Social and Psychological Resources and Adaptation

Hobfoll, Stevan E.

doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307

Cited by 4,594Resilience and Mental HealthPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionHealth, psychology, and well-being

Social and Psychological Resources and Adaptation

Hobfoll, Stevan E.·2002·Review of General Psychology

DOI 10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307

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Abstract

Psychology has increasingly turned to the study of psychosocial resources in the examination of well-being. How resources are being studied and resource models that have been proffered are considered, and an attempt is made to examine elements that bridge across models. As resource models span health, community, cognitive, and clinical psychology, the question is raised of whether there is overuse of the resource metaphor or whether there exists some underlying principles that can be gleaned and incorporated to advance research. The contribution of resources for understanding multicultural and pan-historical adaptation in the face of challenge is considered.

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People with larger stocks of personal resources such as energy, knowledge, and skills are better able to succeed at work tasks that require spending those resources.
“Individuals who possess greater stocks of personal resources (e.g., energy, knowledge, skills) are better equipped to succeed at work tasks which require expenditure of these resources (Hobfoll, 2002).”
From Work hard or play hard: the effect of leisure crafting on opportunity recognition and venture performance (2023) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 2002

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Sorted by citations

The Job Demands‐Resources model: state of the art
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940710733115 · Cited by 12,996 · see citing works
“Hobfoll (2002) has additionally argued that resource gain, in turn and in itself has only a modest effect, but instead acquires its saliency in the context of resource loss.”
BackgroundResult
Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi‐sample study
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.248 · Cited by 9,297 · see citing works
“Hence, resources are not only necessary to deal with job demands and to ‘get things done,’ but they also are important in their own right (Hobfoll, 2002).”
Background
Conservation of Resources in the Organizational Context: The Reality of Resources and Their Consequences
Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J.-P., & Westman, M. (2018) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640 · Cited by 5,781 · see citing works
“Such a transfer of resource caravans triggers the accumulation of resources that COR theory describes as a gain spiral (Hobfoll 2002, 2011a).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL: MEASUREMENT AND RELATIONSHIP WITH PERFORMANCE AND SATISFACTION
LUTHANS, F., AVOLIO, B. J., AVEY, J. B., & NORMAN, S. M. (2007) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x · Cited by 4,809 · see citing works
“, Luthans & Youssef, 2007; Luthans, Youssef, & Avolio, 2007) that have drawn from psychological resource theory (Hobfoll, 2002) and the broaden-and-build theory from positive emotions (Fredrickson,”
Background
Getting to the “COR”: Understanding the Role of Resources in Conservation of Resources Theory
Halbesleben, J. R. B., Neveu, J.-P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., & Westman, M. (2014) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314527130 · Cited by 3,356 · see citing works
“Trajectory 5 of Figure 1 corresponds to the role of resource passageways (Hobfoll, 2002, 2011a).”
Background
The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model.
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121 · Cited by 3,051 · see citing works
“…three typical personal resources, namely, self-efficacy (Bandura, 1989), organizational-based self-esteem (Pierce, Gardner, Cummings, & Dunham, 1989), and optimism (Scheier & Carver, 1985), all of which have been recognized by Hobfoll (2002) as fundamental components of individual adaptability.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology
Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678370802393649 · Cited by 2,496 · see citing works
“Job resources become salient in the face of high job demands Hobfoll (2002) has argued that resource gain acquires its saliency in the context of resource loss.”
A Critical Review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for Improving Work and Health
Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014) · Bridging Occupational, Organizational and Public Health · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5640-3_4 · Cited by 2,261 · see citing works
“Conservation of Resources theory (Hobfoll, 2002 ) proposes that resources tend to accumulate.”
Background
Towards a model of work engagement.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/13620430810870476 · Cited by 3,213 · see citing works
“Additionally, Hobfoll (2002) argues that resource gain acquires its saliency in the context of resource loss.”
Background
Meta‐analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance
Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.20070 · Cited by 1,843 · see citing works
“Specifically, Hobfoll’s (2002) psychological resource theory has been used to explain what PsyCap is and how it works. One aspect of this theory is that it suggests some constructs are best understood as indicators of broader underlying factors. That is, while an individual construct may be valid in terms of discrimin…”
BackgroundMethod
Conservation of resource caravans and engaged settings
Hobfoll, S. E. (2011) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02016.x · Cited by 1,814 · see citing works
