The DOI matches its Crossref record; 253 of the 253 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022
Open accessAbstract
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) “Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes” includes the ADA’s current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-SPPC), are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA’s clinical practice recommendations, please refer to the Standards of Care Introduction (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-SINT). Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
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“Glycemic management is primarily assessed with the HbA1c test, which was the measure used in trials demonstrating the bene fi ts of glucose lowering (2,52).”
From Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Autoantibody markers are usually present in 85% to 90% of individuals with type 1 diabetes when fasting hyperglycemia is initially detected (2).”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Chronic diseases, such as T2DM, develop over a long period [102].”
From Digital Health Interventions to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [102]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Overall, 10 of 42 (24%) patients had a 2-hour plasma glucose level ≥140 mg/dL on the oral glucose tolerance test indicative of impaired glucose tolerance according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Diabetes Association.1”
From Pain and small fiber pathology in men with fibromyalgia syndrome (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As with any laboratory test, HbA1c measurement has limitations (2,52).”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“An HbA 1c value of 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) or greater is considered diagnostic.”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Depending on the specific MODY mutation, the disease can be mild (e.g., glucokinase mutation) and not usually associated with long term complications of diabetes or as severe as typical type 1 diabetes (e.g., hepatocyte nuclear factor [HNF] mutations) (2).”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“responsive to sulfonylureas”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“genitourinary”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“developmental delay and seizures”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“responsive to sulfonylureas”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Permanent or transient: IUGR”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“gout”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“IUGR”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“HNF1B | AD”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Permanent or transient: IUGR”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“HNF1B-MODY”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“atrophy of the pancreas”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“HNF1B-MODY: developmental renal disease”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“KCNJ11 | AD”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“developmental delay”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“ABCC8 | AD”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“insulin requiring”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“IUGR”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“IUGR”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Permanent: IUGR; insulin requiring”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“hyperuricemia”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“INS | AD”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“medications other than insulin”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“insulin requiring”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“GATA6 | AD”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“EIF2B1 | AD”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“epiphyseal dysplasia”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“mechanisms include UPD6”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“macroglossia”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“EIF2AK3 | AR”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“pancreatic exocrine”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“fluctuating liver function”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“pancreatic hypoplasia”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Permanent diabetes”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“cardiac”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“pancreatic exocrine”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Permanent: pancreatic hypoplasia; cardiac”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“immunodysregulation”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“autoimmune diabetes”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“insulin requiring”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Permanent: Wolcott-Rallison syndrome”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“6q24 (PLAGL1, HYMA1) | AD for paternal duplications”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“IUGR”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“FOXP3 | X-linked”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Transient: IUGR; macroglossia; umbilical”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Permanent: immunodysregulation,”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“hernia”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“insulin requiring”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“exfoliative”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“autoimmune thyroid disease”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
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Citations
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BackgroundDiagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
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BackgroundCriteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes
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Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults
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An anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes
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“4-fold higher risk of developing prediabetes and type 2 diabetes and had children with a higher risk of obesity and increased body fat, suggesting that the larger group of women identified by the one-step approach would benefit from the increased screening for diabetes and prediabetes that would accompany a history of…”
BackgroundCollateral damage: Insulin-dependent diabetes induced with checkpoint inhibitors
Stamatouli, A. M., Quandt, Z., Perdigoto, A. L., Clark, P. L., Kluger, H., Weiss, S. A., Gettinger, S., Sznol, M., Young, A., Rushakoff, R., et al. (2018) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/dbi18-0002 · Cited by 590
Herman, W. H., Ma, Y., Uwaifo, G., Haffner, S., Kahn, S. E., Horton, E. S., Lachin, J. M., Montez, M. G., Brenneman, T., Barrett-Connor, E., et al. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-2003 · Cited by 574
Lowe, W. L., Scholtens, D. M., Kuang, A., Linder, B., Lawrence, J. M., Lebenthal, Y., McCance, D., Hamilton, J., Nodzenski, M., Talbot, O., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-1646 · Cited by 574
Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia
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“, corticosteroids, atypical antipsychotics, and sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors) (88,89).”
Sharif, A., Hecking, M., de Vries, A. P. J., Porrini, E., Hornum, M., Rasoul-Rockenschaub, S., Berlakovich, G., Krebs, M., Kautzky-Willer, A., Schernthaner, G., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.12850 · Cited by 532 · cited 15×
“No studies to date have established which noninsulin agents are safest or most efficacious in PTDM.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDiabetes, pancreatogenic diabetes, and pancreatic cancer
Andersen, D. K., Korc, M., Petersen, G. M., Eibl, G., Li, D., Rickels, M. R., Chari, S. T., & Abbruzzese, J. L. (2017) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db16-1477 · Cited by 516
BMI Cut Points to Identify At-Risk Asian Americans for Type 2 Diabetes Screening
Hsu, W. C., Araneta, M. R. G., Kanaya, A. M., Chiang, J. L., & Fujimoto, W. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-2391 · Cited by 500 · cited 1×
“for the Asian American population (112,113).”
Aroda, V. R., Christophi, C. A., Edelstein, S. L., Zhang, P., Herman, W. H., Barrett-Connor, E., Delahanty, L. M., Montez, M. G., Ackermann, R. T., Zhuo, X., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3761 · Cited by 467
Griffin, S. J., Borch-Johnsen, K., Davies, M. J., Khunti, K., Rutten, G. E., Sandbæk, A., Sharp, S. J., Simmons, R. K., van den Donk, M., Wareham, N. J., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60698-3 · Cited by 462
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Gelder, I. C. V., Rienstra, M., Bunting, K. V., Casado-Arroyo, R., Caso, V., Crijns, H. J. G. M., Potter, T. J. R. D., Dwight, J., Guasti, L., Hanke, T., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae176 · Cited by 3,594
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Metadata
- Authors
- American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2021-12-16
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- Supplement_1
- Pages
- S17-S38
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4200148796
- Semantic Scholar
- a1d863e5f4d381bf99eea7ee26e18dcc69f81a15
- Cited by
- 4,792
- References
- 253
- Citations by year
- 2026: 293 · 2025: 689 · 2024: 1026 · 2023: 1164 · 2022: 814 · 2021: 356
- FWCI
- 129.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- diabetes classification, diabetes diagnosis, diabetes diagnosis criteria, diabetes subtypes
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Endocrinology, Humans, Reference Standards, Societies, Medical, Standard of Care
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