The DOI matches its Crossref record; 294 of the 300 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 5 are not checked yet; none of the 125 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences
Open accessAbstract
Regular physical exercise and a healthy diet are major determinants of a healthy lifespan. Although aging is associated with declining endurance performance and muscle function, these components can favorably be modified by regular physical activity and especially by exercise training at all ages in both sexes. In addition, age-related changes in body composition and metabolism, which affect even highly trained masters athletes, can in part be compensated for by higher exercise metabolic efficiency in active individuals. Accordingly, masters athletes are often considered as a role model for healthy aging and their physical capacities are an impressive example of what is possible in aging individuals. In the present review, we first discuss physiological changes, performance and trainability of older athletes with a focus on sex differences. Second, we describe the most important hormonal alterations occurring during aging pertaining regulation of appetite, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure and the modulatory role of exercise training. The third part highlights nutritional aspects that may support health and physical performance for older athletes. Key nutrition-related concerns include the need for adequate energy and protein intake for preventing low bone and muscle mass and a higher demand for specific nutrients (e.g., vitamin D and probiotics) that may reduce the infection burden in masters athletes. Fourth, we present important research findings on the association between exercise, nutrition and the microbiota, which represents a rapidly developing field in sports nutrition.
Checked 2026-11-14 · 5 references not checked yet
Overview
CoChat Summary
TL;DR
This narrative review summarizes physiological, endocrine, bone, performance, and nutritional changes in older masters athletes, with emphasis on sex differences. It concludes that chronic exercise and adequate nutrition can favorably modify many age-related declines, but evidence specific to masters athletes remains limited and recommendations are often extrapolated from younger athletes and older non-athletes.
Key findings
- Aging reduces VO2max by approximately 10% per decade after the third decade, but training modulates this; examples include 81-year-old male endurance athletes with VO2max 38 (±1) vs. 21 (±1) mL/min/kg in age-matched untrained persons, an 83-year-old female masters runner with VO2max 42.3 mL/min/kg, and a 101-year-old athlete improving VO2max from 31 to 35 mL/min/kg over 2 years.
- Masters athletes often show better body composition than non-athletes: among 156 masters athletes aged 40–79, none were categorized as sarcopenic, and individuals aged 40–81 training 4–5 times/week showed no decline in lean muscle mass or strength. Still, decline occurs: 71 track-and-field masters had calf muscle cross-section decrease of 0.6%/year in men but no significant change in women; 256 track-and-field masters had whole-body skeletal muscle mass reduction of 3.2% per decade in women and 2.8% in men, offset by fat gain. In bone, male power athletes preserved or increased tibia bone mass/strength, while male endurance athletes and female track-and-field masters lost tibia epiphyseal bone mass at approximately 5% per decade.
- Nutrition risks and targets: low energy availability is <30 kcal/kg lean body mass/day; masters triathletes’ post-exercise energy and protein intakes were −40% (22.7 kJ/kg) and −25% (19.6 g) below younger-athlete recommendations, and female masters consumed 0.7 g/kg carbohydrate post-exercise vs. 1.0–1.2 g/kg recommended. Protein recommendations include ≥30 g/meal or ≥1.2 g/kg/day for older adults, 35–40 g/meal and ~1.5–1.6 g/kg/day for masters athletes, and 1.6–2.5 g/kg/day during injury. Vitamin D insufficiency is <50 nmol/L, deficiency <30 nmol/L, and optimal 75 nmol/L, with daily 1000 IU vitamin D3 suggested in winter. Probiotic supplementation with 1 × 10^10 CFUs for 12 weeks limited exercise-induced drops in tryptophan and reduced upper respiratory tract infection incidence.
- Sex differences: relative VO2max differs by about 10% between male and female athletes; performance sex differences were 12% for running, swimming, and cycling and 17% for cross-country skiing. Ages at which performance declined to 50% of the 30–35-year maximum were walking 90/84, swimming 87/84, jumping 78/72, and weightlifting 74/60 years (male/female); 200-m sprint cycling performance halved at 80 years in men vs. 59 years in women. Strength differences between sexes are largely explained by muscle size, with similar relative strength and hypertrophy changes after resistance training.
Methods
- Narrative review; the authors state they collate relevant information to provide recommendations where evidence is available and to flag open questions, rather than conducting a systematic review or meta-analysis.
- Synthesizes cited literature across oxygen delivery/utilization, body composition and metabolism, endocrine aging, bone metabolism, performance/trainability, and nutrition/immune/microbiota in masters athletes and older adults, including human cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention studies plus rodent mitochondria studies.
- No primary data collection, and no systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or formal quality appraisal is described.
Limitations
- The authors state that limited evidence exists on nutritional requirements for masters athletes and that many open questions remain; future longitudinal studies are needed on diet and specific nutrients across the athletic lifespan.
- The authors note that some findings cannot be directly extrapolated to masters athletes, e.g., probiotic/immune results from young athletes due to age-related immune changes; GH/IGF-1 findings may be biased by short study duration, training motivation, inability to achieve sufficient absolute exercise intensity in the elderly, and sex-bias toward male participants; one bone study could not discern aging from menopause; and robust data on nutritional interventions in injured athletes are lacking.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it lacks a systematic search, formal quality assessment, and meta-analytic synthesis, and recommendations often extrapolate from younger athletes and older non-athletic populations.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
![Figure 3 Schematic presentation of the age-related performance decline, i.e., in aerobic capacity (VO2max) and maximal grip strength, for both sexes, depending on physical training status, ranging from well-trained to sedentary. The figure is based on the meta-analysis from Fitzgerald et al. (1997) [130], with contributions from Burtscher et al. (2008) [28], Booth et al. (2010) [131], Landi et al. (2017) [132], and (defining frailty threshold as VO2max of 18 mL/min/kg) Carr et al. (2006) [133].](/paper-figures/76d7b6b5d5ca47b29d395f7b16ceb4e1/nutrition-for-older-athletes-focus-on-sex-differences-figure-3.jpg)
![Figure 4 Mechanisms potentially contributing to the less fatigability of skeletal muscles in females. Modified according to Hunter [158].](/paper-figures/5f3790e11d724dbf8794aab8ac1a7813/nutrition-for-older-athletes-focus-on-sex-differences-figure-4.jpg)
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 Valid · 1 Not valid · 92 Not checked · 43 Own results and interpretations
A check of a cited source is scheduled, or we don’t hold its full text yet; the claim is checked once it runs.
