The DOI matches its Crossref record; 203 of the 205 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 12 of the 76 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Open accessAbstract
Sleep is increasingly recognized as an important lifestyle contributor to health. However, this has not always been the case, and an increasing number of Americans choose to curtail sleep in favor of other social, leisure, or work-related activities. This has resulted in a decline in average sleep duration over time. Sleep duration, mostly short sleep, and sleep disorders have emerged as being related to adverse cardiometabolic risk, including obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Here, we review the evidence relating sleep duration and sleep disorders to cardiometabolic risk and call for health organizations to include evidence-based sleep recommendations in their guidelines for optimal health.
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Claims the paper makes
35 Not checked yet · 10 Own interpretation · 4 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Population-based studies show that individuals with OSA or insomnia are at significantly greater risk for CVD and cerebrovascular diseases (eg, arrhythmias, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease [CHD], heart failure, hypertension, and stroke) and metabolic disorders (eg, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia).”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Canivet C Nilsson PM Lindeberg SI Karasek R Östergren PO Insomnia increases risk for cardiovascular events in women and in men with low socioeconomic status: a longitudinal, register-based study J Psychosom Res 2014 76 292 299 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.02.001 24630179 source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Faraut B Touchette E Gamble H Royant-Parola S Safar ME Varsat B Léger D Short sleep duration and increased risk of hypertension: a primary care medicine investigation J Hypertens 2012 30 1354 1363 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835465e5 22595955 source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Friedman O Bradley TD Ruttanaumpawan P Logan AG Independent association of drug-resistant hypertension to reduced sleep duration and efficiency Am J Hypertens 2010 23 174 179 10.1038/ajh.2009.220 19927130 source
- Partly supportedcites [9] Gangwisch JE Heymsfield SB Boden-Albala B Buijs RM Kreier F Pickering TG Rundle AG Zammit GK Malaspina D Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypertension: analyses of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Hypertension 2006 47 833 839 10.1161/01.HYP.0000217362.34748.e0 16585410 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introductory passage (page not provided) says sleep apnea is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease, and the Discussion reports that sleep apnea has been shown to increase hypertension incidence. The paper does not establish the claimed risks for insomnia or the full list of cerebrovascular and metabolic disorders. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [10] Gangwisch JE Heymsfield SB Boden-Albala B Buijs RM Kreier F Pickering TG Rundle AG Zammit GK Malaspina D Sleep duration as a risk factor for diabetes incidence in a large U.S. sample Sleep 2007 30 1667 1673 18246976 PMC2276127 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) says sleep-disordered breathing is associated with diabetes, supporting one part of the metabolic-disorders claim. The paper studies sleep duration rather than OSA or insomnia as exposures, and the passages do not support the attributed risks of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases, obesity, or dyslipidemia in people with OSA or insomnia. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [11] Cappuccio FP Stranges S Kandala NB Miller MA Taggart FM Kumari M Ferrie JE Shipley MJ Brunner EJ Marmot MG Gender-specific associations of short sleep duration with prevalent and incident hypertension: the Whitehall II Study [published correction appears in Hypertension. 2007;50:e170] Hypertension 2007 50 693 700 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.095471 17785629 PMC3221967 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not supplied) reports substantial evidence linking sleep-disordered breathing to hypertension, supporting one example in the claim. It does not establish the claimed risks for people with insomnia or the wider list of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and metabolic disorders. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, when 24-hour energy expenditure was measured in a metabolic chamber, which provides a more confined environment, energy expenditure was increased with sleep restriction relative to habitual sleep.59,82,83”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Clinical Evidence
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [59] Markwald RR Melanson EL Smith MR Higgins J Perreault L Eckel RH Wright KP Jr Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 110 5695 700 10.1073/pnas.1216951110 23479616 PMC3619301 source
