Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease

In the paper

“Chronic sleep insufficiency has played a role in motor vehicle accidents, industrial disasters, medical and other occupational errors, for instance(41, 42, 47-51).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction states that chronic sleep insufficiency is linked to motor vehicle accidents, industrial disasters, and medical and other occupational errors. This directly supports the cited paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [41] Grandner MA Jackson NJ Izci-Balserak B Gallagher RA Murray-Bachmann R Williams NJ Social and Behavioral Determinants of Perceived Insufficient Sleep. Front Neurol 2015 6 112 26097464 PMC4456880 source
• ?Could not verify

  The sections on insufficient sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances discuss health risks and work-related sleep disruption, but do not link chronic sleep insufficiency to motor vehicle accidents, industrial disasters, or occupational errors. Searches for those outcomes and for medical errors found no passage making the claimed connection; a reference title mentions driving impairment, not accidents. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  cites [42] Grandner MA Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? International review of psychiatry 2014 26 2 155 76 24892892 PMC4143456 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Introduction (page not available in our copy) links insufficient sleep to impaired driving and reports crashes attributed to drowsy driving. The Discussion links chronic sleep insufficiency to performance deficits relevant to driving. Neither section addresses industrial disasters or medical and other occupational errors. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [47] Maia Q Grandner MA Findley J Gurubhagavatula I Short and long sleep duration and risk of drowsy driving and the role of subjective sleep insufficiency. Accid Anal Prev 2013 59 618 22 23973762 PMC3771664 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Not checked yetcites [48] Akerstedt T Folkard S Portin C Predictions from the three-process model of alertness. Aviat Space Environ Med 2004 75 3 Suppl A75 83 15018267
• Not checked yetcites [49] Akerstedt T Hume K Minors D Waterhouse J The subjective meaning of good sleep, an intraindividual approach using the Karolinska Sleep Diary. Percept Mot Skills 1994 79 1 Pt 1 287 96 7991323 source
• Partly supported

  The Introduction links sleepiness and fewer than five hours of prior sleep to road-crash risk, supporting the motor-vehicle portion. It does not address chronic sleep insufficiency specifically or attribute industrial disasters, medical errors, or other occupational errors to it. The study's driving condition followed one night without sleep, not a chronic insufficiency condition. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [50] Anund A Kecklund G Kircher A Tapani A Akerstedt T The effects of driving situation on sleepiness indicators after sleep loss: a driving simulator study. Ind Health 2009 47 4 393 401 19672013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Not checked yetcites [51] Dawson D Ian Noy Y Harma M Akerstedt T Belenky G Modelling fatigue and the use of fatigue models in work settings. Accid Anal Prev 2011 43 2 549 64 21130216 source

In the paper

“severe OSA was linked to an increased risk of fatal cardiovascular events (odds ratio of 2.87; 1.17 – 7.51) as well as non-fatal cardiovascular events (odds ratio of 3.17, 1.12 −7.51) compared to a control of healthy individuals(84).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [84] Marin JM Carrizo SJ Vicente E Agusti AG Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet 2005 365 9464 1046 53 15781100 source

In the paper

“Sleep duration and mortality are associated in a U-shaped fashion, where lowest risk is usually found in those who sleep between 7-8 hours, and mortality risk increasing with further deviation on either end of the range.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [12] Grandner MA Patel NP Hale L Moore M Mortality associated with sleep duration: The evidence, the possible mechanisms, and the future. Sleep Med Rev 2010 14 191 203 19932976 PMC2856739 source
• Not checked yetcites [13] Youngstedt SD Kripke DF Long sleep and mortality: rationale for sleep restriction. Sleep Med Rev 2004 8 3 159 74 15144959 source
• Not checked yetcites [14] Gallicchio L Kalesan B Sleep Duration and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Sleep Res 2009 18 2 148 58 19645960 source
• Not checked yetcites [15] Cappuccio FP D'Elia L Strazzullo P Miller MA Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep 2010 33 5 585 92 20469800 PMC2864873 source