In the paper
“Data from our own study indicate that some of these effects appeared to be connected with alterations in tryptophan metabolism [287].”
§ Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences > 4. Nutritional Considerations for Masters Athletes > 4.3. Immune Function and Risk of Infection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [287] Strasser, B., Geiger, D., Schauer, M., Gostner, J.M., Gatterer, H., Burtscher, M., and Fuchs, D. (2016). Probiotic Supplements Beneficially Affect Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolism and Reduce the Incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Trained Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 8. source
A check is scheduled.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not checked yet
In the paper
“In athletes, the onset of declining power-lifting performance is more pronounced and progresses more rapidly than endurance performance, i.e., men’s and women’s power-lifting performance starts decreasing by 3% per year in the 4th decade and by 1% per year thereafter [152].”
§ Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences > 3. Performance and Trainability of Older Athletes > 3.2. Sex Differences in Performance, Decline Rates, and Training Effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [152] Galloway, 2002, Effect of aging on male and female master athletes’ performance in strength versus endurance activities, Am. J. Orthop
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Bone benefits acquired through exercise at young age can still persist several decades after cessation of exercise training [117].”
§ Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences > 2. Physiological Changes in Older Athletes > 2.4. Bone and Bone Metabolism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Warden, 2014, Physical activity when young provides lifelong benefits to cortical bone size and strength in men, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, the importance of mitochondrial integrity and efficiency for human health is well established and mitochondrial quality and biogenesis can be enhanced, e.g., by PA, in both men and women [180,181,182].”
§ Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences > 3. Performance and Trainability of Older Athletes > 3.2. Sex Differences in Performance, Decline Rates, and Training Effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [180] Howald, 1985, Influences of endurance training on the ultrastructural composition of the different muscle fiber types in humans, Pflügers Arch. source
- Not checked yetcites [181] Howald, 2002, Content of intramyocellular lipids derived by electron microscopy, biochemical assays, and 1H-MR spectroscopy, J. Appl. Physiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [182] Tarnopolsky, 2007, Influence of endurance exercise training and sex on intramyocellular lipid and mitochondrial ultrastructure, substrate use, and mitochondrial enzyme activity, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. source
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A check of a cited source is scheduled, or we don’t hold its full text yet; the claim is checked once it runs.
In the paper
“Low energy availability (<30 kcal/kg of lean body mass/day) is associated with a number of disorders seen in both female and male athletes, including reduced metabolic rate, hormonal changes (e.g., satiety hormones, reproductive hormones, GH and IGF-1), poor bone health and impairments of muscle protein synthesis, immune health and performance [185,186].”
§ Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences > 4. Nutritional Considerations for Masters Athletes > 4.1. Dietary Protein and Energy Requirements
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [185] Melin, 2019, Energy Availability in Athletics: Health, Performance, and Physique, Int J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. source
A check is scheduled.
- Not checked yetcites [186] Mountjoy, 2018, IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update, Br. J. Sports Med. source
A check is scheduled.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not checked yet
56 more claims
Create a free account to see all 136 claims and to verify the 125 references still open.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- It may state two separate claims as one. 63
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“All groups had intakes of vitamins D and E, calcium, and potassium below the recommended levels.”
From Dietary Intake of Athletes at the World Masters Athletics Championships as Assessed by Single 24 h Recall (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Protein intake was below the recommended levels for masters athletes, except for female athletes involved in power events (i.e., sprinters and jumpers).”
From Dietary Intake of Athletes at the World Masters Athletics Championships as Assessed by Single 24 h Recall (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fat and saturated fat intake were at acceptable levels, but omega-3 fatty acid intake was below the level recommended for masters athletes [2,3].”
From Dietary Intake of Athletes at the World Masters Athletics Championships as Assessed by Single 24 h Recall (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“All groups had intakes of vitamins D and E, calcium, and potassium below the recommended levels.”
From Dietary Intake of Athletes at the World Masters Athletics Championships as Assessed by Single 24 h Recall (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Consuming adequate total kcal and water are important for middle‐aged endurance athletes not only for optimal athletic performance, but also for muscle maintenance and recovery, bone health, hormonal regulation, immune function, hydration, and overall healthy aging [14].”
From Dietary Intake of Canadian Middle‐Aged Endurance Athletes (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
5 more claims about this paper
Create a free account to see every claim other papers make about this one.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences > 2. Physiological Changes in Older Athletes > 2.3. Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System and Metabolic Pathways
“aging is associated with subclinical hypothyroidism, i.e., increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with free thyroxine (FT4) levels remaining in the normal range [51,52].”
§ Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences > 2. Physiological Changes in Older Athletes > 2.3. Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System and Metabolic Pathways
“Some authors even ascribe a beneficial adaptation of physiological aging to these reduced TSH levels in the elderly by preventing excessive catabolism [53].”
Citations
Cites
Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Baeyens, J. P., Bauer, J. M., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Landi, F., Martin, F. C., Michel, J.-P., Rolland, Y., Schneider, S. M., et al. (2010) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afq034 · Cited by 11,601
Afshin, A., Sur, P. J., Fay, K. A., Cornaby, L., Ferrara, G., Salama, J. S., Mullany, E. C., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abebe, Z., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30041-8 · Cited by 5,811
Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span
Furman, D., Campisi, J., Verdin, E., Carrera-Bastos, P., Targ, S., Franceschi, C., Ferrucci, L., Gilroy, D. W., Fasano, A., Miller, G. W., et al. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0675-0 · Cited by 4,915
Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited
Tanaka, H., Monahan, K. D., & Seals, D. R. (2001) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01054-8 · Cited by 3,775 · cited 1×
“7 × age) in healthy sedentary and trained subjects, probably due to the decrease in intrinsic heart rate [20].”
BackgroundExercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12581 · Cited by 3,514
Goodpaster, B. H., Park, S. W., Harris, T. B., Kritchevsky, S. B., Nevitt, M., Schwartz, A. V., Simonsick, E. M., Tylavsky, F. A., Visser, M., Newman, A. B., et al. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.10.1059 · Cited by 3,083
Kodama, S. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.681 · Cited by 3,035
Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components
Rowland, I., Gibson, G., Heinken, A., Scott, K., Swann, J., Thiele, I., & Tuohy, K. (2018) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1445-8 · Cited by 2,878 · cited 1×
“The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in many metabolic processes that are beneficial to the host such as synthesis of vitamins and production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), but also in the development of the mucosal immune system [269].”
BackgroundEndocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton
Lee, N. K., Sowa, H., Hinoi, E., Ferron, M., Ahn, J. D., Confavreux, C., Dacquin, R., Mee, P. J., McKee, M. D., Jung, D. Y., et al. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.047 · Cited by 2,554
Bauer, J., Biolo, G., Cederholm, T., Cesari, M., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Morley, J. E., Phillips, S., Sieber, C., Stehle, P., Teta, D., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021 · Cited by 2,553 · cited 1×
“5 mg/kg body mass/day) than current recommendations [198], and also considered on a meal-by-meal (every 3–4 h) basis [199,200].”
BackgroundBonewald, L. F. (2011) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.320 · Cited by 2,287
Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”: A proposal
Frost, H. M. (1987) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1092190104 · Cited by 2,132
Mitochondrial dysfunction in the elderly: possible role in insulin resistance
Petersen, K. F., Befroy, D., Dufour, S., Dziura, J., Ariyan, C., Rothman, D. L., DiPietro, L., Cline, G. W., & Shulman, G. I. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1082889 · Cited by 2,107
(2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111 · Cited by 1,554
Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity
Clarke, S. F., Murphy, E. F., O'Sullivan, O., Lucey, A. J., Humphreys, M., Hogan, A., Hayes, P., O'Reilly, M., Jeffery, I. B., Wood-Martin, R., et al. (2014) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306541 · Cited by 1,439
From discoveries in ageing research to therapeutics for healthy ageing
Campisi, J., Kapahi, P., Lithgow, G. J., Melov, S., Newman, J. C., & Verdin, E. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1365-2 · Cited by 1,389
Mechanical Stimulation of Bone in Vivo Reduces Osteocyte Expression of Sost/Sclerostin
Robling, A. G., Niziolek, P. J., Baldridge, L. A., Condon, K. W., Allen, M. R., Alam, I., Mantila, S. M., Gluhak-Heinrich, J., Bellido, T. M., Harris, S. E., et al. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m705092200 · Cited by 1,350
Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition.
Evans, W. J., & Lexell, J. (1995) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/50a.special_issue.11 · Cited by 1,308
Morton, R. W., Murphy, K. T., McKellar, S. R., Schoenfeld, B. J., Henselmans, M., Helms, E., Aragon, A. A., Devries, M. C., Banfield, L., Krieger, J. W., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608 · Cited by 1,269 · cited 2×
“6 g/kg body mass/day to optimize lean mass gains during resistance training [201].”
BackgroundKrssak, M., Falk Petersen, K., Dresner, A., DiPietro, L., Vogel, S. M., Rothman, D. L., Shulman, G. I., & Roden, M. (1999) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051123 · Cited by 1,264
The integrative biology of type 2 diabetes
Roden, M., & Shulman, G. I. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1797-8 · Cited by 1,167
Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis
Jornayvaz, F. R., & Shulman, G. I. (2010) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/bse0470069 · Cited by 1,119
The intestinal microbiota fuelling metabolic inflammation
Tilg, H., Zmora, N., Adolph, T. E., & Elinav, E. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0198-4 · Cited by 1,089
Shafiee, G., Keshtkar, A., Soltani, A., Ahadi, Z., Larijani, B., & Heshmat, R. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40200-017-0302-x · Cited by 1,076
Soligard, T., Schwellnus, M., Alonso, J.-M., Bahr, R., Clarsen, B., Dijkstra, H. P., Gabbett, T., Gleeson, M., Hägglund, M., Hutchinson, M. R., et al. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581 · Cited by 1,041
Cooper, D. S., & Biondi, B. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60276-6 · Cited by 1,039
Carbohydrates for training and competition
Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Wong, S. H. S., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.585473 · Cited by 985
Age and gender comparisons of muscle strength in 654 women and men aged 20–93 yr
Lindle, R. S., Metter, E. J., Lynch, N. A., Fleg, J. L., Fozard, J. L., Tobin, J., Roy, T. A., & Hurley, B. F. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.5.1581 · Cited by 971
Frost, H. M. (1990) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1092260402 · Cited by 956
IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J. K., Burke, L. M., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Lundy, B., Melin, A. K., Meyer, N. L., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099193 · Cited by 883
Wilkinson, D. J., Piasecki, M., & Atherton, P. J. (2018) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.005 · Cited by 874
Schwellnus, M., Soligard, T., Alonso, J.-M., Bahr, R., Clarsen, B., Dijkstra, H. P., Gabbett, T. J., Gleeson, M., Hägglund, M., Hutchinson, M. R., et al. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572 · Cited by 836
Cermak, N. M., Res, P. T., de Groot, L. C., Saris, W. H., & van Loon, L. J. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.037556 · Cited by 827
Hughes, V. A., Frontera, W. R., Roubenoff, R., Evans, W. J., & Singh, M. A. F. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.2.473 · Cited by 804
Osteoclast–osteoblast communication
Matsuo, K., & Irie, N. (2008) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2008.03.027 · Cited by 780
Age-related decrease in physical activity and functional fitness among elderly men and women
Milanovic, Z., Jorgić, B., Trajković, N., Sporis, Pantelić, S., & James (2013) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s44112 · Cited by 779
Bone remodeling in response to in vivo fatigue microdamage
Burr, D. B., Martin, R. B., Schaffler, M. B., & Radin, E. L. (1985) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/0021-9290(85)90204-0 · Cited by 765
Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Gut Microbiota
Costantini, L., Molinari, R., Farinon, B., & Merendino, N. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18122645 · Cited by 741
Mitochondrial biogenesis: An update
Popov, L. (2020) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.15194 · Cited by 725
Effects of aging, sex, and physical training on cardiovascular responses to exercise.