The Measures section says energy expenditure was measured in a whole-room calorimeter. The Results section reports that 24-hour energy expenditure was about 5% higher during the 5-hour sleep condition than the 9-hour condition (P < 0.01). (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Partly supportedcites [82] Jung CM Melanson EL Frydendall EJ Perreault L Eckel RH Wright KP Energy expenditure during sleep, sleep deprivation and sleep following sleep deprivation in adult humans J Physiol 2011 589 pt 1 235 244 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.197517 21059762 PMC3039272 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that 24-hour energy expenditure was about 7% higher during sleep deprivation than during baseline, measured in a whole-room calorimeter. The study compared habitual sleep with total sleep deprivation, not a partial sleep-restriction schedule; no page numbers are supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked yetcites [83] Shechter A Rising R Albu JB St-Onge MP Experimental sleep curtailment causes wake-dependent increases in 24-h energy expenditure as measured by whole-room indirect calorimetry Am J Clin Nutr 2013 98 1433 1439 10.3945/ajcn.113.069427 24088722 PMC3831535 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies that have examined the impact of sleep duration on resting metabolic rate using indirect calorimetry have found either no difference57,62,79–81 or a lower resting metabolic rate69 with sleep restriction relative to habitual sleep.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Clinical Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Bosy-Westphal A Hinrichs S Jauch-Chara K Hitze B Later W Wilms B Settler U Peters A Kiosz D Muller MJ Influence of partial sleep deprivation on energy balance and insulin sensitivity in healthy women Obes Facts 2008 1 266 273 10.1159/000158874 20054188 PMC6515888 source
- Not checked yetcites [62] St-Onge MP Roberts AL Chen J Kelleman M O’Keeffe M Roy-Choudhury A Jones PJ Short sleep duration increases energy intakes but does not change energy expenditure in normal-weight individuals Am J Clin Nutr 2011 94 410 416 10.3945/ajcn.111.013904 21715510 PMC3142720 source
- Not checked yetcites [69] Buxton OM Cain SW O’Connor SP Porter JH Duffy JF Wang W Czeisler CA Shea SA Adverse metabolic consequences in humans of prolonged sleep restriction combined with circadian disruption Sci Transl Med 2012 4 129ra43 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003200 PMC3678519 22496545 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a study of male Japanese workers,46 habitual sleep duration of <6 hours was associated with increased likelihood of developing obesity over the course of 1 year.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Epidemiological Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Watanabe M Kikuchi H Tanaka K Takahashi M Association of short sleep duration with weight gain and obesity at 1-year follow-up: a large-scale prospective study Sleep 2010 33 161 167 20175399 PMC2817903 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, analysis of 7 studies that examined linear relationships between sleep duration and body mass index as a continuous variable showed that for every increased hour of sleep, body mass index was reduced by 0.35 points.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Epidemiological Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Cappuccio FP Taggart FM Kandala NB Currie A Peile E Stranges S Miller MA Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults Sleep 2008 31 619 626 18517032 PMC2398753 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In fact, emerging cross-sectional data have shown that SSD is consistently associated with metabolic syndrome (a constellation of symptoms, including elevated waist circumference, lipids, fasting glucose, and blood pressure).”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION, CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK, AND CLINICAL END POINTS > Epidemiological Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] Arora T Jiang CQ Thomas GN Lam KB Zhang WS Cheng KK Lam TH Taheri S Self-reported long total sleep duration is associated with metabolic syndrome: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study Diabetes Care 2011 34 2317 2319 10.2337/dc11-0647 21873559 PMC3177714 source
- Not checked yetcites [86] Chaput JP McNeil J Després JP Bouchard C Tremblay A Short sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of the metabolic syndrome in adults Prev Med 2013 57 872 877 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.09.022 24099879 source
- Not checked yetcites [87] Choi KM Lee JS Park HS Baik SH Choi DS Kim SM Relationship between sleep duration and the metabolic syndrome: Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001 Int J Obes (Lond) 2008 32 1091 1097 10.1038/ijo.2008.62 18475274 source
- Not checked yetcites [88] Choi JK Kim MY Kim JK Park JK Oh SS Koh SB Association between short sleep duration and high incidence of metabolic syndrome in midlife women Tohoku J Exp Med 2011 225 187 193 22001675 source
- Not checked yetcites [89] Hall MH Muldoon MF Jennings JR Buysse DJ Flory JD Manuck SB Self-reported sleep duration is associated with the metabolic syndrome in midlife adults Sleep 2008 31 635 643 18517034 PMC2398755 source
- Not checked yetcites [90] Kobayashi D Takahashi O Deshpande GA Shimbo T Fukui T Relation between metabolic syndrome and sleep duration in Japan: a large scale cross-sectional study Intern Med 2011 50 103 107 21245632 source