In the paper

“The prevalence of OSA in obesity is about 50% (76), with much higher prevalence in morbidly obese individuals.(77)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [76] Resta O Foschino-Barbaro MP Legari G Talamo S Bonfitto P Palumbo A Sleep-related breathing disorders, loud snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness in obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001 25 5 669 75 11360149 source
• Not checked yetcites [77] Valencia-Flores M Orea A Castano VA Resendiz M Rosales M Rebollar V Prevalence of sleep apnea and electrocardiographic disturbances in morbidly obese patients. Obes Res 2000 8 3 262 9 10832770 source

In the paper

“insufficient sleep has been linked to lower energy expenditure, altered glucose homeostasis and alterations in hormones that mediate hunger(24, 25, 27-31).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [24] Morselli LL Guyon A Spiegel K Sleep and metabolic function. Pflugers Arch 2012 463 1 139 60 22101912 PMC3289068 source
• Not checked yetcites [25] Knutson KL Spiegel K Penev P Van Cauter E The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Sleep Med Rev 2007 11 3 163 78 17442599 PMC1991337 source
• Not checked yetcites [27] Tasali E Leproult R Spiegel K Reduced sleep duration or quality: relationships with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2009 51 5 381 91 19249444 source
• Not checked yetcites [28] Van Cauter E Spiegel K Tasali E Leproult R Metabolic consequences of sleep and sleep loss. Sleep Med 2008 9 Suppl 1 S23 8 18929315 PMC4444051 source
• Not checked yetcites [29] Spiegel K Knutson K Leproult R Tasali E Van Cauter E Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol 2005 99 5 2008 19 16227462 source
• Not checked yetcites [30] Spiegel K Leproult R L'Hermite-Baleriaux M Copinschi G Penev PD Van Cauter E Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 89 11 5762 71 15531540 source
• Not checked yetcites [31] Spiegel K Leproult R Van Cauter E Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 1999 354 9188 1435 9 10543671 source

In the paper

“short sleep duration was associated with elevated prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and history of heart attack and stroke(16).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [16] Altman NG Izci-Balserak B Schopfer E Jackson N Rattanaumpawan P Gehrman PR Sleep duration versus sleep insufficiency as predictors of cardiometabolic health outcomes. Sleep Med 2012 13 10 1261 70 23141932 PMC3527631 source

In the paper

“those individuals who slept ≤6 hours had a 15% higher risk of CVD incidence and a 23% higher risk of CHD incidence compared to people who slept 7-8 hours.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [22] Hoevenaar-Blom MP Spijkerman AM Kromhout D Verschuren WM Sufficient sleep duration contributes to lower cardiovascular disease risk in addition to four traditional lifestyle factors: the MORGEN study. European journal of preventive cardiology 2013 23823570 source

In the paper

“Epidemiological data supports the idea that OSA can initiate not only cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease but also worsen existing disease(80).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [80] Bradley TD Floras JS Obstructive sleep apnoea and its cardiovascular consequences. Lancet 2009 373 9657 82 93 19101028 source

In the paper

“Regarding cardiometabolic risk, short sleep duration (6 hours or less), and especially very short sleep duration (less than 5 hours) is associated with increased cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality, including weight gain and obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes.”

In the paper

“More recent studies indicate that this is increasing, with an estimated prevalence of 37% in men and 50% in women(74, 75).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [74] Nakayama-Ashida Y Takegami M Chin K Sumi K Nakamura T Takahashi K Sleep-disordered breathing in the usual lifestyle setting as detected with home monitoring in a population of working men in Japan. Sleep 2008 31 3 419 25 18363319 PMC2276741 source
• Not checked yetcites [75] Franklin KA Sahlin C Stenlund H Lindberg E Sleep apnoea is a common occurrence in females. Eur Respir J 2013 41 3 610 5 22903961 source

