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Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study
Abstract
There is increasing support for the existence of 'social intelligence' [Humphrey (1984) Consciousness Regained], independent of general intelligence. Brothers et al. 1990) J. Cog. Neurosci., 4, 107-118] proposed a network of neural regions that comprise the 'social brain': the orbito-frontal cortex (OFC), superior temporal gyrus (STG) and amygdala. We tested Brothers' theory by examining both normal subjects as well as patients with high-functioning autism or Asperger syndrome (AS), who are well known to have deficits in social intelligence, and perhaps deficits in amygdala function [Bauman & Kemper (1988) J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol., 47, 369]. We used a test of judging from the expressions of another person's eyes what that other person might be thinking or feeling. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we confirmed Brothers' prediction that the STG and amygdala show increased activation when using social intelligence. Some areas of the prefrontal cortex also showed activation. In contrast, patients with autism or AS activated the fronto-temporal regions but not the amygdala when making mentalistic inferences from the eyes. These results provide support for the social brain theory of normal function, and the amygdala theory of autism.
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“The latter is consistent with atypical central nervous system responses to the Eyes task (for example, decreased amygdala activation) [73].”
From Functional autonomic nervous system profile in children with autism spectrum disorder (2014) · cites this paper as [73]
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“A number of studies suggest poorer performance of ASD groups in gender discrimination tasks based on faces”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“As with the FFA, early neuroimaging evidence was in agreement that the amygdala was hypo-active during the viewing of (normally) emotional facial expressions (Baron-Cohen et al., 1999;Critchley et al., 2000;Pierce, Muller, Ambrose, Allen, & Courchesne, 2001).”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 1999
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Metadata
- Authors
- Baron‐Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., & Williams, S. C. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of London (GB)
- Venue
- European Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-06
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1891-1898
- ISSN
- 0953-816X (ISSN-L)
- 1460-9568
- OpenAlex
- W2105707421
- Cited by
- 1,320
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 13.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- social intelligence, autism spectrum disorder, Asperger syndrome, amygdala, superior temporal gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex, mentalization, gaze, facial expression interpretation, prefrontal cortex, neural basis of social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, Autistic Disorder, Facial Expression, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Intelligence, Interpersonal Relations, Judgment, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reference Values, Temporal Lobe, Prefrontal Cortex
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