The cingulum bundle: Anatomy, function, and dysfunction

In the paper

“In contrast, combat veterans with PTSD had increased cingulum FA (Davenport et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Disputed

  The Voxelwise Comparisons section reports higher GFA in a cluster including the cingulum, but states that PTSD effects on FA were not significant. The Conclusion likewise identifies higher GFA—not FA—in the bilateral cingulum. The claim substitutes FA for the measure on which the paper found an increase. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  cites Davenport et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Consequently, few, if any, connections extend the entire length of the tract (Heilbronner and Haber, 2014).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract (page unavailable) says many brain regions send projections through only part of the cingulum bundle, supporting the general point that connections need not span it. But “few, if any” is stronger than the paper establishes: the Segmenting the CB section (page unavailable) says many fibers travel through all four segments, without establishing how many individual connections traverse the tract’s full length. (LLM, conf=0.81)

  cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Initial DTI tractography studies portrayed the cingulum as a unitary bundle (e.g., Catani et al., 2002; Xie et al., 2005; see Fig. 6A).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Long Association (Intrahemispheric) Fibers section describes one reconstructed trajectory of the cingulum, and Figure 10 presents it as the left cingulum. The paper distinguishes long and short fibers within that tract, but does not portray them as separate bundles. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Catani et al., 2002 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Xie et al., 2005 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Fig. 6A

In the paper

“However, to better reflect its changing anatomical properties, reconstructions increasingly distinguished between the ‘dorsal’ and ‘ventral’ cingulum, i.e., above or below the splenium (e.g., Budisavljevic et al., 2015; Fig. 6B) which roughly corresponds to the distinction between cingulum cingulate gyrus and cingulum angular bundle (e.g., Ezzati et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Budisavljevic et al., 2015 source
• Supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Ezzati et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“there is a marked extension as the tract contains some fibres from across almost all parts of the prefrontal cortex (Heilbronner and Haber, 2014)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results sections on frontal polar, orbitofrontal, and dorsal and lateral frontal cortex describe fibres from multiple prefrontal regions travelling through the cingulum bundle. The Summary of noncingulate cortical fibers confirms this broad frontal contribution while noting that different fibres use different portions of the bundle. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 source

In the paper

“Accordingly, Heilbronner and Haber (2014) used monkey connectivity to help subdivide the primate cingulum into four divisions; subgenual, rostral dorsal (anterior cingulate), caudal dorsal (retrosplenial), and temporal (parahippocampal).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In “Segmenting the CB” (page unavailable), the authors say they used connections through the bundle to divide it into four portions: rostral subgenual, rostral dorsal, caudal dorsal, and temporal. The Introduction (page unavailable) specifies that they identified those connections in monkeys. The citing sentence paraphrases that division. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, some dMRI studies have added additional cingulum subdivisions (Kennis et al., 2016; Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012b; Whitford et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Material and methods > Statistical analyses passage lists five cingulum subdivisions—rostral, caudal, posterior, isthmus and hippocampal—compared using diffusion images. This supports citing the study as an example of dMRI research using additional cingulum subdivisions. The indexed passage provides no page number. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Kennis et al., 2016 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012b
• Supported

  The Materials and methods section describes using DTI tractography to extract five cingulum-bundle subcomponents, defined by the regions they connect. This supports citing Whitford et al. as an example of a dMRI study that used additional cingulum subdivisions. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Whitford et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“For this reason, it is difficult to interpret differences/changes in FA and diffusivity metrics in terms of any specific biophysical property of white matter (Wheeler-Kingshott and Cercignani, 2009; Jones, 2010).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion says it is extremely difficult to associate changes in DTI-derived parameters unambiguously with specific biophysical changes. The paper identifies FA as a DTI-derived parameter, although its detailed caution focuses on axial and radial diffusivities. Page numbers are not available in the supplied copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)

  cites Wheeler-Kingshott and Cercignani, 2009 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Jones, 2010

In the paper

“Similar lesions also affect effort-based decision making (Walton et al., 2002).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports a profound change in effort-based decision making in rats with medial frontal cortex lesions: after surgery, they shifted from choosing the high-reward arm to choosing the low-reward arm. This directly supports the cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Walton et al., 2002 source

In the paper

“Lesions of the anterior cingulate cortex disrupt performance on the 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task (5-CSRTT) (Dalley et al., 2004)”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that lesions of the entire medial prefrontal cortex disrupt 5-CSRT task performance, but it does not establish that lesions specifically of the anterior cingulate cortex do so. It also reports performance changes after lesions that spare the anterior cingulate cortex. The paper’s own results concern cholinergic lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex, not isolated anterior cingulate lesions. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Dalley et al., 2004 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Related evidence comes from the disruptive effects of medial frontal lesions when switching between stimulus classes (‘extra-dimensional shift’) during serial discriminations (Birrell and Brown, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The ID versus ED shifts section reports that medial frontal cortex lesions selectively impaired the extra-dimensional shift, in which rats switched attention to a previously irrelevant perceptual dimension. The Discussion likewise identifies a selective ED-shift impairment in rats with medial frontal lesions. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Birrell and Brown, 2000 source

In the paper

“The finding that electrical stimulation of the cingulum bundle reduces formalin-test pain (Fuchs et al., 1996) was interpreted as a disruption of patterned activity that would normally signal pain.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion (pp. 121–122) reports that cingulum-bundle stimulation significantly decreased formalin pain responses in rats. It also offers disruption of patterned neural activity as a possible explanation, consistent with the citing sentence’s description of an interpretation. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Fuchs et al., 1996 source