In the paper

“Sleep deprivation alters glucose homeostasis, leading to insulin resistance and risk of diabetes(17, 18, 24, 59-61).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Arble DM Bass J Behn CD Butler MP Challet E Czeisler C Impact of Sleep and Circadian Disruption on Energy Balance and Diabetes: A Summary of Workshop Discussions. Sleep 2015 38 12 1849 60 26564131 PMC4667373 source
• Not checked yetcites [18] Knutson KL Does inadequate sleep play a role in vulnerability to obesity? Am J Hum Biol 2012 24 3 361 71 22275135 PMC3323702 source
• Not checked yetcites [24] Morselli LL Guyon A Spiegel K Sleep and metabolic function. Pflugers Arch 2012 463 1 139 60 22101912 PMC3289068 source
• Not checked yetcites [59] Ioja S Weir ID Rennert NJ Relationship between sleep disorders and the risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Postgrad Med 2012 124 4 119 29 22913900 source
• Not checked yetcites [60] Lucassen EA Rother KI Cizza G Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012 1264 1 110 34 22827862 PMC3418485 source
• Not checked yetcites [61] Barone MT Menna-Barreto L Diabetes and sleep: a complex cause-and-effect relationship. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011 91 2 129 37 20810183 source

In the paper

“sleep deprivation leads to cognitive impairment and reduced attention(43-46).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [43] Goel N Basner M Rao H Dinges DF Circadian rhythms, sleep deprivation, and human performance. Progress in molecular biology and translational science 2013 119 155 90 23899598 PMC3963479 source
• Not checked yetcites [44] Dinges DF Banks S Amlaner CJ Fuller PM Sleep deprivation: Cognitive performance. Basics of Sleep Guide 2009 257 64 Sleep Research Society Westchester, IL 2 ed. source
• Not checked yetcites [45] Lim J Dinges DF Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008 1129 305 22 18591490 source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Banks S Dinges DF Behavioral and physiological consequences of sleep restriction. J Clin Sleep Med 2007 3 5 519 28 17803017 PMC1978335 source

In the paper

“Improvement in glycemic control has been demonstrated after 3 months of CPAP use, with improvement related to number of hours of nightly CPAP use(107, 108).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [107] Hassaballa HA Tulaimat A Herdegen JJ Mokhlesi B The effect of continuous positive airway pressure on glucose control in diabetic patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2005 9 4 176 80 16283228 source
• Not checked yetcites [108] Babu AR Herdegen J Fogelfeld L Shott S Mazzone T Type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, and continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Intern Med 2005 165 4 447 52 15738376 source

In the paper

“patients on CPAP had a significantly decreased cardiovascular mortality, acute coronary syndrome, hospitalization from heart failure exacerbation as well as need for coronary revascularization compared to the group which did not use the CPAP(93).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [93] Milleron O Pilliere R Foucher A de Roquefeuil F Aegerter P Jondeau G Benefits of obstructive sleep apnoea treatment in coronary artery disease: a long-term follow-up study. Eur Heart J 2004 25 9 728 34 15120882 source

In the paper

“showed the mean improvement of ambulatory SBP and DBP of −6.74 mm Hg (95% CI −9.98 to −3.49;P value <0.001) and −5.94 mm Hg (95% CI;-9.40 to −2.47;P=0.001) respectively(116).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [116] Iftikhar IH Valentine CW Bittencourt LR Cohen DL Fedson AC Gislason T Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2014 32 12 2341 50 discussion 50 25243523 PMC4291165 source

In the paper

“The prevalence of OSA in individuals with hypertension is estimated to be about 40-50%(112) and approaches 83% in patients with resistant hypertension(86).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [112] Silverberg DS Oksenberg A Are sleep-related breathing disorders important contributing factors to the production of essential hypertension? Curr Hypertens Rep 2001 3 3 209 15 11353571 source
• Not checked yetcites [86] Logan AG Perlikowski SM Mente A Tisler A Tkacova R Niroumand M High prevalence of unrecognized sleep apnoea in drug-resistant hypertension. J Hypertens 2001 19 12 2271 7 11725173 source

