after anterior cingulotomy. The sentence attributes the transient symptoms to other citations, not Turner. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Turner, 1973 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Cohen et al., 1999a,b

In the paper

“They found age-related FA differences in the anterior and posterior but not in the inferior portions of the cingulum whilst RD, AD and MD showed also effects in the inferior portion.”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The retrieved passages contain bibliographic information and keywords, but no Results passage reporting FA, RD, AD, or MD by cingulum portion. Searches for anterior, posterior, and inferior cingulum effects did not locate evidence for the claimed pattern in the indexed copy. (LLM, conf=0.70)

  cites Mårtensson et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“For example, older versus younger adults exhibited lower FA and AD as well as increased RD in the left subgenual cingulum, but not in the retrosplenial or parahippocampal cingulum (Sibilia et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The passages available from our copy are bibliographic metadata (labeled Abstract, no page), not study results. Searches for FA, AD, RD, the left subgenual cingulum, and the retrosplenial and parahippocampal cingulum found no passage reporting the claimed comparison, so it cannot be verified from this copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  cites Sibilia et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Post-operative reductions in aggression were reported, while memory was thought to be unaffected, although formal assessments were lacking (Turner, 1973).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Posterior cingulectomy section reports reduced chronic aggression after 37 operations and says memory was unaffected. But the paper also says suitable patients underwent psychometric testing before and after surgery, including tests of recent and distant memory. The claim that formal assessments were lacking is therefore not supported. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Turner, 1973 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“However, such cingulum associations with episodic memory are not always observed in healthy older individuals (Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2011) nor are they always confined to its parahippocampal subdivision (e.g., Kantarci et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports no correlations between episodic-memory measures and the parahippocampal cingulum in this study. The study examined 40 healthy older adults, so it supports the claim that such associations are not always observed in that population. The separate claim about associations beyond the parahippocampal subdivision is attributed to Kantarci et al., not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2011 source
• Supported

  Kantarci et al. is cited for the second clause only. The “Diffusivity and memory domain function” section (page unavailable) reports associations between memory impairment and both anterior and posterior cingulum tract integrity, so the associations were not confined to the parahippocampal subdivision. The “Neuropsychological testing” section identifies delayed-recall measures used for the memory domain. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Kantarci et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“They found individual FA differences in the dorsal cingulum to contribute independently to all executive functions whilst prefrontal cortex grey matter volume did not independently predict executive performance.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Results §3.4 reports that dorsal cingulum FA independently contributed to both executive-function factors in separate models. But in the final model that also included corpus callosum FA, cingulum FA was independently related only to updating/working memory, not all executive functions. The Discussion confirms that prefrontal grey matter volume did not independently predict executive function after accounting for global atrophy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Bettcher et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“They found FA differences in the anterior cingulum to correlate with differences in attention/executive and memory performance, while FA in the posterior dorsal cingulum appeared to contribute to all four cognitive domains.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The attention/executive results and Table 2 report correlations between anterior cingulum FA and both attention/executive and memory performance. The Abstract and Figure 1 passage report that posterior cingulum FA was associated with all four cognitive domains. The paper does not identify that posterior cingulum measurement as dorsal; its reference to a dorsal component concerns the superior longitudinal fasciculus. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Kantarci et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“In the posterior cingulum, FA reached a maximum in early adulthood up to the age of 40 and then declined, whilst RD was lowest at midlife and increased thereafter with age.”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The available passages labelled Abstract contain bibliographic details and keywords, including cingulum and fractional anisotropy, but no results describing their age trajectories. Searches for posterior cingulum, FA, RD, and the age-40 peak found no passage in our copy that verifies the claimed pattern. (LLM, conf=0.70)

  cites Mårtensson et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Only a minority of these familial studies find cingulum changes, with other structures more often affected (e.g., Clark et al., 2011; Hoptman et al., 2008; Karlsgodt et al., 2009; Maniega et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (Genetic liability effects; page unavailable) identify changes in unaffected first-degree relatives in the IFO, ILF and left tSLF—tracts other than the cingulum. Clark et al. is cited as an example among several studies, and its findings support that use. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Clark et al., 2011 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hoptman et al., 2008 source
• Partly supported