In the paper

“but did disrupt the retention of these discriminations (Buckley and Mitchell, 2016).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Materials and Methods section says the researchers used an aspirator to remove tissue in and around the retrosplenial cortex. The Discussion reports that this damage impaired postoperative retention of previously learned object-in-place scene discriminations in monkeys. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Buckley and Mitchell, 2016 source

In the paper

“Aspiration lesions centred on retrosplenial cortex also spared the acquisition of scene discriminations (Buckley and Mitchell, 2016; see also Parker and Gaffan, 1997)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Materials and Methods describe aspiration lesions targeting retrosplenial cortex. In Results, Experiment 3, lesioned monkeys did not differ significantly from controls in acquiring 100 new object-in-place scene discriminations; the Discussion also describes new learning as intact. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Buckley and Mitchell, 2016 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Parker and Gaffan, 1997

In the paper

“Using the latter information, Heilbronner and Haber (2014) concluded that typical cingulotomies compromise a great many fibres in the supracallosal cingulum bundle, involving a wide variety of cortical and subcortical sites, including both amygdala and anterior thalamic fibres.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In “Neurotherapeutic target placement,” the authors model the range of cingulotomy lesions and conclude that the lesion would ablate substantial cingulate, noncingulate cortical, and subcortical fibers. They specifically identify its location as containing both amygdala and AV/LD thalamic fibers. The passage does not provide a page number. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 source

In the paper

“In one of the very few such studies, removal of the supracallosal parts of areas 29, 30 and 23 (Mansouri et al., 2015) had no apparent effect on a computerised version of the WCST”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The WCST results and Discussion report that posterior-cingulate-lesioned monkeys were unimpaired on the computerized WCST analog. The Results describe lesions of the posterior cingulate cortex extending into area 31, with only some damage to the anterior portions of areas 29 and 30; they do not establish removal of the specified supracallosal parts of areas 29, 30, and 23. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Mansouri et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“This placement is interesting as it should affect medial prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and amygdala interactions thought to be involved in emotion and cognitive processing (Heilbronner and Haber, 2014; Steele and Lawrie, 2004).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The “Neurosurgical interventions for psychiatric disorders” section says cingulotomy lesions are positioned to interrupt connections linking the amygdala and prefrontal cortices with cingulate and dorsomedial frontal cortex. It also describes the dorsal anterior cingulate and dorsomedial frontal cortex as linking affective and cognitive-control systems. The precise placement behind the genu is the citing authors’ framing, not a location established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.89)

  cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Steele and Lawrie, 2004 source

In the paper

“Concerning apathy, it is the case that limbic-frontal-subcortical circuits are frequently implicated in the pathophysiology of this condition in clinical populations (van Reekum et al., 2005; Kos et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van Reekum et al., 2005 source
• Partly supported

  The indexed Abstract reports that abnormalities in fronto-striatal circuits are most consistently associated with apathy across neurological and psychiatric conditions. This supports the frontal-subcortical and clinical-population portions of the claim, but the passage does not identify a limbic component of those circuits. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites Kos et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Across differing underlying pathologies and neuroimaging methods, the anterior cingulate cortex, orbital frontal cortex, and medial thalamus exhibit some of the most robust changes associated with apathy (Le Heron et al., 2018).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The ‘Summary: common themes across diseases’ section says that studies across pathologies and imaging techniques consistently associate apathy with changes involving the ACC, OFC, and medial thalamus. The Alzheimer’s disease summary calls ACC and OFC the most robust cortical associations and medial thalamus one of the strongest subcortical associations. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Le Heron et al., 2018 source

In the paper

“This overall pattern is continued in clinical brain imaging studies as correlations between executive functions and cingulum white matter properties have been reported in depression (with DTI in Schermuly et al., 2010), in bipolar disorder (with DTI in Poletti et al., 2015; with Positron Emission Tomography in Li et al., 2012), and schizophrenia (with DTI in Kubicki et al., 2009; Takei et al., 200”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schermuly et al., 2010 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Poletti et al., 2015 source
• Supported

  The Kubicki et al. citation is attached to the schizophrenia portion of the sentence, not the depression or bipolar-disorder portions. The Discussion (page not provided) reports that, in patients with schizophrenia, Stroop reaction times and the Stroop effect correlated with left cingulum bundle fractional anisotropy, a DTI measure of white matter integrity. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Kubicki et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“The cingulum is affected in many neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, the behavioural variant of frontemporal dementia (Mahoney et al., 2014), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The citation is attached to behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, not to the other listed conditions. The Discussion (page not provided) reports prominent cingulum-bundle involvement in patients with bvFTD compared with healthy older individuals. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Mahoney et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“A well-replicated finding concerns microstructural changes in the posterior and parahippocampal cingulum associated with both MCI and AD (Bozzali et al., 2012; Choo et al., 2010; Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012a; Remy et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2007; Zhuang et al., 2012; 2013, for review see Chua et al., 2008; Yu et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion and ‘WM Damage to the Cingulum Bundles’ results report altered diffusion measures in the cingulum in both AD and amnestic MCI, supporting the central association. The passages describe widespread or diffuse changes, but do not establish that both the posterior and parahippocampal segments are specifically affected in both groups; the reported parahippocampal gray-matter findings are distinct from changes in that cingulum segment. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites Bozzali et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choo et al., 2010 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012a