Ogawa, T., Spina, R. J., Martin, W. H., Kohrt, W. M., Schechtman, K. B., Holloszy, J. O., & Ehsani, A. A. (1992) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.86.2.494 · Cited by 701
Role of Inactivity in Chronic Diseases: Evolutionary Insight and Pathophysiological Mechanisms
Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., Thyfault, J. P., Ruegsegger, G. N., & Toedebusch, R. G. (2017) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2016 · Cited by 696
Food Components and Dietary Habits: Keys for a Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition
Rinninella, E., Cintoni, M., Raoul, P., Lopetuso, L. R., Scaldaferri, F., Pulcini, G., Miggiano, G. A. D., Gasbarrini, A., & Mele, M. C. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102393 · Cited by 673
Smith, G. I., Atherton, P., Reeds, D. N., Mohammed, B. S., Rankin, D., Rennie, M. J., & Mittendorfer, B. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005611 · Cited by 665
Oxidative capacity and ageing in human muscle
Conley, K. E., Jubrias, S. A., & Esselman, P. C. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00203.x · Cited by 651 · cited 1×
“Among these, a reduction in oxidative capacity [84], impaired mitochondrial metabolic flexibility during insulin stimulation [82], oxidative stress [85] or dysfunctional regulation of mitochondrial dynamics [86] may contribute to alterations of mitochondria with aging.”
BackgroundThe Skeletal Muscle Anabolic Response to Plant- versus Animal-Based Protein Consumption
van Vliet, S., Burd, N. A., & van Loon, L. J. (2015) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.204305 · Cited by 651
Brain Insulin Resistance at the Crossroads of Metabolic and Cognitive Disorders in Humans
Kullmann, S., Heni, M., Hallschmid, M., Fritsche, A., Preissl, H., & Häring, H.-U. (2016) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2015 · Cited by 622
Maintenance of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in Health, Exercise, and Aging
Hood, D. A., Memme, J. M., Oliveira, A. N., & Triolo, M. (2019) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114310 · Cited by 567
Aging-associated reductions in AMP-activated protein kinase activity and mitochondrial biogenesis
Reznick, R. M., Zong, H., Li, J., Morino, K., Moore, I. K., Yu, H. J., Liu, Z.-X., Dong, J., Mustard, K. J., Hawley, S. A., et al. (2007) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.01.008 · Cited by 555
Tanaka, H., & Seals, D. R. (2008) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141879 · Cited by 554
Riggs, B. L., Melton, L. J., Robb, R. A., Camp, J. J., Atkinson, E. J., McDaniel, L., Amin, S., Rouleau, P. A., & Khosla, S. (2008) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.071020 · Cited by 542
Effect of Aging and Physical Activity on Left Ventricular Compliance
Arbab-Zadeh, A., Dijk, E., Prasad, A., Fu, Q., Torres, P., Zhang, R., Thomas, J. D., Palmer, D., & Levine, B. D. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000142863.71285.74 · Cited by 535
Dose-Response Relationships Between Energy Availability and Bone Turnover in Young Exercising Women
Ihle, R., & Loucks, A. B. (2004) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.040410 · Cited by 523
Rubin, C. T., & Lanyon, L. E. (1987) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research · doi:10.1002/jor.1100050217 · Cited by 519
Witard, O. C., Jackman, S. R., Breen, L., Smith, K., Selby, A., & Tipton, K. D. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.055517 · Cited by 517
Fish oil–derived n−3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults
Smith, G. I., Julliand, S., Reeds, D. N., Sinacore, D. R., Klein, S., & Mittendorfer, B. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.105833 · Cited by 507
Characterization of inflammatory responses to eccentric exercise in humans
Peake, J., Nosaka, K., & Suzuki, K. (2026) · Exercise Immunology Review · doi:10.22029/eir.2005.1616 · Cited by 498
Mitofusins, from Mitochondria to Metabolism
Schrepfer, E., & Scorrano, L. (2016) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.02.022 · Cited by 495
Nutrition, frailty, and sarcopenia
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Kiesswetter, E., Drey, M., & Sieber, C. C. (2017) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-016-0709-0 · Cited by 488
New, S. A., Robins, S. P., Campbell, M. K., Martin, J. C., Garton, M. J., Bolton-Smith, C., Grubb, D. A., Lee, S. J., & Reid, D. M. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.1.142 · Cited by 482
Nutritional Modulation of Immune Function: Analysis of Evidence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Relevance
Wu, D., Lewis, E. D., Pae, M., & Meydani, S. N. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.03160 · Cited by 481
Yang, Y., Breen, L., Burd, N. A., Hector, A. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Josse, A. R., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511007422 · Cited by 480
Estaki, M., Pither, J., Baumeister, P., Little, J. P., Gill, S. K., Ghosh, S., Ahmadi-Vand, Z., Marsden, K. R., & Gibson, D. L. (2016) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-016-0189-7 · Cited by 476
Lappe, J., Cullen, D., Haynatzki, G., Recker, R., Ahlf, R., & Thompson, K. (2008) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.080102 · Cited by 476
BMP signaling controls muscle mass
Sartori, R., Schirwis, E., Blaauw, B., Bortolanza, S., Zhao, J., Enzo, E., Stantzou, A., Mouisel, E., Toniolo, L., Ferry, A., et al. (2013) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2772 · Cited by 467
Tarnopolsky, M. A., Rennie, C. D., Robertshaw, H. A., Fedak-Tarnopolsky, S. N., Devries, M. C., & Hamadeh, M. J. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00472.2006 · Cited by 457
Jones, P. R., & Pearson, J. (1969) · PubMed · Cited by 430
Estrogen and bone health in men and women
Cauley, J. A. (2015) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2014.12.010 · Cited by 424
Howald, H., Hoppeler, H., Claassen, H., Mathieu, O., & Straub, R. (1985) · Pfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00589248 · Cited by 422
Hameed, M., Orrell, R. W., COBBOLD, M., Goldspink, G., & Harridge, S. D. R. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2003.00247.x · Cited by 416
Rondanelli, M., Klersy, C., Terracol, G., Talluri, J., Maugeri, R., Guido, D., Faliva, M. A., Solerte, B. S., Fioravanti, M., Lukaski, H., et al. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.113357 · Cited by 412 · cited 1×
“7 kg in fat free mass, significant decreases in C-reactive protein concentrations, and significant increases in IGF-I concentrations, accompanied by a reduced risk of malnutrition [265].”