Self-citation
Positive Organizational Behavior in the Workplace
Youssef, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2007) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206307305562 · Cited by 1,847 · see citing works
“The richness and reliability of one’s “resource reservoirs:” rather than possessing one specific resource, become critical in successfully performing in a specific domain, event, or challenge and for general health and well-being (Hobfoll, 2002).”
Background
A resource perspective on the work–home interface: the work–home resources model
ten Brummelhuis, L. L., & Bakker, A. B. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0027974 · Cited by 1,660 · see citing works
“To recapitulate, the seven assumptions of COR theory reflect two main processes: The first is a loss spiral, in which stress develops and resources further deplete, and the other is a gain spiral, in which resources accumulate (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Emerging Positive Organizational Behavior
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2007) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206307300814 · Cited by 1,657 · see citing works
“Allied support for this conceptualization of PsyCap as a higher-order core construct can be drawn from the psychological resource theories (see Hobfoll, 2002, for a comprehensive review).”
Background
Job Demands–Resources Theory
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2014) · Well Being · doi:10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell019 · Cited by 1,579 · see citing works
“This is consistent with the notion that in the absence of threats, people are motivated to create resources (Hobfoll, 2002).”
Background
Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid–Term Mass Trauma Intervention: Empirical Evidence
Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., Friedman, M., Gersons, B. P. R., de Jong, J. T. V. M., Layne, C. M., et al. (2007) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2007.70.4.283 · Cited by 1,654 · see citing works
“…are likely to be diminished by mass trauma (Benight et al. 1999; Benight, Swift, Sanger, Smith, & Zeppelin, 1999), and they are made effective by their being central management resources that “manage” or orchestrate other personal and environmental resources that people possess (Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Psychological Capital: An Evidence-Based Positive Approach
Luthans, F., & Youssef‐Morgan, C. M. (2017) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113324 · Cited by 1,616 · see citing works
“In the case of PsyCap and other positive variables, antecedents are key factors in shaping a person’s inventory of positive resources and “resource caravans” (Hobfoll 2002), and thus should be given extensive thought and attention in positive research.”
Background
Job resources boost work engagement, particularly when job demands are high.
Bakker, A. B., Hakanen, J. J., Demerouti, E., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2007) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.2.274 · Cited by 2,111 · see citing works
“Consistent with conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002) and previous research in other domains (Billings et al., 2000; Seers et al., 1983), the results show that supervisor support, innovativeness, appreciation, and organizational climate particularly influenced teachers’ work…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement.
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.11.003 · Cited by 1,882 · see citing works
What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress.
Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.5.671 · Cited by 1,371 · see citing works
“…deficit by examining other factors that may inform resilience to PTEs, including demographics, social and material resources, and additional life stressors (Brewin, Andrews, & Valentine, 2000; Hobfoll, 1989, 2002) using the same large probability sample examined in the Bonanno et al. (2006) study.”
Background
The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate—employee performance relationship
Luthans, F., Norman, S. M., Avolio, B. J., & Avey, J. B. (2008) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.507 · Cited by 1,373 · see citing works
“As is commonly used in other organizational behavior research (e.g., Judge & Bono, 2001), all three studies used a three item satisfaction scale adapted from Hackman and Oldham (1980) using the same 1-6 rating as was utilized for the psychological capital measure.”
Method
Work engagement and financial returns: a diary study on the role of job and personal resources
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317908x285633 · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
“In line with Hobfoll (2002), who suggests that resources act in caravans, our study indicates that existing resources bring more resources.”
Background
Weighing the Costs of Disaster: Consequences, Risks, and Resilience in Individuals, Families, and Communities
Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & Greca, A. M. L. (2010) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100610387086 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works
“However, the loss of economic resources as a result of disaster poses what is arguably an even more imposing risk factor (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”
Background
Resilience to loss and potential trauma
Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., & Mancini, A. D. (2011) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104526 · Cited by 1,250 · see citing works
“Some resilience factors may be stable over time (e.g., personality), while others will likely fluctuate with life circumstances or changes in the availability of resources (Hobfoll 1989, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Jensen, S. M. (2009) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.20294 · Cited by 1,294 · see citing works