  The Methods (Participants; Data Analysis) describe an ultra-high-risk group defined by prodromal criteria, not a specifically familial high-risk sample, and include the cingulate bundle among the regions examined. The Results (Analysis I) find reduced FA in the superior longitudinal fasciculus but no significant difference in the other regions. This supports the paper as an example of a non-cingulum finding, but it does not establish that only a minority of familial studies find cingulum changes. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Karlsgodt et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“while cingulum abnormalities are most often seen near the genu, they may also occur in the parahippocampal cingulum (e.g. Whitford et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Whitford et al. is cited as an example of abnormalities occurring in the parahippocampal cingulum. The Discussion reports abnormal fibers connecting the cingulate isthmus with the parahippocampal cortex in patients with schizophrenia; the citation need not establish the separate claim about where abnormalities are most often seen. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Whitford et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Studies relating the severity of ADHD symptoms with dMRI indices (Angriman et al., 2014) reveal that clinical symptoms and executive dysfunctions correlate best with the status of fronto-striatal tracts, while cingulum bundle changes are less reliable.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Key points and Starting Point sections report correlations between ADHD symptom severity, executive functioning, and fronto-striatal tract integrity. The Starting Point section reports reduced fractional anisotropy in fronto-striatal tracts but not mid-cingulum bundles; it also reports an association between cingulum integrity and reaction-time variability. The paper does not establish that fronto-striatal correlations are the strongest or that cingulum changes are generally less reliable. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Angriman et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“There is evidence that tract volume changes are most frequent in the left hemisphere, while the dMRI changes occur in the dorsal cingulum (e.g., Sanjuan et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (section 4) reports DTI differences in both the left and right dorsal cingulum, supporting the dMRI portion. The Methods (section 2.2) describe measurements of diffusion metrics using the same regional volume across subjects; they do not support a claim that tract-volume changes are most frequent in the left hemisphere. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Sanjuan et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“It is, of course, most likely that some processes, such as pain and emotion (Shackman et al., 2011), or motor control and aspects of attention (Paus, 2001) will overlap given their close relationships with one another.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Shackman et al. are cited for the pain-and-emotion overlap, not the motor-control-and-attention example. In “Evidence of functional convergence” (page not supplied), the paper reports overlapping aMCC activation for pain and negative affect, supporting that attribution. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Shackman et al., 2011 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Paus, 2001 source

In the paper

“the presumption that such cingulotomies will disconnect many anterior thalamic efferents (Heilbronner and Haber, 2014)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Neurotherapeutic target placement section says the modeled cingulotomy lesion will ablate the investigated fiber types and lies in a location containing AV/LD thalamic fibers. The AV/LD thalamus section identifies these as projections from the anterior thalamic nuclei. This supports the citing sentence’s presumption of disconnection, rather than documenting disconnection measured after surgery. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 source

In the paper

“Our literature review reveals much heterogeneity in cingulum reconstructions across different studies.”

In the paper

“In contrast, bilateral fornix lesions severely disrupted both tasks.”

In the paper

“Neither cingulum bundle nor cingulate cortex lesions have any apparent effect on this task.”

In the paper

“Selective cingulum bundle lesions have not been investigated in nonhuman primates.”

In the paper

“Further distinctions include the anterior (close to the genu) and posterior (close to the splenium) cingulum.”

In the paper

“In contrast, many of the cortico-cortical connections are not only light, but other components link directly across the cortex, i.e., do not join the bundle.”

In the paper

“Like the rat, the monkey cingulum contains many short projection fibres but, in comparison, it innervates more cortical areas.”

In the paper

“Overall, the rat cingulum bundle principally provides subcortical connections for cortical regions close to the midline, i.e., with medial frontal, cingulate and parahippocampal cortices, as well as interlinking these same cortical areas.”

In the paper

“It is, however, clear from Fig. 5 that no single site dominates the tract, as its component connections shift along the length of the bundle.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Fig. 5

In the paper

“In fact, that part of the bundle above the corpus callosum largely consists of thalamic connections with the cingulate cortices, as well as ascending cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic projections.”

In the paper

“Again, as in the rat, the cingulum connections include noradrenergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic fibres.”

In the paper

“While DTI based tractography (Basser et al., 2000) has been widely applied, it has difficulties in resolving fibre tracking in areas with mixed fibre orientations due to, for instance, intra-voxel fibre crossing (Jones and Cercignani, 2010; Jeurissen et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Basser et al., 2000 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jones and Cercignani, 2010 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Jeurissen et al., 2017

In the paper

“Having said this, DTI metrics are known to be sensitive indices of white matter microstructural changes and the in vivo investigation of the cingulum bundle in humans is predominately based on DTI techniques.”

In the paper

“Thus, there is clearly need for a consensus on how best to subdivide the cingulum in dMRI research.”