- Not checked yetcites [91] McCanlies EC Slaven JE Smith LM Andrew ME Charles LE Burchfiel CM Violanti JM Metabolic syndrome and sleep duration in police officers Work 2012 43 133 139 10.3233/WOR-2012-1399 22927620 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In an analysis of data from the National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study, SSD predicted CVD mortality, especially among overweight and obese people, and the combination of SSD, low physical activity, and overweight status was associated with an increased likelihood of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer-related mortality.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Epidemiological Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Xiao Q Keadle SK Hollenbeck AR Matthews CE Sleep duration and total and cause-specific mortality in a large US cohort: interrelationships with physical activity, sedentary behavior, and body mass index Am J Epidemiol 2014 180 997 1006 10.1093/aje/kwu222 25281691 PMC4224361 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis by Cappuccio and colleagues29 found that across 23 studies of adults, a pooled odds ratio of 1.55 was found.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Epidemiological Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Cappuccio FP Taggart FM Kandala NB Currie A Peile E Stranges S Miller MA Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults Sleep 2008 31 619 626 18517032 PMC2398753 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Longer-term studies, however, have not found an impact of sleep restriction on body weight.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Clinical Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Nedeltcheva AV Kilkus JM Imperial J Kasza K Schoeller DA Penev PD Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks Am J Clin Nutr 2009 89 126 133 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26574 19056602 PMC2615460 source
- Not checked yetcites [84] Robertson MD Russell-Jones D Umpleby AM Dijk DJ Effects of three weeks of mild sleep restriction implemented in the home environment on multiple metabolic and endocrine markers in healthy young men Metabolism 2013 62 204 211 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.016 22985906 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using data from the National Health Interview Survey, investigators examined trends in the prevalence of SSD, finding that it has, in fact, gradually increased, with 21.6% of US adults reporting SSD in 1977 compared with 29.1% in 2009.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Jean-Louis G Williams NJ Sarpong D Pandey A Youngstedt S Zizi F Ogedegbe G Associations between inadequate sleep and obesity in the US adult population: analysis of the national health interview survey (1977–2009) BMC Public Health 2014 14 290 10.1186/1471-2458-14-290 24678583 PMC3999886 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 3
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In general, studies reported increases in 24-hour energy intake when participants underwent sleep restriction relative to habitual sleep (Table 1), with the degree of overeating ranging from ≈180 to 559 kcal/d.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Clinical Evidence
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [56] Calvin AD Carter RE Adachi T Macedo PG Albuquerque FN van der Walt C Bukartyk J Davison DE Levine JA Somers VK Effects of experimental sleep restriction on caloric intake and activity energy expenditure Chest 2013 144 79 86 10.1378/chest.12-2829 23392199 PMC3707179 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that participants randomized to sleep restriction consumed an additional 559 kcal/day, supporting the upper end of the stated range. This single study does not establish the lower figure of approximately 180 kcal/day or the claim about studies generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [57] Bosy-Westphal A Hinrichs S Jauch-Chara K Hitze B Later W Wilms B Settler U Peters A Kiosz D Muller MJ Influence of partial sleep deprivation on energy balance and insulin sensitivity in healthy women Obes Facts 2008 1 266 273 10.1159/000158874 20054188 PMC6515888 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Impact of Sleep Loss on Energy Intake and Energy Balance’ section reports a 20% increase in mean daily intake during sleep restriction, supporting the direction of the claim. This paper reports one study in women, however, with a mean increase of 415 kcal/day and individual changes from −461 to +1,172 kcal/day. It does not establish the claimed 180–559 kcal/day range across studies. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not checked yetcites [58] Brondel L Romer MA Nougues PM Touyarou P Davenne D Acute partial sleep deprivation increases food intake in healthy men Am J Clin Nutr 2010 91 1550 1559 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28523 20357041 source
- Partly supportedcites [59] Markwald RR Melanson EL Smith MR Higgins J Perreault L Eckel RH Wright KP Jr Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 110 5695 700 10.1073/pnas.1216951110 23479616 PMC3619301 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not provided) report that 24-hour food intake was about 6% greater with a 5-hour than a 9-hour sleep opportunity, supporting the direction of the claim. The paper does not establish the stated range of approximately 180–559 kcal/day across studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [60] Nedeltcheva AV Kilkus JM Imperial J Kasza K Schoeller DA Penev PD Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks Am J Clin Nutr 2009 89 126 133 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26574 19056602 PMC2615460 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Energy consumption; page unavailable) report higher total energy intake during bedtime restriction in an unadjusted comparison, primarily from snacks. The difference in total intake was not significant after adjustment for initial body weight. This single study does not establish a general pattern across studies or the stated range of approximately 180–559 kcal/day. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [61] Spaeth AM Dinges DF Goel N Effects of experimental sleep restriction on weight gain, caloric intake, and meal timing in healthy adults Sleep 2013 36 981 990 10.5665/sleep.2792 23814334 PMC3669080 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 1 shows higher daily intake on sleep-restriction days than at baseline; on SR1, the difference is about 558 kcal (3,047.3 versus 2,489.4 kcal), close to the stated upper end. The paper does not establish the lower end of about 180 kcal/day or the range across studies, and its Discussion limits the increase to days with a delayed bedtime. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked yetcites [62] St-Onge MP Roberts AL Chen J Kelleman M O’Keeffe M Roy-Choudhury A Jones PJ Short sleep duration increases energy intakes but does not change energy expenditure in normal-weight individuals Am J Clin Nutr 2011 94 410 416 10.3945/ajcn.111.013904 21715510 PMC3142720 source