BackgroundBreen, L., Stokes, K. A., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Moore, D. R., Baker, S. K., Smith, K., Atherton, P. J., & Phillips, S. M. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1502 · Cited by 395
Anabolic Resistance of Muscle Protein Synthesis with Aging
Burd, N. A., Gorissen, S. H., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2013) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e318292f3d5 · Cited by 384
Thyroid Hormone as a Determinant of Energy Expenditure and the Basal Metabolic Rate
Kim, B. (2008) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2007.0266 · Cited by 382
Fredericson, M., Jennings, F., Beaulieu, C., & Matheson, G. O. (2006) · Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1097/rmr.0b013e3180421c8c · Cited by 380
Mitochondria: A central target for sex differences in pathologies
Ventura-Clapier, R., Moulin, M., Piquereau, J., Lemaire, C., Mericskay, M., Veksler, V., & Garnier, A. (2017) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20160485 · Cited by 371
JEUKENDRUP, A. E., VET-JOOP, K., STURK, A., STEGEN, J. H. J. C., SENDEN, J., SARIS, W. H. M., & WAGENMAKERS, A. J. M. (2000) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0980047 · Cited by 371
A healthy gastrointestinal microbiome is dependent on dietary diversity
Heiman, M. L., & Greenway, F. L. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.02.005 · Cited by 370
Can exercise affect immune function to increase susceptibility to infection?
Simpson, R. J., Simpson, R. J., Gleeson, M., Gleeson, M., Kruger, K., Pyne, D. B., Pyne, D. B., & Walsh, N. P. (2026) · PubMed · doi:10.22029/eir.2020.1730 · Cited by 366
Regional changes in muscle mass following 17 weeks of bed rest
LeBlanc, A. D., Schneider, V. S., Evans, H. J., Pientok, C., Rowe, R., & Spector, E. (1992) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1992.73.5.2172 · Cited by 359 · cited 1×
“5% of muscle mass per day of immobilization) and deconditioning of muscle tissue [237,238].”
BackgroundEstrogen and Bone-Muscle Strength and Mass Relationships
Schiessl, H., Frost, H. M., & Jee, W. S. S. (1998) · Bone · doi:10.1016/s8756-3282(97)00223-8 · Cited by 356
Sex differences in exercise metabolism and the role of 17-beta estradiol.
TARNOPOLSKY, M. A. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31816212ff · Cited by 354 · cited 1×
“, energy availability or iron status) as well as due to fluctuations in sex steroid hormones, for example via menopause [187].”
BackgroundAging is accompanied by a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion
Wall, B. T., Gorissen, S. H., Pennings, B., Koopman, R., Groen, B. B. L., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140903 · Cited by 352
The physiology of endocrine systems with ageing
van den Beld, A. W., Kaufman, J.-M., Zillikens, M. C., Lamberts, S. W. J., Egan, J. M., & van der Lely, A. J. (2018) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30026-3 · Cited by 349
Substantial skeletal muscle loss occurs during only 5 days of disuse
Wall, B. T., Dirks, M. L., Snijders, T., Senden, J. M. G., Dolmans, J., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2014) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12190 · Cited by 346
Martineau, A. R., Jolliffe, D. A., Greenberg, L., Aloia, J. F., Bergman, P., Dubnov-Raz, G., Esposito, S., Ganmaa, D., Ginde, A. A., Goodall, E. C., et al. (2019) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta23020 · Cited by 342
Hameed, M., Orrell, R. W., COBBOLD, M., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.032136 · Cited by 337
Age-Related Changes in Thyroid Function: A Longitudinal Study of a Community-Based Cohort
Bremner, A. P., Feddema, P., Leedman, P. J., Brown, S. J., Beilby, J. P., Lim, E. M., Wilson, S. G., O'Leary, P. C., & Walsh, J. P. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3020 · Cited by 336
Effects of Age and Sex on Postprandial Glucose Metabolism
Basu, R., Dalla Man, C., Campioni, M., Basu, A., Klee, G., Toffolo, G., Cobelli, C., & Rizza, R. A. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db05-1692 · Cited by 334
Drummond, M. J., Dreyer, H. C., Fry, C. S., Glynn, E. L., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91397.2008 · Cited by 322
Fitzgerald, M. D., Tanaka, H., Tran, Z. V., & Seals, D. R. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.160 · Cited by 308
Effect of GH/IGF-1 on Bone Metabolism and Osteoporsosis
Locatelli, V., & Bianchi, V. E. (2014) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2014/235060 · Cited by 307
Catabolism of aging: is it an inflammatory process?