In the paper

“Modest reduction in mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) (−4.92 mm Hg; 95%CI −8.70 to −1.14) and mean (−2.56 mm Hg; 95% CI −4.43 to −0.68 mmHg) nighttime blood pressure were seen. No significant change in daytime SBP (−0.74 mm Hg; 95% CI −3.9 to 2.41) and daytime diastolic blood pressure (−1.86 mm Hg; 95% CI −4.55 to 0.83) were observed, however.(115)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [115] Schein AS Kerkhoff AC Coronel CC Plentz RD Sbruzzi G Continuous positive airway pressure reduces blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea; a systematic review and meta-analysis with 1000 patients. J Hypertens 2014 32 9 1762 73 24979300 source

In the paper

“The prevalence of OSA among heart failure patients is about 30-50% while that of central sleep apnea (CSA) is about 25-40%.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [96] Zhai AB Yip A Haddad H Heart failure and sleep-disordered breathing. Curr Opin Cardiol 2016 31 2 224 8 26766163 source

In the paper

“The prevalence of insomnia in the general population ranges between 8-40%, depending on the definition used.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [134] Ohayon MM Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Med Rev 2002 6 2 97 111 12531146 source
• Not checked yetcites [135] Bixler EO Vgontzas AN Lin HM Vela-Bueno A Kales A Insomnia in central Pennsylvania. J Psychosom Res 2002 53 1 589 92 12127176 source

In the paper

“the odds for the presence of hypertension were 2.03 for apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) between 5.0 to 14.9 events per hour and 2.89 for AHI greater than 15 events per hour(113).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [113] Peppard PE Young T Palta M Skatrud J Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med 2000 342 19 1378 84 10805822 source

In the paper

“later studies found that 24-h urinary free cortisol, norepinephrine, and catecholamine metabolites levels were increased in patients with insomnia or were correlated with PSG indices of sleep disturbance in insomnia patients(148-151).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [148] Vgontzas AN Tsigos C Bixler EO Stratakis CA Zachman K Kales A Chronic insomnia and activity of the stress system: a preliminary study. J Psychosom Res 1998 45 1 Spec No 21 31 9720852 source
• Not checked yetcites [149] Vgontzas AN Bixler EO Lin HM Prolo P Mastorakos G Vela-Bueno A Chronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001 86 8 3787 94 11502812 source
• Not checked yetcites [150] Rodenbeck A Cohrs S Jordan W Huether G Ruther E Hajak G The sleep-improving effects of doxepin are paralleled by a normalized plasma cortisol secretion in primary insomnia. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, cross-over study followed by an open treatment over 3 weeks. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003 170 4 423 8 13680082 source
• Not checked yetcites [151] Irwin M Clark C Kennedy B Christian Gillin J Ziegler M Nocturnal catecholamines and immune function in insomniacs, depressed patients, and control subjects. Brain Behav Immun 2003 17 5 365 72 12946658 source

In the paper

“which indicates that insomnia is a disorder while “poor sleep” is a symptom of underlying physical or mental health problems(137, 138, 140).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [137] Singareddy R Vgontzas AN Fernandez-Mendoza J Liao D Calhoun S Shaffer ML Risk factors for incident chronic insomnia: a general population prospective study. Sleep Med 2012 13 4 346 53 22425576 PMC3319648 source
• Not checked yetcites [138] Fernandez-Mendoza J Vgontzas AN Bixler EO Singareddy R Shaffer ML Calhoun SL Clinical and polysomnographic predictors of the natural history of poor sleep in the general population. Sleep 2012 35 5 689 97 22547895 PMC3321428 source
• Not checked yetcites [140] Vgontzas AN Fernandez-Mendoza J Bixler EO Singareddy R Shaffer ML Calhoun SL Persistent insomnia: the role of objective short sleep duration and mental health. Sleep 2012 35 1 61 8 22215919 PMC3242689 source