- Not checked yetcites [63] Benedict C Hallschmid M Lassen A Mahnke C Schultes B Schiöth HB Born J Lange T Acute sleep deprivation reduces energy expenditure in healthy men Am J Clin Nutr 2011 93 1229 1236 10.3945/ajcn.110.006460 21471283 source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Schmid SM Hallschmid M Jauch-Chara K Wilms B Benedict C Lehnert H Born J Schultes B Short-term sleep loss decreases physical activity under free-living conditions but does not increase food intake under time-deprived laboratory conditions in healthy men Am J Clin Nutr 2009 90 1476 1482 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27984 19846546 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Experimental sleep restriction in healthy adults results in increases in insulin resistance99 and decreases in insulin sensitivity.81”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION, CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK, AND CLINICAL END POINTS > Impact of Sleep Restriction on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [99] Broussard JL Ehrmann DA Van Cauter E Tasali E Brady MJ Impaired insulin signaling in human adipocytes after experimental sleep restriction: a randomized, crossover study Ann Intern Med 2012 157 549 557 10.7326/0003-4819-157-8-201210160-00005 23070488 PMC4435718 source
The Results (Total Body Insulin Sensitivity) report that four days of sleep restriction reduced total-body insulin sensitivity by 16% compared with normal sleep in healthy adults. That finding supports the increased insulin resistance attributed to this source; the separate citation after “decreases in insulin sensitivity” is not needed for this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Partly supportedcites [81] Buxton OM Pavlova M Reid EW Wang W Simonson DC Adler GK Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men Diabetes 2010 59 2126 2133 10.2337/db09-0699 20585000 PMC2927933 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 81 is attached to the decrease in insulin sensitivity, not the increase in insulin resistance. The Abstract Results report reduced insulin sensitivity after sleep restriction, but the Discussion limits the study to healthy nonobese men; it does not establish the result for healthy adults more broadly. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“However, data in this area are mixed,34 with studies showing increased,57,59,65–68 reduced,69,70 or no difference in 56,63,64,71,72 leptin levels with sleep restriction. Similarly, ghrelin levels have been reported to be increased69,70,72–74 or not different56,60,64,71 with sleep restriction relative to habitual sleep.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Clinical Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] St-Onge MP The role of sleep duration in the regulation of energy balance: effects on energy intakes and expenditure J Clin Sleep Med 2013 9 73 80 10.5664/jcsm.2348 23319909 PMC3525993 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, there is good agreement that sleep restriction increases energy intake, and evidence shows that this is not accompanied by an adequate compensation via increased energy expenditure.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Clinical Evidence
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of note, both OSA and insomnia are associated with insufficient sleep durations, which may have independent effects on these chronic diseases.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Jackson CL Redline S Emmons KM Sleep as a potential fundamental contributor to disparities in cardiovascular health Annu Rev Public Health 2015 36 417 440 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122838 25785893 PMC4736723 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Insomnia, the most common sleep disorder, is likely present in 5% to 15% of the US population, with ≈30% reporting significant symptoms at any given time.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Ohayon MM Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn Sleep Med Rev 2002 6 97 111 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/smrv.2002.0186 12531146 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health, ≈50 to 70 million US adults suffer from a sleep disorder or report insufficient sleep habitually.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Institute of Medicine Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem Colten HR Altevogt BM Washington, DC National Academies Press 2006 20669438