In the paper

“In contrast to the evidence from healthy populations, correlations between cingulum microstructure and memory are more often described within clinical groups, e.g., in cerebral small vessel disease (van der Holst et al., 2013), mild traumatic injury (Wu et al., 2010), Mild Cognitive Impairment (e.g., Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012a, b, for meta-analysis see Yu et al., 2017) and Alzheimer’s disease”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion (page not provided) reports a relationship between cingulum microstructural integrity and verbal memory performance in 503 non-demented elderly people with cerebral small vessel disease. This supports the clinical-group example attributed to this citation; the other conditions have separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites van der Holst et al., 2013 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Wu et al., 2010
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Yu et al., 2017

In the paper

“Diffusion imaging studies have revealed an extended period of cingulum maturation through adolescence and beyond, often not reaching its adult characteristics until the mid twenties or later (Lebel and Beaulieu, 2011; Lebel et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports continued cingulum maturation beyond adolescence: approximately 40% of subjects aged 22–32 had decreasing mean diffusivity between scans. The Tract volume section also reports volume increases in 40–53% of the oldest subjects. These findings support the claim that cingulum characteristics can continue developing into the mid-twenties or later, though the paper does not define a precise age at which they become adult characteristics. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Lebel and Beaulieu, 2011 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lebel et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Nevertheless, correlations between episodic memory and left parahippocampal cingulum FA that were independent of hippocampal volume were also found in non-dementing elderly adults (Ezzati et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract reports that, in non-demented adults over 70, left cingulum angular (parahippocampal) bundle FA and left hippocampal volume were each independently associated with verbal episodic memory. The Discussion likewise identifies lower left parahippocampal bundle FA as associated with poorer verbal memory in non-demented older adults. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Ezzati et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Indeed, the growing realisation that experience can alter white matter microstructure (Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2017; (McKenzie et al., 2014) Zatorre et al., 2012) highlights the problems of separating cause from effect.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract reports white matter microstructural changes associated with adaptive working-memory training, relative to nonadaptive comparison activities. The Discussion likewise describes positive microstructural changes with adaptive training and negative changes with comparison activities, supporting the broad claim that experience can alter white matter microstructure. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2017 source
• Supported

  The Abstract states that learning a motor skill alters white-matter structure and reports MRI-detected changes after sensorimotor training. The ‘Running stimulates OP proliferation and OL production’ section also describes evidence that experience regulates cells involved in myelination. The paper notes that the histological basis of the MRI changes is not known, but the broad claim is supported. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites McKenzie et al., 2014 source
• Supported

  The Myelin section reports changes in white matter structure with learning and describes a rat training study in which corpus callosum imaging changes were associated with increased myelin staining. The Concluding remarks also identify experience-dependent changes in white matter, while noting that the cellular mechanisms underlying human imaging findings remain to be established. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Zatorre et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Compared with other limbic white matter pathways, correlations between white matter microstructure and episodic memory in healthy populations are much more reliably found for the fornix than the cingulum (e.g., Douet and Chang, 2015; Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2011; Rudebeck et al., 2009).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction describes the fornix as a robust predictor of episodic memory performance, and “Normal development and aging of the fornix” reports correlations in healthy children and adults. Neither section establishes that these correlations are more reliably found for the fornix than for the cingulum. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Douet and Chang, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Supported

  The Results section reports significant correlations between fornix fractional anisotropy and all four memory components, but none between those components and parahippocampal cingulum fractional anisotropy. It also reports no significant cingulum–episodic-memory correlations after correction, though some trends remained. The Discussion describes the fornix association as specific in this normal population. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2011 source
• Partly supported

  The Results (Imaging Results; page not provided) report a significant correlation between fornix microstructure and recollection in healthy participants. The paper does not establish that such correlations are more reliably found for the fornix than for the cingulum or other limbic pathways; its reported analyses focus on the fornix. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites Rudebeck et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Some of the evidence is consistent with an age-related gradient along the long axis of the cingulum, in which frontal parts of the bundle appear most affected (Catheline et al., 2010; Mårtensson et al., 2018; Sibilia et al., 2017; Yoon et al., 2008; see for review Chua et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Catheline et al., 2010 source
• Partly supported

  The indexed Abstract (no page given) reports that age-related changes differ between segments of the cingulate bundle, supporting variation along the tract. It does not say that frontal segments are the most affected, so the proposed direction of the gradient is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites Mårtensson et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Could not verify

