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Biofilms: Survival Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms
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SUMMARY: Though biofilms were first described by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the theory describing the biofilm process was not developed until 1978. We now understand that biofilms are universal, occurring in aquatic and industrial water systems as well as a large number of environments and medical devices relevant for public health. Using tools such as the scanning electron microscope and, more recently, the confocal laser scanning microscope, biofilm researchers now understand that biofilms are not unstructured, homogeneous deposits of cells and accumulated slime, but complex communities of surface-associated cells enclosed in a polymer matrix containing open water channels. Further studies have shown that the biofilm phenotype can be described in terms of the genes expressed by biofilm-associated cells. Microorganisms growing in a biofilm are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents by one or more mechanisms. Biofilm-associated microorganisms have been shown to be associated with several human diseases, such as native valve endocarditis and cystic fibrosis, and to colonize a wide variety of medical devices. Though epidemiologic evidence points to biofilms as a source of several infectious diseases, the exact mechanisms by which biofilm-associated microorganisms elicit disease are poorly understood. Detachment of cells or cell aggregates, production of endotoxin, increased resistance to the host immune system, and provision of a niche for the generation of resistant organisms are all biofilm processes which could initiate the disease process. Effective strategies to prevent or control biofilms on medical devices must take into consideration the unique and tenacious nature of biofilms. Current intervention strategies are designed to prevent initial device colonization, minimize microbial cell attachment to the device, penetrate the biofilm matrix and kill the associated cells, or remove the device from the patient. In the future, treatments may be based on inhibition of genes involved in cell attachment and biofilm formation.
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“Urinary and central venous catheters, pacemakers, mechanical heart valves, joint prostheses, contact lenses, and dentures are all susceptible to C. albicans biofilms (22, 45, 90, 175).”
From Candida albicans Biofilms and Human Disease (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
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Pitangui, N. S., Sardi, J. C. O., Silva, J. F., Benaducci, T., Moraes da Silva, R. A., Rodríguez-Arellanes, G., Taylor, M. L., Mendes-Giannini, M. J. S., & Fusco-Almeida, A. M. (2012) · Biofouling · doi:10.1080/08927014.2012.703659 · Cited by 69
The role of antifungals against Candida biofilm in catheter-related candidemia
Bouza, E., Guinea, J., & Guembe, M. (2014) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics4010001 · Cited by 62
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Gaddy, J. A., Radin, J. N., Cullen, T. W., Chazin, W. J., Skaar, E. P., Trent, M. S., & Algood, H. M. S. (2015) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01349-15 · Cited by 59
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Cepas, V., López, Y., Gabasa, Y., Martins, C. B., Ferreira, J. D., Correia, M. J., Santos, L. M. A., Oliveira, F., Ramos, V., Reis, M., et al. (2019) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics8020077 · Cited by 48
New regulators of biofilm development in Candida glabrata
Riera, M., Mogensen, E., d’Enfert, C., & Janbon, G. (2012) · Research in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2012.02.005 · Cited by 43
Vandenbosch, D., De Canck, E., Dhondt, I., Rigole, P., Nelis, H. J., & Coenye, T. (2013) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1111/1567-1364.12071 · Cited by 35
Mohammed, L., Jha, G., Malasevskaia, I., Goud, H. K., & Hassan, A. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.13407 · Cited by 35
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Candida glabrata's recurrent infections: biofilm formation during Amphotericin B treatment
Rodrigues, C. F., Silva, S., Azeredo, J., & Henriques, M. (2016) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/lam.12600 · Cited by 21
Srv Mediated Dispersal of Streptococcal Biofilms Through SpeB Is Observed in CovRS+ Strains
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Adaptation of Rhodococcus to organic solvents
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Drug susceptibility of matrix‐encapsulated Candida albicans nano‐biofilms
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“In fact, it is now estimated that 60–80% of all human microbial infections involve biofilm formation (Bryers 2008; Donlan and Costerton 2002; Hall-Stoodley et al. 2004).”
BackgroundPlaque Removal and Gingival Health after Use of a Novel Dental Gel: A Clinical Study
Nayudu, A., & Lam, T. (2016) · Dentistry · doi:10.4172/2161-1122.1000396 · Cited by 10
“Calcium ions play a role in the binding and adhesion mechanisms involving the plaque material and plaque pellicle interface [18].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Donlan, R. M., & Costerton, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Donlan, Rodney M.
- ORCID
- Donlan, Rodney M.
- Venue
- Clinical Microbiology Reviews
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 167-193
- ISSN
- 0893-8512 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-6618
- PMC
- PMC118068
- OpenAlex
- W2131727615
- Cited by
- 6,644
- References
- 217
- Citations by year
- 2026: 215 · 2025: 225 · 2024: 232 · 2023: 278 · 2022: 392 · 2021: 393 · 2020: 402 · 2019: 381 · 2018: 349 · 2017: 453 · 2016: 405 · 2015: 359 · 2014: 415 · 2013: 310 · 2012: 328
- FWCI
- 5.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Clinical Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Keywords
- biofilm, antimicrobial resistance, medical device colonization, endocarditis, cystic fibrosis, biofilm matrix, cell detachment, endotoxin, host immune evasion
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Bacterial Infections, Catheterization, Contact Lenses, Humans, Prosthesis-Related Infections, Biofilms, Prostheses and Implants
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