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Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use
Abstract
Marek Malik, J. Thomas Bigger, A. John Camm, Robert E. Kleiger, Alberto Malliani, Arthur J. Moss, Peter J. Schwartz; Heart rate variability: Standards of m
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“The accuracy of HRV measurements is primarily determined by the sampling rate of the data acquisition system, which should be set at a minimum of 200 Hz according to the Task Force (Malik, 1996).”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Low-frequency (LF) absolute power (0.04 - 0.15 Hz, ms²) | When breathing frequency is lower than 9cpm: Cardiac vagal activity”
From Effects of voluntary slow breathing on heart rate and heart rate variability: A systematic review and a meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Secondly, they do not reflect the activity of the autonomic nervous system.”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The guidelines of the Task Force (Malik, 1996) are extremely clear on this matter: for an unambiguous interpretation of the physiological mechanisms underlying HRV, the measurement needs to be realized without physical activity.”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Regarding respiratory frequency, one component that may be heavily influenced by it is vagal tone because HF is deemed to reflect vagal tone only when breathing frequency is higher than nine cycles per minute (Malik, 1996; Berntson et al., 1997).”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The very-low frequency (VLF) range is located between 0.0033 and 0.04 Hz. This band represents long-term regulation mechanisms, thermoregulation and hormonal mechanisms (Malik, 1996; Berntson et al., 1997).”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The low-frequency (LF) band ranges between 0.04 and 0.15 Hz. The LF band reflects a mix between sympathetic and vagal influences that shows an influence of both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches (Malik, 1996; Berntson et al., 1997).”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Single analysis of 24 h suffer from several problems (Malik, 1996). Firstly they violate stationarity; if mechanisms responsible for heart period modulation of a certain frequency remain unchanged during the whole recording period, then – and only then – the corresponding frequency component of HRV may be used as a measure of these modulations, otherwise the interpretation can’t be ascertained.”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“High-frequency (HF) absolute power (0.15 to 0.40 Hz, ms²) | Cardiac vagal activity (when breathing frequency is comprised between 9 and 24 cycles per minute)”
From Effects of voluntary slow breathing on heart rate and heart rate variability: A systematic review and a meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD, ms) | Cardiac vagal activity”
From Effects of voluntary slow breathing on heart rate and heart rate variability: A systematic review and a meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“HF is influenced by breathing when breathing rates are between nine cycles per minute (0.15 Hz) and up to 24 cycles per minute (0.40 Hz) (Malik, 1996).”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, the argumentation to do so needs to be strong and 1 min should be seen as the absolute minimum to obtain a reliable assessment of HF (Malik, 1996).”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“More specifically, HF corresponds to vagal tone when between 0.15 and 0.40 Hz, which means between 9 and 24 cycles per minute regarding respiratory rate.”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“HF, specifically between 0.15 and 0.40 Hz (Malik, 1996), reflects vagal tone.”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“They recommend for short-term recording the duration of 5 min (Malik, 1996) in order to ensure comparability of results across studies and laboratories.”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is due to the fact that HRV provides an index of the parasympathetic nervous system (Malik, 1996; Chapleau and Sabharwal, 2011).”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Finally, a critical review of the new HRV analyses methods that emerged since the Task Force regarding HRV (Malik, 1996) was realized by Sassi et al. (2015), and the conclusion was that the new methods did not bring any additional information regarding physiological underpinnings of HRV, and therefore no additional information for vagal tone.”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The Task Force mentions that the 24 h indices seem to be “stable and free of placebo effect, (which may make them) ideal variables with which to assess intervention therapies” (Malik, 1996, p. 363).”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Specific algorithms like continuous wavelet transformation minimizes motion artifact (Villarejo et al., 2013), however, this only addresses one aspect of the issue because concerns related to interpretation of the data remain (Malik, 1996).”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Regarding respiratory depth, respiratory sinus arrhythmia [which reflects HF when the breathing frequency is comprised between 9 and 24 cycles per minute (Malik, 1996)] shows greater amplitude during higher tidal volumes and lower respiratory frequencies (Hirsch and Bishop, 1981; Shaffer et al., 2014).”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The model-order chosen to perform AR should always be indicated (Malik, 1996) and be no shorter than 16 for short-term recordings (Boardman et al., 2002).”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Malik, 1996
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Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Malik, M., Bigger, J. T., Camm, A. J., Kleiger, R. E., Malliani, A., Moss, A. J., & Schwartz, P. J.
- Affiliations
- St George's Hospital (GB)
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Malik, M.
- Venue
- European Heart Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1996-03-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 354-381
- ISSN
- 0195-668X (ISSN-L)
- 1522-9645
- OpenAlex
- W2133589238
- Cited by
- 15,289
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 264 · 2025: 379 · 2024: 405 · 2023: 419 · 2022: 541 · 2021: 793 · 2020: 820 · 2019: 843 · 2018: 820 · 2017: 787 · 2016: 818 · 2015: 808 · 2014: 863 · 2013: 834 · 2012: 732
- FWCI
- 101.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Heart Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
- Keywords
- heart rate variability, measurement standards, physiological interpretation, clinical application, autonomic nervous system, cardiac autonomic function
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