In the paper

“Whilst these methods can improve fibre tracking (Jeurissen et al., 2017), it is worth remembering that current shortcomings of dMRI tractography also include an inability to determine the direction of white matter (afferent or efferent), a limitation that is highly problematic for studies of the cingulum bundle.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Jeurissen et al., 2017

In the paper

“Given the length and complexity of the cingulum bundle (Fig. 5, Fig. 6) it is to be expected that finer detailed tract subdivisions might provide even better correspondence with potential functional changes.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Fig. 5
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Fig. 6

In the paper

“This cortical relationship was clarified by Beevor (1891) who realised that fibres continuously join and leave the cingulum, emphasising its affinity with the cingulate gyrus.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Beevor, 1891

In the paper

“These differences, which suggest qualitative changes along the length of the tract, add support to similar tract subdivisions used in other dMRI studies (e.g., Concha et al., 2005; Kates et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2014; Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Concha et al., 2005
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kates et al., 2015
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lin et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“While this concern is difficult to disprove, a complex disconnection procedure (Dumont et al., 2010) found evidence that anterior thalamic lesions and retrosplenial cortex lesions have additive effects, implying different contributions to hippocampal function.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dumont et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“This difference reveals the relative importance of those anterior thalamic connections that avoid the cingulum bundle, e.g., its inputs from the hippocampal region, the mammillary bodies, and frontal cortices, while also signifying how these thalamic nuclei are a key point of convergence for spatial processing (Bubb et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Bubb et al., 2017

In the paper

“This pattern presumably reflects how cortical fibres join and leave the tract along its length.”

In the paper

“The lack of a disconnection effect indicates that information in the cingulum bundle either duplicates or is qualitatively different from that in the fornix.”

In the paper

“Despite the presumed disconnections caused by the various surgeries, the impact on social behaviour, emotion, memory, and executive control is often slight, implying that damage more confined to the bundle might be even less disruptive.”

In the paper

“Patients are reported as continuing to experience pain but to perceive it as less distressing or less worrying (Foltz and White, 1962; Corkin and Hebben, 1981)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Foltz and White, 1962 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Corkin and Hebben, 1981 source

In the paper

“In other reports, delayed alternation was spared, even though the anterior cingulate gyrus lesions again consistently involved the cingulum bundle (Rushworth et al., 2003).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rushworth et al., 2003 source

In the paper

“This retention deficit is informative as both anterior thalamic nuclei and fornix lesions impair the initial learning of these same problems (Gaffan, 1994; Parker and Gaffan, 1997).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gaffan, 1994 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Parker and Gaffan, 1997

In the paper

“yet both tasks are hippocampal sensitive (Gaffan, 1994; Murray et al., 1989).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gaffan, 1994 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Murray et al., 1989 source

In the paper

“As no lasting benefits occurred (Corkin, 1980), cingulotomy for psychotic patients was generally abandoned (Ballantine et al., 1967).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Corkin, 1980
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ballantine et al., 1967 source

In the paper

“Difficulties in interpreting this clinical literature include the lack of formal post-operative assessments in early studies, the frequent absence of appropriate controls, and the failure to test blind to surgical treatment.”

In the paper

“Frontal-type deficits have also been seen in a Stroop Interference task, with borderline deficits on a Go/No-Go executive task (Cohen et al., 1999b).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Cohen et al., 1999b

In the paper

“It is notable that spontaneous response initiation and generation were both reduced in a study of 12 cingulotomy patients when tested over a year post-surgery (Cohen et al., 1999b).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Cohen et al., 1999b

In the paper

“Furthermore, OCD sufferers after cingulotomy showed poorer WCST performance on several measures (Kim et al., 2003; but see Corkin, 1980, Cohen et al., 1999b), consistent with a loss of executive control.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kim et al., 2003 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Corkin, 1980
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Cohen et al., 1999b

In the paper

“Together, these observations point to an involvement of the anterior cingulate/cingulum area in high-level processing and selection, though the lack of consistent deficits points to contributions from other pathways.”

In the paper

“Finally, while stimulation of the left cingulum bundle in five patients disrupted a verbal working memory task, subsequent cingulotomy for pain relief did not affect levels of performance (Fedio and Ommaya, 1970).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fedio and Ommaya, 1970 source

In the paper

“Other evidence points, however, to post-surgical deficits in focused and sustained attention, as well as mild changes in executive function (Cohen et al., 1999a,b).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Cohen et al., 1999a,b

In the paper

“The same study (Steele et al., 2008) also found no deficits on the Trail Making Test, which taxes visual attention and task switching, although borderline deficits had previously been reported in a larger cohort of 18 cases (Cohen et al., 1999b).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Steele et al., 2008 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Cohen et al., 1999b

In the paper

“Nevertheless, it is the apparent lack of more overt cognitive changes after anterior cingulotomy that is often most striking, a finding that echoes the earlier review of monkey research (Section 3.2).”