In the paper

“concluded that treatment of severe OSA with CPAP improved postprandial triglyceride levels as well as total cholesterol levels(129).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [129] Phillips CL Yee BJ Marshall NS Liu PY Sullivan DR Grunstein RR Continuous positive airway pressure reduces postprandial lipidemia in obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011 184 3 355 61 21527567 source

In the paper

“individuals with “poor sleep” or insomnia are more likely to report increased alcohol and caffeine use, smoking, and lack of physical activity and to show lower cardiorespiratory fitness as compared to normal sleepers(142).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [142] Strand LB Laugsand LE Wisloff U Nes BM Vatten L Janszky I Insomnia symptoms and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy individuals: the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT). Sleep 2013 36 1 99 108 23288976 PMC3524509 source

In the paper

“patients treated with CPAP in addition to standard heart failure therapy had improved ejection fraction as well as improved quality of life(90).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [90] Mansfield DR Gollogly NC Kaye DM Richardson M Bergin P Naughton MT Controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea and heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004 169 3 361 6 14597482 source

In the paper

“individuals with insomnia may be at increased CVD risk through poor diet, as subjective and objective sleep has been associated with dietary macronutrient and micronutrient composition(143).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [143] Grandner MA Kripke DF Naidoo N Langer RD Relationships among dietary nutrients and subjective sleep, objective sleep, and napping in women. Sleep Med 2010 11 2 180 4 20005774 PMC2819566 source

In the paper

“The majority of the studies indicate that the total cholesterol and LDL were unchanged. However, an increase in triglyceride levels and decrease in the HDL levels were noted in patients with OSA(120, 121).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [120] Roche F Xuong AN Court-Fortune I Costes F Pichot V Duverney D Relationship among the severity of sleep apnea syndrome, cardiac arrhythmias, and autonomic imbalance. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003 26 3 669 77 12698666 source
• Not checked yetcites [121] Newman AB Nieto FJ Guidry U Lind BK Redline S Pickering TG Relation of sleep-disordered breathing to cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2001 154 1 50 9 11434366 source

In the paper

“it was found that HbA1c increased by 1.49% in mild OSA, 1.93% in moderate OSA, and 3.69% in severe OSA, compared with individuals without OSA.(106)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [106] Aronsohn RS Whitmore H Van Cauter E Tasali E Impact of untreated obstructive sleep apnea on glucose control in type 2 diabetes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010 181 5 507 13 20019340 PMC2830401 source

In the paper

“Insomnia, especially when coupled with short sleep duration, is associated with hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (e.g., increased cortisol secretion) and sympathetic system (e.g., impaired heart rate variability) and, consequently, with a clinically significant risk of CVD (e.g., hypertension, type-2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, and coronary heart disease).”

In the paper

“for example, central obesity is strongly associated with incident SDB and “poor sleep”, but not as much with incident insomnia.”

In the paper

“and the odds of hypertension were 3.5- to 5.1-fold cross-sectionally71 and 3.8-fold longitudinally”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [178] Vgontzas AN Liao D Bixler EO Chrousos GP Vela-Bueno A Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with a high risk for hypertension. Sleep 2009 32 4 491 7 19413143 PMC2663863 source
• Not checked yetcites [179] Vgontzas AN Liao D Pejovic S Calhoun S Karataraki M Bixler EO Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with type 2 diabetes: A population-based study. Diabetes Care 2009 32 11 1980 5 19641160 PMC2768214 source
• Not checked yetcites [180] Fernandez-Mendoza J Vgontzas AN Liao D Shaffer ML Vela-Bueno A Basta M Insomnia with objective short sleep duration and incident hypertension: the Penn State Cohort. Hypertension 2012 60 4 929 35 22892811 PMC3679545 source

In the paper

“A recent study showed that shorter sleep duration, as well as worse sleep efficiency, was associated with impaired glucose tolerance (190).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [190] Zhu Y Li AM Au CT Kong AP Zhang J Wong CK Association between sleep architecture and glucose tolerance in children and adolescents. J Diabetes 2015 7 1 10 5 25695111 source

In the paper

“Similar to what has been shown in adults; sleep-related factors are important contributors to cardiovascular risk in childhood. These factors include both sleep duration, as well as factors that disrupt sleep quality, particularly sleep-disordered breathing.”

