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Hypofrontality in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder During Higher-Order Motor Control: A Study With Functional MRI
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to investigate the hypothesis that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a dysfunction of prefrontal brain regions during motor response inhibition and motor timing. METHOD: Generic brain activation of seven adolescent boys with ADHD was compared to that of nine comparison subjects equivalent in sex, age, and IQ while they were performing a stop task, requiring inhibition of a planned motor response, and a motor timing task, requiring timing of a motor response to a sensory cue. RESULTS: The hyperactive adolescents showed lower power of response in the right mesial prefrontal cortex during both tasks and in the right inferior prefrontal cortex and left caudate during the stop task. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD is associated with subnormal activation of the prefrontal systems responsible for higher-order motor control. Functional MRI is a feasible technique for investigation of neural correlates of ADHD.
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“The first fMRI studies conducted in very small numbers of ADHD patients found reduced inferior fronto-striatal activation in ADHD children relative to age-matched healthy controls during motor inhibition (Vaidya et al., 1998; Rubia et al., 1999), which has been widely replicated until today”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Rubia et al., 1999
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“RTV likewise has been associated with poorer academic performance (64), motor development (65), and motor timing (21, 66) in children with ADHD.”
From Differential effects of a single dose of Lisdexamfetamine and Guanfacine on cognitive function in children with ADHD (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
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“this brain region is underactive in many patients with ADHD”
From Catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical function: Relevance to treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Rubia et al., 1999
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“Several imaging studies have shown that the dorsolateral PFC has a smaller volume and reduced activity in patients with ADHD compared with controls (Castellanos et al., 2002; Castellanos et al., 2008; Mostofsky et al., 2002; Rubia et al., 1999; Seidman et al., 2005).”
From Catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical function: Relevance to treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Rubia et al., 1999
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Hypoactivation and corresponding deficient inhibition in ADHD seem responsible for inappropriate higher-order motor control mechanisms (Rubia et al. 1999).”
From The neurobiological link between OCD and ADHD (2014) · cites this paper as Rubia et al. 1999
In the citing paper
“The neurobiological correlates of inhibitory deficits in ADHD contrast to the ones of OCD patients because deficient inhibition mainly emerged as ACC hypoactivation in STOP or flanker tasks (Konrad et al. 2006; Pliszka et al. 2006; Rubia et al. 1999).”
From The neurobiological link between OCD and ADHD (2014) · cites this paper as Rubia et al. 1999
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Rubia, K., Overmeyer, S., Taylor, E., Brammer, M., Williams, S. C. R., Simmons, A., & Bullmore, E. T.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1999-06-01
- Volume
- 156
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 891-896
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2164407653
- Cited by
- 1,010
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 22.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- kclpure.kcl.ac.uk
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hypofrontality, prefrontal cortex, motor inhibition, motor timing, stop-signal task, caudate nucleus, inferior prefrontal cortex, adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Caudate Nucleus, Child, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motor Skills, Neuropsychological Tests, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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