“Hobfoll (2002) provides conceptual support for this finding of PsyCap as a core construct.”
BackgroundInfluential
Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction
den Broeck, A. V., Vansteenkiste, M., Witte, H. D., & Lens, W. (2008) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678370802393672 · Cited by 1,217 · see citing works
The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., & Peterson, S. J. (2010) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.20034 · Cited by 1,185 · see citing works
“With the use of the Hu and Bentler (1999) combinatorial rule that two of three indices should fit the recommendation of SRMR ≤ 0.”
BackgroundMethod
Thriving at work: Toward its measurement, construct validation, and theoretical refinement
Porath, C., Spreitzer, G., Gibson, C., & Garnett, F. G. (2012) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.756 · Cited by 1,126 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes
Alarcon, G. M. (2011) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.007 · Cited by 1,083 · see citing works
“Organizational demands and resources have demonstrated an important role in the development of burnout (Maslach et al., 2001), and they are critical aspects of the COR theory (Hobfoll, 2002).”
Background
Political Skill in Organizations
Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Perrewé, P. L., Brouer, R. L., Douglas, C., & Lux, S. (2007) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206307300813 · Cited by 1,042 · see citing works
“From this perspective, resources are defined as “those entities that either are centrally valued in their own right (e.g., self-esteem, close attachments, health, and inner peace) or act as means to obtain centrally valued ends (e.g., money, social support, and credit)” (Hobfoll, 2002: 307).”
BackgroundInfluential
Impact of positive psychological capital on employee well-being over time.
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., Smith, R. M., & Palmer, N. F. (2010) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016998 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
“, efficacy, hope, optimism, and resiliency) fall within the boundaries of COR theory and are explicitly noted as having relevance and aligning with current trends in COR theory (Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Psychological Ownership: Theoretical Extensions, Measurement, and Relation to Work Outcomes
Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Crossley, C. D., & Luthans, F. (2009) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.583 · Cited by 920 · see citing works
“Although psychological ownership has not previously been associated with POB, we believe it can be conceptualized as a positive psychological resource (see Fredrickson, 2001; Hobfoll, 2002).”
Background
The job demands–resources model: challenges for future research.
Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2011) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v37i2.974 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
“This is in line with Hobfoll (2002) who has argued that resource gain in itself has only a modest effect, but instead acquires its saliency in the context of resource loss.”
Psychological Science on Pregnancy: Stress Processes, Biopsychosocial Models, and Emerging Research Issues
Schetter, C. D. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130727 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Experimental analysis of a web-based training intervention to develop positive psychological capital
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., & Patera, J. L. (2008) · Academy of Management Learning & Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2008.32712618 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
“In addition, allied theoretical support for PsyCap as a second-order core construct can be found in psychological resources theory (see Hobfoll, 2002) and Fredrickson’s (2001) broaden-andbuild theory of positive emotions.”
Background
Employee Retirement: A Review and Recommendations for Future Investigation
Wang, M., & Shultz, K. S. (2009) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206309347957 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
“Another characteristic of the resource perspective is that resources can be accumulated over time (Hobfoll, 2002).”
Influential
Psychological capital: A review and synthesis
Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F., & Hirst, G. (2014) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1916 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
“Psychological capital and performance In theory, individuals high in PsyCap have more resources to draw upon to pursue goals (Hobfoll, 2002), and therefore can perform better than those low in PsyCap (Luthans, Avolio, et al.”
Background
Weekly work engagement and performance: a study among starting teachers.
Bakker, A. B., & Bal, M. P. (2010) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317909x402596 · Cited by 1,249 · see citing works
PATHWAYS FOR POSITIVE IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION AT WORK: FOUR TYPES OF POSITIVE IDENTITY AND THE BUILDING OF SOCIAL RESOURCES.
Dutton, J. E., Roberts, L. M., & Bednar, J. S. (2010) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2010.48463334 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Employee voice behavior: A meta‐analytic test of the conservation of resources framework
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2011) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.754 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
Danger Zone Entrepreneurs: The Importance of Resilience and Self–Efficacy for Entrepreneurial Intentions
Bullough, A., Renko, M., & Myatt, T. (2013) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/etap.12006 · Cited by 834 · see citing works