In the paper

“Children with sleep-disordered breathing have significantly elevated pulmonary arterial pressures as well as right ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction (199).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [199] Anna Theresa Weber S Pierri Carvalho R Ridley G Williams K El Dib R A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of echocardiographic findings in OSA children after adenotonsilectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014 78 10 1571 8 25108873 source

In the paper

“While SDB is strongly associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS), the evidence for insomnia is limited and inconsistent(63, 183, 184).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [63] Hall MH Okun ML Sowers M Matthews KA Kravitz HM Hardin K Sleep is associated with the metabolic syndrome in a multi-ethnic cohort of midlife women: the SWAN Sleep Study. Sleep 2012 35 6 783 90 22654197 PMC3353036 source
• Not checked yetcites [183] Jennings JR Muldoon MF Hall M Buysse DJ Manuck SB Self-reported sleep quality is associated with the metabolic syndrome. Sleep 2007 30 2 219 23 17326548 source
• Not checked yetcites [184] Kazman JB Abraham PA Zeno SA Poth M Deuster PA Self-reported sleep impairment and the metabolic syndrome among African Americans. Ethn Dis 2012 22 4 410 5 23140070

In the paper

“and that for incident myocardial infarction (MI) and coronary heart disease (CHD) between 41% and 55%, respectively(176, 177)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [176] Sofi F Cesari F Casini A Macchi C Abbate R Gensini GF Insomnia and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. European journal of preventive cardiology 2014 21 1 57 64 22942213 source
• Not checked yetcites [177] Li M Zhang XW Hou WS Tang ZY Insomnia and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Cardiol 2014 176 3 1044 7 25156850 source

In the paper

“the effect sizes reported were modest and most studies did not include PSG and could not control for SDB.”

In the paper

“In particular many racial/ethnic minority groups (particularly Blacks/African-Americans and Hispanics-Latinos) are at greater risk of obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular events (204, 206, 207).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [204] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report -- United States, 2011 2011 CDC Atlanta, GA
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [206] Smedley BD Stith AY Nelson AR Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care 2003 xvi 764 National Academy Press Washington, D.C. 25032386
• Not checked yetcites [207] Ong KL Cheung BM Wong LY Wat NM Tan KC Lam KS Prevalence, treatment, and control of diagnosed diabetes in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. Ann Epidemiol 2008 18 3 222 9 18201902 source

In the paper

“Although some studies have found that sleep quality is worse among racial/ethnic minorities(229-232), others have not(233-235).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [229] Kripke DF Jean-Louis G Elliott JA Klauber MR Rex KM Tuunainen A Ethnicity, sleep, mood, and illumination in postmenopausal women. BMC Psychiatry 2004 4 8 15070419 PMC400740 source
• Not checked yetcites [230] Boss EF Smith DF Ishman SL Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011 75 3 299 307 21295865 source
• Not checked yetcites [231] Patel NP Grandner MA Xie D Branas CC Gooneratne N “Sleep disparity” in the population: poor sleep quality is strongly associated with poverty and ethnicity. BMC Public Health 2010 10 1 475 20701789 PMC2927542 source
• Not checked yetcites [232] Moore M Kirchner HL Drotar D Johnson N Rosen C Redline S Correlates of adolescent sleep time and variability in sleep time: The role of individual and health related characteristics. Sleep Med 2011 12 3 239 45 21316300 PMC3050885 source
• Not checked yetcites [233] Hale L Rivero-Fuentes E Negative acculturation in sleep duration among Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans. J Immigr Minor Health 2011 13 2 402 7 19728094 source
• Not checked yetcites [234] Grandner MA Patel NP Gehrman PR Xie D Sha D Weaver T Who gets the best sleep? Ethnic and socioeconomic factors related to sleep disturbance. Sleep Med 2010 11 470 9 20388566 PMC2861987 source
• Not checked yetcites [235] Gellis LA Lichstein KL Scarinci IC Durrence HH Taylor DJ Bush AJ Socioeconomic status and insomnia. J Abnorm Psychol 2005 114 1 111 8 15709817 source