  The available passages contain the title and publication metadata but no findings about which part of the cingulum is most affected. Searches for frontal, anterior–posterior, and age-related differences returned no results passage that could establish the claimed gradient. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  cites Sibilia et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“In the anterior portion of the cingulum, RD values increased from the age of 28.”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The available indexed passages (labeled Abstract; no page given) identify a paper about aging and the cingulum but do not report RD values or an age at which they began to increase. Searches for anterior cingulum, radial diffusivity, and age 28 found no passage addressing the specific claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  cites Mårtensson et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Lee et al. (2013) reported reduced FA in both the left and right cingulum of 17 first episode patients.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Fractional Anisotropy; page unavailable) report lower cingulum FA in first-episode schizophrenia patients than in healthy controls, and the Discussion (page unavailable) states that 17 patients were scanned. The available Results passages do not specify reduced FA in both the left and right cingulum, so the bilateral detail is not verified. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites Lee et al. (2013) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“reduced frontal and posterior cingulate interconnectivity, as measured from resting state fMRI, is one the most reported effects (Rane et al., 2015)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (RS fMRI) report that reduced long-range connectivity involving the prefrontal cortex was the most frequently reported finding (ten studies), followed by the posterior cingulate cortex (eight studies). The Results (Combined Studies) also describe reduced connectivity specifically from the posterior cingulate cortex to the medial prefrontal cortex, though the review does not say that this particular connection was among the most frequently reported. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Rane et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“As CSF based partial volume effects are known to result in artificial FA reductions and MD increases (Alexander et al., 2001; Vos et al., 2011; Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012a), differences between patients and controls may be overestimated and could potentially reflect atrophy rather than intrinsic white matter microstructural changes.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Simulations section (page not provided) reports that in the white-matter–CSF partial-volume model, tensor trace is high and anisotropy is low at low diffusion weighting. Trace divided by three is MD, so this supports the attributed MD increase and FA reduction. The paper notes that both effects depend strongly on diffusion weighting. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Alexander et al., 2001 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vos et al., 2011 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012a

In the paper

“Evidence that white matter, including the cingulum, is especially sensitive to the effects of aging in schizophrenia (Kochunov et al., 2013)”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (page unavailable) report accelerated age-related white-matter decline in schizophrenia, with numerically greater decline across all twelve tracts. They do not identify the cingulum as especially sensitive: the regional Results name five tracts with nominally significant age-by-diagnosis interactions, and the cingulum is not among them. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites Kochunov et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“FA correlations were found between the right genu cingulum and hallucinations”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report a significant negative correlation between hallucination severity and FA in the right I1 cingulum sub-connection in patients with schizophrenia. The Methods define I1 as fibers connecting the rostral and caudal anterior cingulate gyri, but the paper does not identify that sub-connection as the right genu cingulum. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Whitford et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“In those ASD studies focussing on just the cingulum, reduced FA is again found (Ameis et al., 2013; Ikuta et al., 2014)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ameis et al., 2013 source
• Supported

  The Results report significantly lower bilateral cingulum-bundle FA in the ASD group than in the neurotypical group (p = 0.032). The Introduction identifies the study’s focus as the cingulum bundle in adolescents and early adults. Page numbers are not provided in the supplied copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Ikuta et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Arguably, more consistent cingulum FA correlations with executive function have been found in schizophrenia (Kubicki et al., 2009; Spalletta et al., 2014; Takei et al., 2009; see Table 2).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Correlation analyses) report significant correlations between left cingulum FA and Stroop reaction times and the Stroop effect in patients with schizophrenia. The paper compares those patients with healthy controls, not people with ASD, so it does not establish that the correlations are more consistent in schizophrenia than in ASD. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Kubicki et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Could not verify

  The Results report correlations between cingulum white-matter volume and metacognitive insight in patients with schizophrenia, not between cingulum fractional anisotropy (FA) and executive function. The Methods describe T1-weighted volumetric imaging, and the Discussion does not compare schizophrenia with ASD on the claimed correlation. Searches for cingulum FA, executive function, and ASD did not locate that comparison in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites Spalletta et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Takei et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“with radial diffusivity correlating with the severity of delusions of reference.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports a significant correlation between cingulum bundle radial diffusivity and severity of delusions of reference in first-episode schizophrenia patients. It specifies that the correlation was negative; the claim does not assert a direction. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Fitzsimmons et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Structural MRI studies indicate that cingulate cortex volume is reduced in ADHD (Amico et al., 2011; Makris et al., 2007)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amico et al., 2011 source
• Supported

  The Introduction reports that adults with ADHD had an anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) volume approximately 14% smaller than controls in a structural MRI study. Although this paper reports that finding from an earlier study rather than measuring ACC volume itself, it supports the citing sentence’s statement about what structural MRI studies indicate. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Makris et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Overall, there is a recurrent pattern of reduced FA and increased diffusivity, consistent with altered development (Ameis and Catani, 2015; Rane et al., 2015; Travers et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ameis and Catani, 2015 source
• Supported

  The Results > DTI section says most reviewed studies found lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher mean diffusivity in ASD than in typically developing groups. The Discussion > Diffusion Connectivity calls this an overall pattern, while Discussion > Resting State Connectivity suggests altered childhood growth and pruning as a developmental explanation. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Rane et al., 2015 source
• Supported