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Because of the controlled-feeding nature of the study, participants lost an equivalent amount of weight in both sleep conditions. However, in the sleep restriction condition, participants lost more fat-free mass and less fat mass than when the same weight loss treatment was performed with an 8-hour sleep opportunity.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Clinical Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Nedeltcheva AV Kilkus JM Imperial J Schoeller DA Penev PD Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity Ann Intern Med 2010 153 435 441 10.7326/0003-4819-153-7-201010050-00006 20921542 PMC2951287 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sleep apnea, another common sleep disorder defined as at least 5 respiratory events (apnea or hypopnea) per hour of sleep on average, has an estimated prevalence of 27% to 34% among men 30 to 70 years of age and 9% to 28% among women in the same age group.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Peppard PE Young T Barnet JH Palta M Hagen EW Hla KM Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults Am J Epidemiol 2013 177 1006 1014 10.1093/aje/kws342 23589584 PMC3639722 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These findings were replicated and extended with data from the Québec Family Study showing that over the course of 6 years, habitual short sleepers were more likely to gain weight and to have increased waist circumference and percent body fat compared with normal-duration sleepers. Notably, there was a U-shaped relationship in which a similar pattern was seen for habitual long sleepers.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Epidemiological Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Chaput JP Després JP Bouchard C Tremblay A The association between sleep duration and weight gain in adults: a 6-year prospective study from the Quebec Family Study Sleep 2008 31 517 523 18457239 PMC2279744 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a landmark analysis of data from the Nurses’ Health Study, women sleeping ≤5 hours a night on average gained 1.14 kg more weight over 16 years and women sleeping 6 hours gained 0.71 kg more weight compared with women sleeping at least 7 hours.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Epidemiological Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Patel SR Malhotra A White DP Gottlieb DJ Hu FB Association between reduced sleep and weight gain in women Am J Epidemiol 2006 164 947 954 10.1093/aje/kwj280 16914506 PMC3496783 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Additionally, sleep loss may lead to increased food intake despite little change in energy expenditure, leading to a positive energy balance.48”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Epidemiological Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Shechter A Grandner MA St-Onge MP The role of sleep in the control of food intake Am J Lifestyle Med 2014 8 371 374 10.1177/1559827614545315 27065757 PMC4824633 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although data are mixed and somewhat inconclusive in terms of the impact of sleep restriction on energy expenditure, the net result seems to be positive energy balance, with studies showing a strong impact of sleep restriction on increased food intake, particularly from fat and snacks,60,62,64 at least in the short term.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION AND OBESITY RISK > Clinical Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Nedeltcheva AV Kilkus JM Imperial J Kasza K Schoeller DA Penev PD Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks Am J Clin Nutr 2009 89 126 133 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26574 19056602 PMC2615460 source
- Not checked yetcites [62] St-Onge MP Roberts AL Chen J Kelleman M O’Keeffe M Roy-Choudhury A Jones PJ Short sleep duration increases energy intakes but does not change energy expenditure in normal-weight individuals Am J Clin Nutr 2011 94 410 416 10.3945/ajcn.111.013904 21715510 PMC3142720 source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Schmid SM Hallschmid M Jauch-Chara K Wilms B Benedict C Lehnert H Born J Schultes B Short-term sleep loss decreases physical activity under free-living conditions but does not increase food intake under time-deprived laboratory conditions in healthy men Am J Clin Nutr 2009 90 1476 1482 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27984 19846546 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two showed similar results without evidence of heterogeneity (RR=1.21; 95% CI, 1.05–1.40 based on 6 studies94; and RR=1.23; 95% CI, 1.06–1.42 based on 5 studies95).”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION, CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK, AND CLINICAL END POINTS > Epidemiological Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Meng L Zheng Y Hui R The relationship of sleep duration and insomnia to risk of hypertension incidence: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies Hypertens Res 2013 36 985 995 10.1038/hr.2013.70 24005775 PMC3819519 source