In the paper

“Both short sleep duration and sleep-disordered breathing appear to be important modifiable risk factors that contribute towards overall cardiovascular risk.”

In the paper

“Although health care advances have proceeded at a dramatic pace over the last half-century, racial/ethnic and socioeconomic health disparities are still well-documented in the United States.(204-206).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [204] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report -- United States, 2011 2011 CDC Atlanta, GA
• Not checked yetcites [205] Adler NE Rehkopf DH U.S. disparities in health: descriptions, causes, and mechanisms. Annu Rev Public Health 2008 29 235 52 18031225 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [206] Smedley BD Stith AY Nelson AR Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care 2003 xvi 764 National Academy Press Washington, D.C. 25032386

In the paper

“In this same sample, non-Mexican Hispanics/Latinos were 87% more likely to report very short sleep and 35% more likely to report short sleep.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [220] Whinnery J Berkowitz Sturgis EK Staley B Corbitt C Gehrman P Chakravorty S Sleep architecture differences between good sleepers and patients with primary insomnia. SLEEP 2013 36 A212 (Abstract Supplement)

In the paper

“Using the 2007-2008 NHANES, Whinnery and colleagues(220) found that relative to non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks/African-Americans were 3.5 times as likely to report very short (<5 hours) sleep duration and twice as likely to report short (5-6 hours) sleep duration.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [220] Whinnery J Berkowitz Sturgis EK Staley B Corbitt C Gehrman P Chakravorty S Sleep architecture differences between good sleepers and patients with primary insomnia. SLEEP 2013 36 A212 (Abstract Supplement)

In the paper

“Regarding sleep disorders, Ruiter and colleagues(226) found that African-Americans were more likely to have sleep disordered breathing, of greater severity, compared to Whites.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [226] Ruiter ME DeCoster J Jacobs L Lichstein KL Sleep disorders in African Americans and Caucasian Americans: a meta-analysis. Behav Sleep Med 2010 8 4 246 59 20924837 source

In the paper

“A potential explanation is the variable, interactive roles of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic, and cultural factors.”

In the paper

“In this sample, Non-Mexican Hispanics/Latinos were more likely to report choking/gasping during sleep and snoring(228).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [228] Grandner MA Petrov MER Rattanaumpawan P Jackson N Platt A Patel NP Sleep Symptoms, Race/Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Position. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 2013 9 9 897 905 23997702 PMC3746717 source

In the paper

“The underlying pathophysiologic effects of sleep-disordered breathing that may cause these deleterious effects include endothelial dysfunction (200), autonomic dysfunction (201), and chronic inflammation (202).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [200] Gozal D Kheirandish-Gozal L Serpero LD Sans Capdevila O Dayyat E Obstructive sleep apnea and endothelial function in school-aged nonobese children: effect of adenotonsillectomy. Circulation 2007 116 20 2307 14 17967978 source
• Not checked yetcites [201] Baharav A Kotagal S Rubin BK Pratt J Akselrod S Autonomic cardiovascular control in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Auton Res 1999 9 6 345 51 10638809 source
• Not checked yetcites [202] Kheirandish-Gozal L Capdevila OS Tauman R Gozal D Plasma C-reactive protein in nonobese children with obstructive sleep apnea before and after adenotonsillectomy. J Clin Sleep Med 2006 2 3 301 4 17410279 PMC1847566 source

In the paper

“And Asians/Others were 2.5 times as likely to report very short sleep and 67% more likely to report short sleep.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [220] Whinnery J Berkowitz Sturgis EK Staley B Corbitt C Gehrman P Chakravorty S Sleep architecture differences between good sleepers and patients with primary insomnia. SLEEP 2013 36 A212 (Abstract Supplement)

In the paper

“Habitual short sleep duration is associated with weight gain and obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, diabetes, heart attack, and stroke.”