“Resilience can be thought of as a resource that individuals are able to mobilize in a time of stress (cf. Hobfoll, 2002).”
The Additive Value of Positive Psychological Capital in Predicting Work Attitudes and Behaviors
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2009) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206308329961 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
“Other explanatory frameworks for integrating these four positive psychological resources are described by Hobfoll (2002) in his review of various psychological resource theories and Stajkovic (2006) who theoretically links these four constructs into a core-confidence model.”
BackgroundInfluential
A Meta-Analytic Review of the Consequences Associated with Work–Family Enrichment
McNall, L. A., Nicklin, J. M., & Masuda, A. D. (2009) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-009-9141-1 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Annual Research Review: Positive adjustment to adversity – trajectories of minimal–impact resilience and emergent resilience
Bonanno, G. A., & Diminich, E. D. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12021 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
“Some of these factors that might predict resilience will be relatively more stable over time (e.g. personality), while others will probably fluctuate dramatically as life circumstances change or as various resources become more or less accessible (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”
Profiling retirees in the retirement transition and adjustment process: Examining the longitudinal change patterns of retirees' psychological well-being.
Wang, M. (2007) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.455 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
“Another characteristic of the resource perspective is that resources can be accumulated over time (Hobfoll, 2002).”
Background
Not all job demands are equal: Differentiating job hindrances and job challenges in the Job Demands–Resources model
den Broeck, A. V., Cuyper, N. D., Witte, H. D., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320903223839 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
“This finding is in line with the Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll, 2002), which suggests that job hindrances may have a negative impact on job resources: When facing demanding circumstances, individuals must bring in resources to prevent loss, and individuals who have only limited…”
Result
Job demands-resources theory in times of crises: New propositions
Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2022) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/20413866221135022 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
“This notion is consistent with Hobfoll ’ s (2002) proposition that resources are of greatest use when they are needed most (i.e., during times of high job demands due to the crisis), and that resource gain is most salient in the face of resource loss.”
BackgroundResult
Integrating the Bright and Dark Sides of OCB: A Daily Investigation of the Benefits and Costs of Helping Others
Koopman, J., Lanaj, K., & Scott, B. A. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0262 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: A LATENT GROWTH MODELING APPROACH
Peterson, S. J., Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Zhang, Z. (2011) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01215.x · Cited by 586 · see citing works
“…striving and choices can be explained by psychological resources such as efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience that create higher-order " resource caravans " (or in this case, the core construct of psychological capital), which in turn impact motivation and performance (Hobfoll, 2002).”
Background
Positive gain spirals at work: From job resources to work engagement, personal initiative and work-unit innovativeness
Hakanen, J. J., Perhoniemi, R., & Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.01.003 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
“This signifies a general tendency for enrichment of resources among those with initial resource reservoir with the consequence that increasing resources tend to form resource caravans (Hobfoll, 2002).”
Background
Flow at Work: Evidence for an Upward Spiral of Personal and Organizational Resources*
Salanova, M., Bakker, A. B., & Llorens, S. (2006) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-005-8854-8 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
The temporal elements of psychological resilience: an integrative framework for the study of individuals, families, and communities
Bonanno, G. A., Romero, S. A., & Klein, S. I. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.992677 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
“…et al., 2002; Okumura et al., 1998); exposure to both negative and positive aspects of media coverage of the event (Vasterman, Yzermans, & Dirkzwager, 2005); and exposure to secondary resources losses, such as loss of property or loss of employment (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002; Norris et al., 2002).”
Background
Beyond the Demand-Control Model
Bakker, A. B., van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2010) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000006 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Leadership and stress: A meta-analytic review
Harms, P. D., Credé, M., Tynan, M., Leon, M., & Jeung, W. (2017) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.10.006 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
The Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Factors and Burnout: A Study Among Volunteer Counselors
Bakker, A. B., van der Zee, K. I., Lewig, K. A., & Dollard, M. F. (2006) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.146.1.31-50 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