Roubenoff, R. (2003) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/01.mco.0000068965.34812.62 · Cited by 305
Aging, muscle fiber type, and contractile function in sprint-trained athletes
Korhonen, M. T., Cristea, A., Alén, M., Häkkinen, K., Sipilä, S., Mero, A., Viitasalo, J. T., Larsson, L., & Suominen, H. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00299.2006 · Cited by 302
The Relevance of Sex Differences in Performance Fatigability
HUNTER, S. K. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000928 · Cited by 298
Age, Obesity, and Sex Effects on Insulin Sensitivity and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function
Karakelides, H., Irving, B. A., Short, K. R., O'Brien, P., & Nair, K. S. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db09-0591 · Cited by 293
Hemodynamic adaptations to exercise
Saltin, B. (1985) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(85)91054-9 · Cited by 284
Local communication on and within bone controls bone remodeling
Henriksen, K., Neutzsky-Wulff, A. V., Bonewald, L. F., & Karsdal, M. A. (2009) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.03.671 · Cited by 282
Reduced physical activity in young and older adults: Metabolic and musculoskeletal implications
Bowden Davies, K. A., Pickles, S., Sprung, V. S., Kemp, G. J., Alam, U., Moore, D. R., Tahrani, A. A., & Cuthbertson, D. J. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018819888824 · Cited by 278
Tanaka, H., & Seals, D. R. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00320.2003 · Cited by 275
Factors limiting maximal performance in humans
di Prampero, P. E. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0926-z · Cited by 272
Runge, M., Rittweger, J., Russo, C. R., Schiessl, H., & Felsenberg, D. (2004) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/j.1475-097x.2004.00567.x · Cited by 267
Self-citationMuscle hypertrophy in men and women
CURETON, K. J., COLLINS, M. A., HILL, D. W., & MCELHANNON, F. M. (1988) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198808000-00003 · Cited by 265
Duggal, N. A., Pollock, R. D., Lazarus, N. R., Harridge, S., & Lord, J. M. (2018) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12750 · Cited by 261
Femoral Neck Structure in Adult Female Athletes Subjected to Different Loading Modalities
Nikander, R., Sievänen, H., Heinonen, A., & Kannus, P. (2005) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.041119 · Cited by 261
The role of leptin in leptin resistance and obesity
Zhang, Y., & Scarpace, P. J. (2006) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.038 · Cited by 259
Energy Availability in Athletics: Health, Performance, and Physique
Melin, A. K., Heikura, I. A., Tenforde, A., & Mountjoy, M. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0201 · Cited by 258
Association Between Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations and Bone Stress Fractures in Finnish Young Men
Ruohola, J.-P., Laaksi, I., Ylikomi, T., Haataja, R., Mattila, V. M., Sahi, T., Tuohimaa, P., & Pihlajamäki, H. (2006) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.060607 · Cited by 258
Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in athletes: a systematic-review and meta-analysis
Farrokhyar, F., Tabasinejad, R., Dao, D., Peterson, D., Ayeni, O. R., Hadioonzadeh, R., & Bhandari, M. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0267-6 · Cited by 249
MacIntosh, C. G., Andrews, J. M., Jones, K. L., Wishart, J. M., Morris, H. A., Jansen, J. B. �. �., Morley, J. E., Horowitz, M., & Chapman, I. M. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.5.999 · Cited by 248
Close, G. L., Russell, J., Cobley, J. N., Owens, D. J., Wilson, G., Gregson, W., Fraser, W. D., & Morton, J. P. (2013) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.733822 · Cited by 246
Daily Probiotic’s (Lactobacillus casei Shirota) Reduction of Infection Incidence in Athletes
Gleeson, M., Bishop, N. C., Oliveira, M., & Tauler, P. (2011) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.1.55 · Cited by 239
Waring, A. C., Arnold, A. M., Newman, A. B., Bùžková, P., Hirsch, C., & Cappola, A. R. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2481 · Cited by 237
Physical activity when young provides lifelong benefits to cortical bone size and strength in men
Warden, S. J., Mantila Roosa, S. M., Kersh, M. E., Hurd, A. L., Fleisig, G. S., Pandy, M. G., & Fuchs, R. K. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1321605111 · Cited by 235
Dorling, J., Broom, D. R., Burns, S. F., Clayton, D. J., Deighton, K., James, L. J., King, J. A., Miyashita, M., Thackray, A. E., Batterham, R. L., et al. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10091140 · Cited by 235
Dorling, J., Broom, D., Burns, S., Clayton, D., Deighton, K., James, L., King, J., Miyashita, M., Thackray, A., Batterham, R., et al. (2018) · doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0495.v1 · Cited by 235
Complex alteration of thyroid function in healthy centenarians.
Mariotti, S., Barbesino, G., Caturegli, P., Bartalena, L., Sansoni, P., Fagnoni, F., Monti, D., Fagiolo, U., Franceschi, C., & Pinchera, A. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.77.5.8077303 · Cited by 234
Frassetto, L. A., Morris, R. C., Sellmeyer, D. E., Todd, K., & Sébastian, A. (2001) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s394-001-8347-4 · Cited by 234
Cox, A. J., Pyne, D. B., Saunders, P. U., & Fricker, P. A. (2010) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.044628 · Cited by 234
Makino, S., Ikegami, S., Akinori, K., Horiuchi, H., Sasaki, H., & Orii, N. M. (2010) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711451000173x · Cited by 233
Physical inactivity and obesity underlie the insulin resistance of aging
Amati, F., Dubé, J. J., Coen, P. M., Stefanovic-Racic, M., Toledo, F. G. S., & Goodpaster, B. H. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-0267 · Cited by 230
The role of the gut microbiota in dietary interventions for depression and anxiety
Bear, T. L. K., Dalziel, J. E., Coad, J., Roy, N. C., Butts, C. A., & Gopal, P. K. (2020) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa016 · Cited by 229
Glucose tolerance in young and older athletes and sedentary men
Seals, D. R., Hagberg, J. M., Allen, W. K., Hurley, B. F., Dalsky, G. P., Ehsani, A. A., & Holloszy, J. O. (1984) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.56.6.1521 · Cited by 228
Nutritional strategies to attenuate muscle disuse atrophy
Wall, B. T., & van Loon, L. J. (2013) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12019 · Cited by 228
Groen, B. B. L., Hamer, H. M., Snijders, T., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Frijns, D., Vink, H., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2014) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00919.2013 · Cited by 224
Oxidative stress and the mitochondrial theory of aging in human skeletal muscle
Parise, G., Jan, K. J., Douglas, M. J., Phillips, S. M., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2004) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.06.002 · Cited by 223
Jacobs, R. A., & Lundby, C. (2013) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01081.2012 · Cited by 222
Causal roles of mitochondrial dynamics in longevity and healthy aging
Sharma, A., Smith, H. J., Yao, P., & Mair, W. B. (2019) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.201948395 · Cited by 222
Gorissen, S. H. M., & Witard, O. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s002966511700194x · Cited by 221 · cited 1×
“, maize/soybean, rice/soybean, rice/pea) or by fortifying plant-based proteins with leucine (3 g/meal) [204,205].”