  The Summary of Findings reports that children over four and young adults with ASD tend to have decreased FA, often accompanied by increased MD and RD. The Developmental Trajectory section describes age-related DTI differences that suggest atypical white-matter development in ASD. The review also notes exceptions, particularly in very young children, but the claim describes a recurrent pattern rather than a universal one; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Travers et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“though other studies have failed to find clear cingulum correlations (Rane et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (Synthesis; page unavailable) says connectivity changes have not yet been clearly correlated with behavioral findings, supporting the claim's general point. But the Results (Behavioral Findings; page unavailable) note a preponderance of reported behavioral correlations involving region pairs associated with the cingulum; the review does not specifically say that studies failed to find clear cingulum correlations. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites Rane et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“reduced FA in the dorsal cingulum is also a frequent feature of ASD (Rane et al., 2015; Shukla et al., 2011; Travers et al., 2012; but see Aoki et al., 2013; Table 2).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (DTI; page unavailable) identify the cingulum among the commonly reported regions with reduced fractional anisotropy in ASD, and the Discussion (Diffusion Connectivity; page unavailable) says it was not far behind the most reported regions. Neither passage specifies the dorsal cingulum, so the source supports the frequency claim for the cingulum generally but not that anatomical qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Rane et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Results report reduced FA in the cingulum in the ASD group, and the Discussion reiterates that finding. Neither passage identifies the affected portion as the dorsal cingulum or establishes how frequently this specific finding occurs in ASD. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Shukla et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The “Group Differences in the Cingulum Bundle” section reports that multiple studies found decreased FA and/or increased MD in the anterior cingulum in ASD, and cautiously suggests that decreased cingulum FA may be common. The review supports a recurring cingulum finding, but it does not specifically establish reduced FA in the dorsal cingulum as a frequent feature. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites Travers et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Similarly, bilateral increases in both axial and radial cingulum diffusivity were found in 18 first episode cases (Fitzsimmons et al., 2014)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract identifies 18 first-episode patients and reports bilateral increases in axial and radial cingulum diffusivity compared with matched controls. The Results likewise report bilateral increases for both measures. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Fitzsimmons et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“may account for the greater prevalence of cingulum changes in those with well-established psychotic states.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results and Discussion report accelerated white-matter aging in schizophrenia and greater vulnerability in some tracts. They do not establish a greater prevalence of cingulum changes in people with well-established psychotic states, or test whether accelerated aging accounts for that prevalence. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites Kochunov et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“while right parahippocampal cingulum status correlated with negative symptoms (Whitford et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that fractional anisotropy in the right I4 cingulum sub-connection was significantly negatively correlated with two negative-symptom subscales: affective flattening and anhedonia/asociality. The Discussion identifies right I4 as fibers connecting the cingulate isthmus with the parahippocampal cortex, matching the cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Whitford et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Such correlations were found for behavioural regulation scores (Ikuta et al., 2014)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report a significant negative correlation between cingulum fractional anisotropy (FA) and the BRIEF Behavioral Regulation Index score in the ASD group. The correlation was not significant in the neurotypical group. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Ikuta et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“while resting state disturbances suggest either hyperconnectivity or hypoconnectivity (Konrad and Eickhoff, 2010).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The “DMN in ADHD” section says that models describe ADHD in terms of either hyperconnectivity or hypoconnectivity of the default-mode network. It also notes that findings on resting-state DMN connectivity are inconsistent, matching the citing sentence’s cautious wording. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Konrad and Eickhoff, 2010 source

In the paper

“In a study of 19 adolescents with ADHD that focussed specifically on the cingulum (Cooper et al., 2015), ADHD severity was associated with the status of the left cingulum close to the genu”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract Methods report 19 adolescents with ADHD, and the Introduction says the study focused on the subgenual cingulum, the rostral section near the anterior cingulate. The Results report a significant association between ADHD severity and fractional anisotropy in the left subgenual cingulum. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Cooper et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“e.g., cingulum FA correlates with default-mode functional connectivity (van den Heuvel et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report a significant positive association between cingulum FA and unique default-mode PCC–MFC functional connectivity (r = 0.29, p < 0.05). An alternative age-adjusted analysis also found a significant association (r = 0.34, p < 0.05). (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites van den Heuvel et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“The lack of reliable cingulum bundle changes may relate to the need to separate different subtypes of ADHD”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction says that inconsistent ADHD diffusion-imaging findings may stem partly from previous studies not separating clinical presentations. The Discussion reports different cingulum-bundle findings for ADHD-C and ADHD-PI, supporting the suggested explanation for unreliable findings across ADHD groups. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Svatkova et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“alterations in the default mode network have been reported in schizophrenia (Öngür et al., 2010), ADHD (Konrad and Eickhoff, 2010), depression (Öngür et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2012), PTSD (Bluhm et al., 2009), OCD (Peng et al., 2014), and ASD (Padmanabhan et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Öngür et al., 2010
• Supported

  The Konrad and Eickhoff citation is attached to ADHD, not to the other conditions in the sentence. The “DMN in ADHD” section reports altered functional connectivity within the default-mode network and reduced connectivity involving its nodes in patients with ADHD. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Konrad and Eickhoff, 2010 source
• Supported