In the paper

“A number of studies suggest that aging does not affect the cingulum uniformly but that region-specific effects can be observed.”

In the paper

“Consequently, while there is an overall shift from genual parts of the cingulum (executive function) to parahippocampal parts (memory), this shift appears to be gradual in nature and the latter association appears more robust in some clinical populations.”

In the paper

“The commonest reported changes are reduced FA and increased diffusivity, both of which are though to reflect a disruption of white matter integrity.”

In the paper

“This study reported reduced FA in the parahippocampal cingulum in both MCI and Alzheimer’s patients, with additional FA changes in the posterior retrosplenial cingulum in the Alzheimer’s group (Choo et al., 2010; see also Ito et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choo et al., 2010 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ito et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Studies that employed ROI analysis, including tractography, showed consistent reductions in FA and increases in MD in the fornix, the parahippocampal cingulum, and the uncinate fasciculus, whilst whole brain analysis study based on TBSS or VBA demonstrated significant FA reductions in the posterior corona radiata.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Yu et al., 2017

In the paper

“Overall, the cingulum is not uniquely affected in schizophrenia, but is part of a wider network of disrupted pathways.”

In the paper

“differences between patients and controls may be overestimated and could potentially reflect atrophy rather than intrinsic white matter microstructural changes.”

In the paper

“Chiang et al. (2016) reported lower cingulum FA in ADHD that correlated with inattention”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chiang et al. (2016) source

In the paper

“Meanwhile, Nenadic et al. (2017) found evidence of increased radial diffusivity in the cingulum in schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nenadic et al. (2017) source

In the paper

“Cingulum dMRI changes, which appear most consistently in OCD, ASD and PTSD, are concentrated in the dorsal cingulum (Table 2).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Table 2

In the paper

“dMRI data reveal overlapping patterns of fronto–cortical and fronto-limbic changes across a variety of disorders, with cingulum alterations a frequent component (Table 2).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Table 2

In the paper

“while also showing that FA can increase as well as decrease in this condition.”

In the paper

“In bipolar disorders, abnormalities in interhemispheric and posterior limbic connectivity appeared more prominent, while schizophrenia was more linked with frontotemporal changes (O’Donoghue et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites O’Donoghue et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“even though the latter task is regarded as a behavioural test of episodic memory (Gaffan, 1994).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gaffan, 1994 source

In the paper

“At present, dMRI reconstructions fail to distinguish short association fibres, while also failing to identify the direction of a pathway.”

In the paper

“In contrast, cingulate projections to subcortical sites more typically cross the bundle and, hence, are less easy to detect.”

In the paper

“While most clinical studies that report a change in the cingulum, find increased diffusion associated with reduced FA, the opposite is sometimes found, e.g., in PTSD and ADHD.”

In the paper

“This outcome is to be expected as both retrosplenial damage and hippocampal damage can cause anterograde amnesia (Spiers et al., 2001; Valenstein et al., 1987; Vann et al., 2009)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Spiers et al., 2001 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Valenstein et al., 1987 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vann et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“The present review reveals a remarkable contrast: dMRI indices reveal an array of correlations with cognitive functions, which differ along the main axis of the pathway, yet lesion studies with nonhuman primates and clinical descriptions of cingulotomies typically fail to report robust changes in these same attributes.”

In the paper

“the anterior thalamic nuclei are seen as critical components of the pathology responsible for diencephalic amnesia (Aggleton and Brown, 1999; Carlesimo et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aggleton and Brown, 1999 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carlesimo et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, current cingulum subdivisions are based on the long axis of the bundle (Fig. 6). Although clearly better than treating the tract as a single entity, this approach still fails to isolate specific connections.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Fig. 6

In the paper

“One explanation for this array of dMRI effects stems from the wide range of connections within the cingulum.”

In the paper

“the position of the parahippocampal cingulum with respect to the adjacent angular bundle leaves concern about reconstructed fibre traces jumping pathways.”

In the paper

“Unfortunately, the normal significance of the parahippocampal cingulum for memory remains largely unknown.”

In the paper

“While many of the psychiatric conditions, as well as healthy aging, appear to be more related to changes in anterior parts of the bundle, neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease appear linked with parahippocampal regions.”

In the paper

“One barrier to research in this area has been the inconsistent array of cingulum subdivisions used in dMRI studies and the associated inconsistent terminology.”