BackgroundRudrappa, S. S., Wilkinson, D. J., Greenhaff, P. L., Smith, K., IDRIS, I. R., & Atherton, P. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00361 · Cited by 207
Hameed, M., Lange, K. H. W., Andersen, J. L., Schjerling, P., Kjær, M., Harridge, S. D. R., & Goldspink, G. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.051722 · Cited by 197
The role of leptin in leptin resistance and obesity
Enriori, P. J., Evans, A. E., Sinnayah, P., & Cowley, M. A. (2006) · Obesity · Cited by 197
Is there evidence for an age-related reduction in metabolic rate?
Piers, L. S., Soares, M. J., McCormack, L. M., & O’Dea, K. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.6.2196 · Cited by 194
Quercetin Reduces Illness but Not Immune Perturbations after Intensive Exercise
NIEMAN, D. C., HENSON, D. A., GROSS, S. J., JENKINS, D. P., DAVIS, J. M., MURPHY, E. A., CARMICHAEL, M. D., DUMKE, C. L., UTTER, A. C., MCANULTY, S. R., et al. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318076b566 · Cited by 193 · cited 1×
“A metabolomics approach offered by Nieman and Mitmesser [191] highlights the potential impact of high carbohydratepolyphenol food sources to counter post-exercise inflammation and to enhance oxidative and anti-viral capacity, with reduced upper respiratory illness (URI) rates [256].”
BackgroundMuscle function in elite master weightlifters
PEARSON, S. J., YOUNG, A., MACALUSO, A., DEVITO, G., NIMMO, M. A., COBBOLD, M., & HARRIDGE, S. D. R. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200207000-00023 · Cited by 184
West, N. P., Pyne, D. B., Cripps, A. W., Hopkins, W. G., Eskesen, D. C., Jairath, A., Christophersen, C. T., Conlon, M. A., & Fricker, P. A. (2011) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-30 · Cited by 180 · cited 1×
“fermentum PCC®) for 11 weeks with a significant reduction in lower respiratory illness symptoms (duration and severity) in males, but with some evidence of an increase in symptoms in females, while the effects of probiotic supplementation on URI were unclear in males and females [290].”
BackgroundMcClaran, S. R., Babcock, M. A., Pegelow, D. F., Reddan, W. G., & Dempsey, J. A. (1995) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.78.5.1957 · Cited by 179
Loenneke, J. P., Loprinzi, P. D., Murphy, C. H., & Phillips, S. M. (2016) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.04.002 · Cited by 179
Recommendations to maintain immune health in athletes
Walsh, N. P. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1449895 · Cited by 176
Colom, B., Oliver, J., Roca, P., & García-Palmer, F. (2007) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.02.001 · Cited by 175
Physical Activity and Diet Shape the Immune System during Aging
Weyh, C., Krüger, K., & Strasser, B. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12030622 · Cited by 175
Self-citationChronic Exercise Preserves Lean Muscle Mass in Masters Athletes
Wroblewski, A. P., Amati, F., Smiley, M. A., Goodpaster, B. H., & Wright, V. J. (2011) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.2011.09.1933 · Cited by 172
Inverse relationship between VO2max and economy/efficiency in world-class cyclists.
Lucı́a, A., Hoyos, J., Pérez, M., Santalla, A., & Chicharro, J. L. (2002) · PubMed · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000039306.92778.df · Cited by 171
Larson-Meyer, D. E., & Willis, K. S. (2010) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0b013e3181e7dd45 · Cited by 169
Morita, E., Yokoyama, H., Imai, D., Takeda, R., Ota, A., Kawai, E., Hisada, T., Emoto, M., Suzuki, Y., & Okazaki, K. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11040868 · Cited by 169
Smith, G. I., Atherton, P., Villareal, D. T., Frimel, T. N., Rankin, D., Rennie, M. J., & Mittendorfer, B. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001875 · Cited by 168
Assessment and Treatment of the Anorexia of Aging: A Systematic Review
Cox, N. J., Ibrahim, K., Sayer, A. A., Robinson, S. M., & Roberts, H. C. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11010144 · Cited by 163
Edouard, P., Branco, P., & Alonso, J.-M. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095559 · Cited by 162
Survival of the fittest VO sub 2 sub max a key predictor of longevity
Strasser, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Bioscience · doi:10.2741/4657 · Cited by 162
Self-citationLandi, F., Calvani, R., Tosato, M., Martone, A. M., Fusco, D., Sisto, A., Ortolani, E., Savera, G., Salini, S., & Marzetti, E. (2016) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.10.007 · Cited by 161
West, N. P., Horn, P. L., Pyne, D. B., Gebski, V. J., Lahtinen, S. J., Fricker, P. A., & Cripps, A. W. (2014) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.10.002 · Cited by 159
Age-related change in the damage morphology of human cortical bone and its role in bone fragility
Diab, T., Condon, K. W., Burr, D. B., & Vashishth, D. (2005) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2005.09.002 · Cited by 159
Jacobs, R. A., Rasmussen, P., Siebenmann, C., Díaz, V., Gassmann, M., Pesta, D., Gnaiger, E., Nordsborg, N. B., Robach, P., & Lundby, C. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00625.2011 · Cited by 158
Self-citationNutrition for the Prevention and Treatment of Injuries in Track and Field Athletes
Close, G. L., Sale, C., Baar, K., & Bermon, S. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0290 · Cited by 158
Sex difference in muscular strength in equally-trained men and women
BISHOP, P., CURETON, K., & COLLINS, M. (1987) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140138708969760 · Cited by 154
Upper respiratory tract infection is reduced in physically fit and active adults
Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., Austin, M. D., & Sha, W. (2011) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.077875 · Cited by 153
Allen, J. M., Mailing, L. J., Cohrs, J., Salmonson, C., Fryer, J. D., Nehra, V., Hale, V. L., Kashyap, P., White, B. A., & Woods, J. A. (2018) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2017.1372077 · Cited by 152
Longitudinal changes in aerobic power in older men and women
Stathokostas, L., Johnson, S., Petrella, R. J., & Paterson, D. H. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00447.2003 · Cited by 151
Nutritional Support for Exercise-Induced Injuries
Tipton, K. D. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0398-4 · Cited by 147
Vanderschueren, D., Venken, K., Ophoff, J., Bouillon, R., & Boonen, S. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1766 · Cited by 147
Ticinesi, A., Lauretani, F., Tana, C., Nouvenne, A., Ridolo, E., & Meschi, T. (2026) · PubMed · doi:10.22029/eir.2019.1723 · Cited by 146
In vivo strain measurements to evaluate the strengthening potential of exercises on the tibial bone
Milgrom, C., Finestone, A. S., Simkin, A., Ekenman, I., Mendelson, S., Millgram, M. A., Nyska, M., Larsson, E., & Burr, D. B. (2000) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.82b4.9677 · Cited by 144
Yamada, Y., Buehring, B., Krueger, D. C., Anderson, R. M., Schoeller, D. A., & Binkley, N. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glw225 · Cited by 144
Do Gender Differences in Running Performance Disappear With Distance?