  The Bluhm et al. citation is attached specifically to PTSD, not to the other listed disorders. The paper’s Limitations section reports impaired resting-state default-network connectivity in patients with PTSD, supporting the claim that alterations have been reported; the study population was women with chronic PTSD related to early-life trauma. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Bluhm et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“Meanwhile clusters of dMRI changes were most evident in the cingulum and the superior longitudinal fasciculus in a meta-analysis of adult onset PTSD from seven studies (Daniels et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Meta-analysis section reports seven DTI studies of trauma-exposed adults and identifies clusters of fractional-anisotropy changes in both the cingulum and superior longitudinal fasciculus. It says the largest cluster was in the right cingulum. The authors caution that each cluster was reported by only one study, so the findings are preliminary. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Daniels et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“A recent study of noncombat PTSD sufferers, found reduced FA in cingulate white matter just above the genu (Olson et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (§3.1; page unavailable) report significantly lower FA in PTSD patients than in trauma-exposed controls in a left frontal cluster involving cingulate-gyrus fibers. The Discussion (§4; page unavailable) places the fibers near the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. The copy does not specify that the cluster was just above the genu, so that more precise location is not established. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites Olson et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“ADHD severity correlated with increased FA and reduced radial diffusivity (Cooper et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report that greater ADHD severity was significantly associated with higher FA in the left subgenual cingulum, but the association with lower radial diffusivity was only a trend (p = 0.067). The Methods report 19 adolescents with ADHD were recruited; the Results clarify that two were excluded and the correlations used 17. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Cooper et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“where more constrained cingulum diffusion can be positively correlated with the severity of symptoms (Cooper et al., 2015; but see also Chiang et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report a significant positive correlation between ADHD symptom severity and fractional anisotropy in the left subgenual cingulum, supporting the claim’s cautious wording. The accompanying negative correlation with radial diffusivity was only a trend; no page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Cooper et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“In the right parahippocampal cingulum and right arcuate fasciculus these FA values related to autistic social-deficit symptoms.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Correlations with Clinical Measures in ASD) link the right arcuate fasciculus and right hippocampal cingulum to social-deficit subscale scores in men with ASD. However, the measured values were generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA), not FA; the Discussion distinguishes those metrics. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Chiang et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“highlight the variable pattern of changes in which reduced FA in the cingulum is sometimes, but not consistently, reported (Makris et al., 2007; Pavuluri et al., 2009; Chiang et al., 2016; Table 2).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The FA Differences section reports significantly lower FA in the right cingulum bundle in adults with childhood ADHD than in controls. Makris et al. therefore supports the ‘sometimes reported’ part of the multi-citation sentence; the sentence does not attribute the cross-study inconsistency to this paper alone. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Makris et al., 2007 source
• Supported

  The Results (DTI Data; page unavailable) report no significant FA difference in the cingulum (CG) among the ADHD, pediatric bipolar disorder, and control groups. This study therefore supports the cited sentence as an example in which reduced cingulum FA was not found; it does not itself establish how often other studies report it. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Pavuluri et al., 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chiang et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“While the largest cluster related to decreased FA in the right cingulum”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The META-ANALYSIS section explicitly identifies the largest cluster as an FA decrease in the right cingulum in its analysis of trauma-exposed adults. It cautions that each cluster was reported by only one study, but that does not change the stated cluster finding. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Daniels et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“Dorsal cingulum changes occur in PTSD, as measured both by dMRI indices (Table 2) and tract volume (Daniels et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Summary reports cingulum white-matter volume changes in studies of adult-onset PTSD, supporting the tract-volume part of the citation. It locates those changes in anterior or posterior cingulum sections, but does not identify a dorsal cingulum volume change. The paper's mention of a dorsal subregion concerns FA-based white-matter integrity, not tract volume; the citing sentence attributes its dMRI evidence to Table 2 rather than to Daniels et al. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Daniels et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“ADHD offers a different profile where raised FA can be found in some tracts (Davenport et al., 2010)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports that the ADHD patients had higher FA in bilateral frontostriatal tracts, matching the claim that raised FA can occur in some tracts. It also locates both regions of abnormally high FA in the anterior corona radiata. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Davenport et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“In the case of military personnel, there is the contributing complication that blast exposure (without PTSD) can affect cingulum FA (e.g., Ivanov et al., 2017; MacDonald et al., 2011)”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Predicting FA Values; page not provided) report that greater blast exposure predicts lower cingulum FA in models that include PTSD symptom severity. But the Methods (Participants; page not provided) report that 42% of assessed veterans met PTSD criteria, so the study does not establish this finding specifically in personnel without PTSD. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Ivanov et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Results (Findings on DTI and Conventional MRI; page unavailable) report cingulum abnormalities and reduced relative anisotropy in military personnel with blast-related traumatic brain injury. The Methods (Subjects; page unavailable) exclude a history of psychiatric disorder but do not establish that participants were free of PTSD. The paper measures relative anisotropy rather than cingulum fractional anisotropy (FA), and the Discussion says it cannot isolate the effect of blast exposure from other injury mechanisms. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites MacDonald et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Further support comes from the finding that neonatal complications, a common risk factor for many neuropsychiatric conditions, can lead to cingulum bundle diffusion changes (Schiller et al., 2017a,b).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The DTI results report lower fractional anisotropy in the left cingulum bundle of school-age children who survived neonatal ECMO than in controls. This supports a cingulum diffusion difference after a specific neonatal critical illness, but the cross-sectional comparison does not establish that neonatal complications generally cause such changes. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites Schiller et al., 2017a,b sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“as increased FA has been reported in the cingulum bundle in ‘combined’ but not ‘inattentive’ types of ADHD (Svatkova et al., 2016; Table 2).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (DTI measures; page not provided) report significantly higher FA in the bilateral cingulum bundle for ADHD-C versus controls. The ADHD-PI FA findings list other tracts, not the cingulum bundle; its right-cingulum difference was in axial diffusivity, not FA. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Svatkova et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“different sections of the cingulum were associated with both increases and decreases of FA (Daniels et al., 2013; Table 2).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Meta-Analysis section reports FA increases and decreases in different sections of the cingulum in trauma-exposed adults. The adult-onset PTSD section also describes studies finding both directions of change. The authors caution that each meta-analytic cluster was supported by only one study. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Daniels et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“when ASD was compared with ADHD (Chiang et al., 2017), the ASD participants had reduced FA in six tracts, including the right cingulum bundle (parahippocampal).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results and Table 2 report lower values in six tracts for men with ASD than for men with ADHD, including the right cingulum (hippocampal part). The measured quantity was generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA), not FA, and the comparison was limited to men. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Chiang et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“While the evidence from posterior cingulotomy in humans is very limited, it does not indicate obvious memory loss (Turner, 1973).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In the Posterior cingulectomy section (page not supplied), Turner reports 37 operations and states that there was no effect on memory. He also says posterior cingulectomy was not followed by a memory defect. This supports the citing sentence’s cautious claim, although Turner calls the procedure cingulectomy rather than cingulotomy. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Turner, 1973 source