- Not checked yetcites [95] Guo X Zheng L Wang J Zhang X Zhang X Li J Sun Y Epidemiological evidence for the link between sleep duration and high blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis Sleep Med 2013 14 324 332 10.1016/j.sleep.2012.12.001 23394772 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both short- and long-duration sleep and sleep disorders such as SDB and insomnia are associated with adverse cardiometabolic risk profiles and outcomes.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > STATEMENT SUMMARY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A meta-analysis based on 7 studies demonstrated an increased risk of developing or dying of CHD associated with both SSD (RR=1.48; 95% CI, 1.22–1.80) and long sleep duration (RR=1.38; 95% CI, 1.15–1.66) with some heterogeneity.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DURATION, CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK, AND CLINICAL END POINTS > Epidemiological Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Cappuccio FP Cooper D D’Elia L Strazzullo P Miller MA Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies Eur Heart J 2011 32 1484 1492 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr007 21300732 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, a meta-analysis based on 5 studies corroborated an association between insomnia symptoms such as difficulty initiating sleep and the development of diabetes mellitus (RR=1.57; 95% CI, 1.25–1.97) and difficulty maintaining sleep and incident diabetes mellitus (RR=1.84; 95% CI, 1.39–2.43).92”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DISORDERS AND CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK > Epidemiological Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Cappuccio FP D’Elia L Strazzullo P Miller MA Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis Diabetes Care 2010 33 414 420 10.2337/dc09-1124 19910503 PMC2809295 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep restriction has a negative impact on energy balance, but it is less clear whether treating sleep disorders has a positive impact on obesity risk.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > STATEMENT SUMMARY
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies that have investigated the association between insomnia symptoms and CHD have generally found an association, although sex differences may exist.”
§ Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health > SLEEP DISORDERS AND CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK > Epidemiological Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Chandola T Ferrie JE Perski A Akbaraly T Marmot MG The effect of short sleep duration on coronary heart disease risk is greatest among those with sleep disturbance: a prospective study from the Whitehall II cohort Sleep 2010 33 739 744 20550013 PMC2880242 source
- Not checked yetcites [118] Laugsand LE Vatten LJ Platou C Janszky I Insomnia and the risk of acute myocardial infarction: a population study Circulation 2011 124 2073 2081 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.025858 22025601 source
- Not checked yetcites [119] Meisinger C Heier M Löwel H Schneider A Döring A Sleep duration and sleep complaints and risk of myocardial infarction in middle-aged men and women from the general population: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg cohort study Sleep 2007 30 1121 1127 17910384 PMC1978404 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported sleep duration is sufficiently valid to support associations between sleep duration and cardiometabolic outcomes in epidemiological studies.
“The lack of objective measures of sleep duration in the majority of large-scale epidemiological studies is certainly a limitation that we wish to acknowledge at the forefront of this review. Nonetheless, despite the potential confounders introduced by the use of self-reports, these studies provide a valuable framework that warrants additional investigation using objective measures of sleep.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from controlled sleep restriction studies generalize to habitual short sleep in free-living populations.
“Given the association between SSD and obesity, however, the preponderance of evidence suggests a mismatch between energy intake and energy expenditure favoring a positive energy balance. This is assessed in clinical intervention studies.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“disordered sleep is an underdiagnosed condition among patients with T2DM”
From Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association (2020) · cites this paper as [151]
In the citing paper
“significantly contributes to sympathetic activation, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction”
From Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association (2020) · cites this paper as [151]
In the citing paper
“Several high-quality narrative reviews of the existing epidemiological evidence have similarly concluded that short sleep duration is undoubtedly associated with, and perhaps causally linked with, increased susceptibility to obesity.[83][84][85]”
From The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review (2024) · cites this paper as [85]
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Metadata
- Authors
- St-Onge, M.-P., Grandner, M. A., Brown, D., Conroy, M. B., Jean-Louis, G., Coons, M., & Bhatt, D. L.
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- e367-e386
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC5567876
- OpenAlex
- W2497443202
- Cited by
- 1,044
- References
- 205
- Citations by year
- 2026: 115 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 143 · 2022: 121 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 81.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- Amgen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- Sanofi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Amarin Corporation
- Medicines Company
- Belvoir Media Group
- Eisai
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL110216, R56HL119945)
- Duke Clinical Research Institute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep duration, sleep quality, sleep disorders, cardiometabolic risk, lifestyle habits, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, sleep recommendations
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypertension, Life Style, Obesity, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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