“These findings are consistent with the conservation of resources theory of Hobfoll (2002), who argued that a resource (or resource gain) in itself has only a modest effect but instead acquires its saliency in the context of resource loss (e.g., under conditions of high job demands).”
Result
Conserving self-control strength.
Muraven, M., Shmueli‐Blumberg, D., & Burkley, E. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.524 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
“Because of the crucial but limited nature of self-control strength, people must be judicious in their management of it (as with other limited resources; see Hobfoll, 2002 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Daily Customer Mistreatment and Employee Sabotage Against Customers:Examining Emotion and Resource Perspectives
Wang, M., Liao, H., Zhan, Y., & Shi, J. (2011) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.60263093 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
“(Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Stressors, resources, and strain at work: A longitudinal test of the triple-match principle.
JONGE, J. D., & Dormann, C. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1359 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Antecedents and Outcomes of Objective Versus Subjective Career Success: Competing Perspectives and Future Directions
Spurk, D., Hirschi, A., & Dries, N. (2018) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206318786563 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Working in the sky: A diary study on work engagement among flight attendants.
Xanthopoulou, D., Baker, A. B., Heuven, E., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.13.4.345 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
“Together with self-efficacy, other personal resources , such as self-esteem or optimism, may also play a crucial role in the understanding of employees' adaptation in their work environments (Hobfoll, 2002; Luthans et al., 2006).”
Background
Retirement adjustment: A review of theoretical and empirical advancements.
Wang, M., Henkens, K., & van Solinge, H. (2011) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0022414 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Combined Effects of Perceived Politics and Psychological Capital on Job Satisfaction, Turnover Intentions, and Performance
Abbas, M., Raja, U., Darr, W. A., & Bouckenooghe, D. (2012) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206312455243 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
“Instead, such resources together provide support to each other through a shared underlying mechanism (Luthans, Avolio, et al., 2007) that binds them and helps individuals to use them effectively when faced with stressful situations (Hobfoll, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
The effects of ethical leadership, voice behavior and climates for innovation on creativity: A moderated mediation examination
Chen, A. S.-Y., & Hou, Y.-H. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.10.007 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Job crafting and extra-role behavior: The role of work engagement and flourishing
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Gevers, J. (2015) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.09.001 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
“Using conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 2002), we argue that employees who create abundant resources will be engaged in their work and flourish in their life.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Development and Validation of the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving ( <scp>CIT</scp> ) and the Brief Inventory of Thriving ( <scp>BIT</scp> )
Su, R., Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2014) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12027 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
“Alternatively, psychological well-being can enhance health outcomes indirectly via emotive-resource channels, by affecting available psychological and environmental resources (e.g. Fredrickson, 2003; Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”
Background
How dentists cope with their job demands and stay engaged: the moderating role of job resources
Hakanen, J., Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2005) · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2005.00250.x · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Social support at work: an integrative review
Jolly, P. M., Kong, D. T., & Kim, K. Y. (2021) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2485 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Subjective career success: A meta-analytic review
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2014) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.06.001 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
The Concept of Mental Toughness: Tests of Dimensionality, Nomological Network, and Traitness
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2014) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12079 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
“A central tenet of the 170 conservation of resources theory is the notion that people strive to obtain, preserve, and 171 protect resources (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Refining our Understanding of Traumatic Growth in the Face of Terrorism: Moving from Meaning Cognitions to Doing what is Meaningful
Hobfoll, S. E., Hall, B. J., Canetti‐Nisim, D., Galea, S., Johnson, R. J., & Palmieri, P. A. (2007) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00292.x · Cited by 493 · see citing works
“The findings provide general support for the importance of sustaining resources and resource loss as indicated by COR theory (Hobfoll, 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Emotional dissonance, burnout, and in-role performance among nurses and police officers