In the paper

“In that study, area associations were found with at least seven different processes. These were: Emotion, dorsal anterior cingulate, as well as pregenual and subgenual cortex; Reward, dorsal anterior cingulate above the genu, as well as subgenual ventromedial frontal cortex; Pain, anterior and mid cingulate cortex (see also Vogt and Sikes, 2009); Motor, mid cingulate cortex (overlapping with ‘pain”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The “Meta-analysis of functional studies” section explicitly lists pain, motor function, emotion, error, conflict, reward, and memory as the seven conditions examined. It reports collecting cingulate activation coordinates from functional neuroimaging studies, including fMRI studies. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Beckmann et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“the finding that different parts of the cingulum may show opposite changes in diffusivity in both PTSD (Daniels et al., 2013) and OCD (Cannistraro et al., 2007)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Meta-analysis section reports FA increases and decreases in different sections of the cingulum among trauma-exposed adults. The Adult-onset PTSD section also describes both higher and lower cingulum FA in PTSD groups. Daniels et al. is cited for the PTSD portion of the sentence, not the OCD portion. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Daniels et al., 2013 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cannistraro et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“emphasising a specific role in landmark navigation (Auger et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Discussion links retrosplenial cortex (RSC) activity to processing permanent landmarks, but does not establish a specific role for the cingulum. Searches for the cingulum and its role in landmark navigation found no passage addressing that structure; the paper's RSC finding cannot verify the claim about the cingulum. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites Auger et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Part of the explanation for the relative sparing after cingulum damage may come from evidence that retrosplenial amnesias can be transient (Kim et al., 2007; Saito et al., 2005)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion states that retrosplenial amnesia generally recovers rapidly. The Case Report also documents marked improvement in this patient's visual and verbal memory impairments two months after onset, supporting the claim that such amnesia can be transient. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Kim et al., 2007 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Saito et al., 2005

In the paper

“One such contribution relates to motor function, given the cluster of fMRI activations seen around the mid supracallosal cingulate cortex and adjacent motor areas (Beckmann et al., 2009).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Motor function section reports that activation in 23 neuroimaging studies was found predominantly in the mid supracallosal cingulate cortex, with motor-related peaks prominent in clusters 4–6. This supports the activation pattern for which the citation is offered; the suggestion about the cingulum bundle is the citing authors’ inference, not a finding attributed to this source. No page number is supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Beckmann et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“It is, for example, clear from structural imaging that cingulotomies should create substantial cingulate disconnections (Heilbronner and Haber, 2014)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Neurotherapeutic target placement section states that a modeled cingulotomy lesion would ablate substantial amounts of cingulate fibers. The Neurosurgical interventions section also says the lesion is positioned to interrupt widespread connections. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 source

In the paper

“It is now known that task learning can alter dMRI attributes (Hofstetter et al., 2013; McKenzie et al., 2014; Sampaio-Baptista et al., 2013; Xiao et al., 2016)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports changes in fornix diffusion indices after training in a learning task. DTI-derived diffusion indices are dMRI attributes, so this supports the cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Hofstetter et al., 2013 source
• Partly supported

  The Abstract reports MRI-detected white-matter changes during motor training, and the discussion cites MRI evidence of changes during several kinds of learning. Our copy does not identify those measurements as diffusion MRI or specify dMRI attributes, so it supports the learning-related MRI change but not the more specific dMRI claim. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites McKenzie et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Supported

  The Discussion reports that learning a skilled reaching task in rats was associated with changes detected by diffusion MRI. Figure 2 reports significantly higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in trained animals than in controls; FA is the dMRI attribute supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Sampaio-Baptista et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“It has, for example, been shown that two months of working memory training can cause dMRI changes in healthy young adults, including within the left parahippocampal cingulum (Caeyenberghs et al., 2016; Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Participants and Abstract sections describe eight weeks of working-memory training in healthy adults (mean age 26.5 years), and the Results report training-related structural-network changes. But the Results describe diffusion-derived network effects as only marginally significant, while the significant global-efficiency effect used an MR relaxation metric. The regional analyses identify the right anterior cingulate and right inferior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, not the left parahippocampal cingulum; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Caeyenberghs et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Supported

  The Methods (Participants; WM Training, page not provided) describe healthy adults aged 19–40 who completed eight weeks of training. The Discussion (page not provided) reports training-related changes in diffusion MRI measures, including increased fractional anisotropy and reduced radial diffusivity in the left parahippocampal cingulum. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“A further implication is that fornix pathology might lead to a greater reliance on the retrosplenial and parahippocampal cingulum, as appears to occur in MCI (Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012a; Ray et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012a
• Partly supported

  The Abstract and Discussion report that, in MCI, recall becomes more dependent on the parahippocampal cingulum as the association with the damaged fornix weakens. The paper does not establish greater reliance on the retrosplenial cingulum; its reported shift concerns the left parahippocampal cingulum. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Ray et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Despite the cingulum bundle lesions being made at two levels (one retrosplenial, one close to the genu), the contralateral cingulum-fornix surgery had little or no apparent effect on T-maze alternation or working memory in a radial-arm maze (Fig. 7, unpublished data).”