In the paper

“In particular, sleep apnea is a well-characterized risk factor for cardiometabolic morbidity and even cardiovascular events.”

In the paper

“The recommended first-line treatment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBTI) does not carry these risks and is therefore preferable for reasons beyond demonstrated efficacy(244-248), efficacy relative to medications(249-253), and effectiveness(254).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [244] Okajima I Komada Y Inoue D A meta-analysis on the treatment effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for primary insomnia. Sleep and Biological Rhythms 2011 9 1 24 34
• Not checked yetcites [245] Murtagh DR Greenwood KM Identifying effective psychological treatments for insomnia: a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995 63 1 79 89 7896994 source
• Not checked yetcites [246] Irwin MR Cole JC Nicassio PM Comparative meta-analysis of behavioral interventions for insomnia and their efficacy in middle-aged adults and in older adults 55+ years of age. Health Psychol 2006 25 1 3 14 16448292 source
• Not checked yetcites [247] Morin CM Culbert JP Schwartz SM Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. Am J Psychiatry 1994 151 8 1172 80 8037252 source
• Not checked yetcites [248] Mitchell MD Gehrman P Perlis M Umscheid CA Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review. BMC Fam Pract 2012 13 40 22631616 PMC3481424 source
• Not checked yetcites [249] McClusky HY Milby JB Switzer PK Williams V Wooten V Efficacy of behavioral versus triazolam treatment in persistent sleep-onset insomnia. Am J Psychiatry 1991 148 1 121 6 1888345 source
• Not checked yetcites [250] Jacobs GD Pace-Schott EF Stickgold R Otto MW Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial and direct comparison. Arch Intern Med 2004 164 17 1888 96 15451764 source
• Not checked yetcites [251] Smith MT Perlis ML Park A Smith MS Pennington J Giles DE Comparative meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for persistent insomnia. Am J Psychiatry 2002 159 1 5 11 11772681 source
• Not checked yetcites [252] Morin CM Colecchi C Stone J Sood R Brink D Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999 281 11 991 9 10086433 source
• Not checked yetcites [253] Sivertsen B Omvik S Pallesen S Bjorvatn B Havik OE Kvale G Cognitive behavioral therapy vs zopiclone for treatment of chronic primary insomnia in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006 295 24 2851 8 16804151 source

In the paper

“Despite this, knowledge about the existence of CBTI is limited in the medical community, and providers may be difficult to locate(255).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [255] Thomas A Grandner M Nowakowski S Nesom G Corbitt C Perlis ML Where are the Behavioral Sleep Medicine Providers and Where are They Needed? A Geographic Assessment. Behav Sleep Med 2016 1 12 PMC5070478 27159249

In the paper

“Of note, the recommended first line treatment for insomnia is not pharmacotherapy, although pharmacotherapy remains the most widely-utilized approach(238).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [238] Moloney ME Konrad TR Zimmer CR The medicalization of sleeplessness: a public health concern. Am J Public Health 2011 101 8 1429 33 21680913 PMC3134490 source

In the paper

“Strikingly, as described above, studies that evaluated the prevalence of sleep apnea in obesity, cardiology, and diabetes clinics routinely find that most patients meet criteria for sleep apnea, though few are diagnosed and even fewer are successfully treated.”

In the paper

“In addition to many cross-sectional studies, prospective studies show that insufficient sleep is a risk factor for incident obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.”

In the paper

“Sleep apnea is associated with cardiac and vascular dysfunction, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, inflammation, heart attack and stroke.”