Bakker, A. B., & Heuven, E. (2006) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.423 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Beyond resilience and PTSD: Mapping the heterogeneity of responses to potential trauma.
Bonanno, G. A., & Mancini, A. D. (2010) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0017829 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
“Here, we find resonance in Hobfoll's theory of conservation of resources (COR: Hobfoll, 1989, 2002; Hobfoll & Lilly, 1993).”
Background
Chronic job burnout and daily functioning: A theoretical analysis
Bakker, A. B., & Costa, P. L. (2014) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2014.04.003 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
“In his conservation of resources theory, Hobfoll (2002) has eferred to “loss spirals” and suggested that people who lack esources are susceptible to losing even more resources.”
BackgroundInfluential
Perceived organizational support, organizational commitment and psychological well-being: A longitudinal study
Panaccio, A. J., & Vandenberghe, C. (2009) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.06.002 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
The Human Capacity to Thrive in the Face of Potential Trauma
Bonanno, G. A., & Mancini, A. D. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1648 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Resiliency in the face of disadvantage: do Hispanic cultural characteristics protect health outcomes?
Gallo, L., Penedo, F., Monteros, K. E. D. L., & Arguelles, W. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00598.x · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Conflicts in the Work–Family Interface: Links to Job Stress, Customer Service Employee Performance, and Customer Purchase Intent
Netemeyer, R. G., Maxham, J. G., & Pullig, C. (2005) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.69.2.130.60758 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
“Thus, WFC leads to job stress because resources are lost in the process of juggling both work and family, creating elevated levels of stress at work (Hobfoll 2002).”
BackgroundMethod
School-Related Social Support and Students' Perceived Life Satisfaction
Danielsen, A. G., Samdal, O., Hetland, J., & Wold, B. (2009) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.3200/joer.102.4.303-320 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Building work engagement: a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the effectiveness of work engagement interventions.
Knight, C., Patterson, M., & Dawson, J. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2167 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Can resilience be developed at work? A meta‐analytic review of resilience‐building programme effectiveness
Vanhove, A. J., Herian, M. N., Perez, A. L. U., Harms, P. D., & Lester, P. B. (2016) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12123 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
“Thus, those at greater risk of experiencing stress and adversity likely require a larger reservoir of resources to overcome demands (Hobfoll, 2002).”
Background
Transformational leadership and group interaction as climate antecedents: A social network analysis.
Zohar, D. M., & Tenne-Gazit, O. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.744 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
“Other relevant literature has shown the strong effect of social relationships and, especially, getting social support on coping with physically and/or mentally demanding situations (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004; Hobfoll, 2002).”
Background
Job demands–resources, burnout and intention to leave the nursing profession: A questionnaire survey
Jourdain, G., & Chênevert, D. (2010) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.11.007 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Free to be you and me: A climate of authenticity alleviates burnout from emotional labor.
Grandey, A. A., Foo, S. C., Groth, M., & Goodwin, R. E. (2011) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025102 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
A review of the effectiveness of empowering leadership
Cheong, M., Yammarino, F. J., Dionne, S. D., Spain, S. M., & Tsai, C. (2018) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.08.005 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
How job demands affect partners' experience of exhaustion: Integrating work-family conflict and crossover theory.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Dollard, M. F. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.901 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
“From a personal resources perspective (e.g., Hobfoll, 2002 ), high job demands require employees to devote more resources (e.g., time, emotions) to work, leaving them with fewer resources to devote to their family (Frone, Yardley, & Markel, 1997).”
Background
Accumulative job demands and support for strength use: Fine-tuning the job demands-resources model using conservation of resources theory.
van Woerkom, M., Bakker, A. B., & Nishii, L. H. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000033 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
“To protect their psychological and physical well-being, individuals are thought to turn to other resources that serve as indispensable elements of their “stress resistance armamentarium” (Hobfoll, 2002, p. 312).”
Background
Transformational leadership and performance outcomes: Analyses of multiple mediation pathways
Ng, T. W. H. (2016) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.11.008 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and defensive coping among Jews and Arabs in Israel.
Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti‐Nisim, D., & Johnson, R. J. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.2.207 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Self-citation
Work-Family Conflict Impact on Psychological Safety and Psychological Well-Being: A Job Performance Model
Obrenovic, B., Du, J., Khudaykulov, A., & Khan, M. A. S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00475 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
“According to COR theory, work and family are a reservoir of resources, where a loss or a gain in one domain affects the state of the other (Hobfoll, 2002), impacts personal burnout, distress symptoms (Noor, 2002), and employee well-being (Ibrahim et al., 2009; Fotiadis et al., 2019).”
Background
Cross-Cultural Code-Switching: The Psychological Challenges of Adapting Behavior in Foreign Cultural Interactions
Molinsky, A. L. (2007) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2007.24351878 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
“Psychological toll refers to the depletion of psychological resources (Hobfoll, 2002) available to an individual for handling the interpersonal and intrapersonal demands of performing a cross-cultural codeswitch.”
Background
The commerce and crossover of resources: resource conservation in the service of resilience
Chen, S., Westman, M., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2015) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2574 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
“According to Hobfoll (2002), people who possess social support are more stress resistant and enjoy better health.”
BackgroundInfluential
Perceived customer showrooming behavior and the effect on retail salesperson self-efficacy and performance
Rapp, A. A., Baker, T. L., Bachrach, D. G., Ogilvie, J. L., & Beitelspacher, L. S. (2015) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2014.12.007 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Mental healthcare staff well‐being and burnout: A narrative review of trends, causes, implications, and recommendations for future interventions
Johnson, J., Hall, L. H., Berzins, K., Baker, J., Melling, K., & Thompson, C. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12416 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
“Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll 2002) suggests burnout occurs because of resource over-investment from the individual, combined with too few gains (e.”
Background
In the Eyes of the Beholder
Gooty, J., Gavin, M., Johnson, P. D., Frazier, M. L., & Snow, D. B. (2009) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051809332021 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Political Skill and Work Outcomes: A Theoretical Extension, Meta‐Analytic Investigation, and Agenda for the Future
Munyon, T. P., Summers, J. K., Thompson, K. W., & Ferris, G. R. (2013) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12066 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Emotional exhaustion and workload predict clinician-rated and objective patient safety
Welp, A., Meier, L. L., & Manser, T. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01573 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
“Hobfoll (2002) argues that burnout develops particularly in this third case.”
Background
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LEADER AND FOLLOWER PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL, SERVICE CLIMATE, AND JOB PERFORMANCE
WALUMBWA, F. O., PETERSON, S. J., AVOLIO, B. J., & HARTNELL, C. A. (2010) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01193.x · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Investigating the double-edged sword effect of AI awareness on employee's service innovative behavior
Liang, X., Guo, G., Shu, L., Gong, Q., & Luo, P. (2022) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104564 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Teachers’ professional competence and wellbeing: Understanding the links between general pedagogical knowledge, self-efficacy and burnout
Lauermann, F., & König, J. A. (2016) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.06.006 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
“These theoretical perspectives include Maslach’s conceptual framework of job burnout cited previously (Maslach et al., 2001), resource theories (Hobfoll & Freedy, 1993; Hobfoll, 2002; Schwarzer & Hallum, 2008), and socio-cognitive theory (Bandura, 1997; Schwarzer & Hallum, 2008).”
Background
Workaholism and relationship quality: A spillover-crossover perspective.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Burke, R. J. (2009) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013290 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
“In addition, from a personal resources perspective (e.g., Hobfoll, 2002), compulsive tendencies make workaholics devote more resources (e.g., time, effort) to work, leaving them with fewer resources to devote to their family.”
BackgroundResult

Authors: Hobfoll, S. E.
Affiliations: Kent State University (US)
Corresponding author: Hobfoll, Stevan E.
ORCID: Hobfoll, Stevan E.
Venue: Review of General Psychology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-12
Volume: 6
Issue: 4
Pages: 307-324
ISSN: 1089-2680 (ISSN-L)
1939-1552
DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307
OpenAlex: W1997397294
Cited by: 4,594
References: 152
Citations by year: 2026: 292 · 2025: 384 · 2024: 329 · 2023: 409 · 2022: 422 · 2021: 394 · 2020: 316 · 2019: 306 · 2018: 262 · 2017: 215 · 2016: 200 · 2015: 185 · 2014: 184 · 2013: 153 · 2012: 111
FWCI: 13.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Review of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
Keywords: psychosocial resources, well-being, resource model, adaptation, multicultural adaptation, psychological resilience, community resources, cognitive resources, clinical psychology

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