In the paper

“Table 1 demonstrates how fornix lesions produce more severe spatial memory deficits than cingulum bundle lesions.”

In the paper

“These cingulum effects become more robust as more lesions are placed along the tract.”

In the paper

“Nevertheless, despite the dense contributions to the bundle from the anterior thalamic projections to the cingulate cortices, cingulum bundle lesions are far less disruptive than anterior thalamic lesions.”

In the paper

“The first is that cingulum bundle lesions most consistently affect spatial tasks involving allocentric cues, i.e., when the relationships between distal cues specify location.”

In the paper

“Table 1 also highlights the close correspondence between the effects of retrosplenial cortex lesions and cingulum bundle lesions on spatial memory.”

In the paper

“The cingulum is not a unitary pathway.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Yakolev et al., 1961

In the paper

“Among its sagittal connections are many short cortico-cortical association fibres (‘U-fibres’) that interlink medial parts of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes (Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006; Yakolev et al., 1961).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Yakolev et al., 1961

In the paper

“Consequently, interventions at different levels would be expected to have different outcomes.”

In the paper

“It comprises both short and long sagittal association fibres.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Yakolev et al., 1961

In the paper

“A related feature of some cingulum connections is the existence of parallel routes in other pathways, e.g., to parahippocampal areas (Shibata, 1993a; Wouterlood et al., 1990; Zhou and Azmitia, 1983).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Shibata, 1993a
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wouterlood et al., 1990 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zhou and Azmitia, 1983 source

In the paper

“In addition, other cingulum fibres radiate across the tract to reach cortical and subcortical sites (Yakolev et al., 1961).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Yakolev et al., 1961

In the paper

“The cingulum bundle is one of the most distinctive fibre tracts in the brain, forming a near-complete ring from the orbital frontal cortices, along the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum, then down the temporal lobe towards the pole (Fig. 1).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Fig. 1

In the paper

“The cingulum is also the principal route for anterior cingulate and retrosplenial projections (as well as the lighter pregenual cortical projections) to the parahippocampal region, including inputs to the entorhinal cortex, postrhinal cortex, parasubiculum, and presubiculum (Jones and Witter, 2007).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jones and Witter, 2007 source

In the paper

“an effect not due to adjacent cortical inactivation (Vaccarino and Melzack, 1989)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vaccarino and Melzack, 1989 source

In the paper

“Given its importance for the cingulum bundle, it is important to appreciate that there are strong homologies between the cytoarchitecture of the rodent and primate (including human) cingulate cortex, including its major subdivisions (Vogt and Paxinos, 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vogt and Paxinos, 2014 source

In the paper

“These factors show how the choice of dMRI data acquisition, processing, and tracking algorithm methods can influence the status of the derived cingulum bundle.”

In the paper

“Initial research showed that blockade of the rat cingulum bundle can cause analgesia (Vaccarino and Melzack, 1989; 1992)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vaccarino and Melzack, 1989 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vaccarino and Melzack, 1992 source

In the paper

“More recently, MRI-based evidence of cingulum dysfunctions in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders (Section 4) has boosted further interest in this fibre bundle.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Section 4

In the paper

“In contrast, stimulation of the cingulum can precipitate self-mutilation (Pellicer et al., 1999).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pellicer et al., 1999 source

In the paper

“The anteromedial thalamic nucleus is closely connected with the anterior cingulate region (area 24, but also areas 25 and 32).”

In the paper

“When interpreting DTI indices as measures of white matter microstructure, it is important to recognise that they are not only influenced by biological properties of white matter such as axon myelin, diameter, and density but also by the orientational complexity and organisation of the fibre architecture (Beaulieu and Allen, 1994).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beaulieu and Allen, 1994 source

In the paper

“A limitation of all of these studies is that they are not accompanied by experiments that identify the extent of disconnection caused by the various interventions.”

In the paper

“Many cholinergic fibres from nucleus basalis of Meynert in the basal forebrain join the cingulum to run above the corpus callosum and innervate the length of the cingulate gyrus, as well as superior frontal cortices (Kitt et al., 1987; see also Selden et al., 1998 for corresponding human data).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kitt et al., 1987 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Selden et al., 1998 source

In the paper

“Other lateral parts of the parietal lobe have efferents that cross through the cingulum bundle to reach the cingulate cortices (Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006

In the paper

“These parietal connections include the precuneus and may also include more dorsal parts of the superior parietal lobule (areas PE and PM) and the inferior parietal lobule (PG) (Catani and Thiebaut de Schotten, 2012; Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Catani and Thiebaut de Schotten, 2012 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006

In the paper

“Related studies described how cingulum bundle anaesthesia delays the onset of self-mutilation following peripheral neurectomy (Vaccarino and Melzack, 1991; see also Magnusson and Vaccarino, 1996).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vaccarino and Melzack, 1991 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Magnusson and Vaccarino, 1996 source