Coast, J. R., Blevins, J. S., & WILSON, B. A. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h04-010 · Cited by 143
Strasser, B., Geiger, D., Schauer, M., Gostner, J., Gatterer, H., Burtscher, M., & Fuchs, D. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8110752 · Cited by 142
Self-citationCraig, B. W., Brown, R., & Everhart, J. (1989) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/0047-6374(89)90099-7 · Cited by 142
Lalia, A. Z., Dasari, S., Robinson, M. M., Abid, H., Morse, D. M., Klaus, K. A., & Lanza, I. R. (2017) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101210 · Cited by 140
Probiotics supplementation for athletes – Clinical and physiological effects
Pyne, D. B., West, N. P., Cox, A. J., & Cripps, A. W. (2015) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2014.971879 · Cited by 139
Granata, C., Oliveira, R. S. F., Little, J. P., Renner, K., & Bishop, D. J. (2016) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201500100r · Cited by 138
Bowden Davies, K. A., Sprung, V. S., Norman, J. A., Thompson, A., Mitchell, K. L., Halford, J. C. G., Harrold, J. A., Wilding, J. P. H., Kemp, G. J., & Cuthbertson, D. J. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4603-5 · Cited by 138
Hector, A. J., & Phillips, S. M. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0273 · Cited by 137
Sex-dependent differences in aged rat brain mitochondrial function and oxidative stress
Guevara, R., Santandreu, F. M., Valle, A., Gianotti, M., Oliver, J., & Roca, P. (2008) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.035 · Cited by 137
The regulation of autophagy during exercise in skeletal muscle
Vainshtein, A., & Hood, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00550.2015 · Cited by 137
Pulmonary system limitations to endurance exercise performance in humans
Amann, M. (2011) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2011.058800 · Cited by 135
Brain insulin sensitivity is linked to adiposity and body fat distribution
Kullmann, S., Valenta, V., Wagner, R., Tschritter, O., Machann, J., Häring, H.-U., Preissl, H., Fritsche, A., & Heni, M. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15686-y · Cited by 134
Gender dimorphism in rat liver mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and biogenesis
Justo, R., Boada, J., Frontera, M., Oliver, J., Bermúdez, J., & Gianotti, M. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00035.2005 · Cited by 133
Faulkner, J. A., Davis, C. S., Mendias, C. L., & Brooks, S. V. (2008) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e3181845f1c · Cited by 133
Rehabilitation Nutrition for Injury Recovery of Athletes: The Role of Macronutrient Intake
Papadopoulou, S. Κ. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082449 · Cited by 128
Burd, N. A., Beals, J. W., Martinez, I. G., Salvador, A. F., & Skinner, S. K. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-1009-y · Cited by 127
Nutrition and athlete bone health
Sale, C., & Elliott-Sale, K. J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01161-2 · Cited by 127
Schoenfeld, B. J., Ogborn, D. I., Vigotsky, A. D., Franchi, M. V., & Krieger, J. W. (2017) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001983 · Cited by 122 · cited 1×
“While eccentric actions in a hypertrophy-targeted resistance training seem to be slightly more effective than concentric actions, both types of training should be included [157].”
BackgroundWilks, D. C., Winwood, K., Gilliver, S. F., Kwiet, A., Chatfield, M., Michaelis, I., Sun, L. W., Ferretti, J. L., Sargeant, A. J., Felsenberg, D., et al. (2009) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.03.660 · Cited by 119
Self-citationExercise effects on physiological function during aging
Radak, Z. O., Torma, F., Berkes, I., Goto, S., Mimura, T., Pósa, A., Balogh, L., Boldogh, I. R., Suzuki, K., Higuchi, M., et al. (2018) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.444 · Cited by 119
The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Meal Ingestion Following Resistance-Type Exercise
Trommelen, J., Betz, M. W., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01053-5 · Cited by 118
Peak anaerobic power in master athletes
Grassi, B., Cerretelli, P., Narici, M. V., & Marconi, C. (1991) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00626609 · Cited by 117
New records in aerobic power among octogenarian lifelong endurance athletes
Trappe, S. W., Hayes, E., Galpin, A. J., Kaminsky, L. A., Jemioło, B., Fink, W., Trappe, T. A., Jansson, A., Gustafsson, T. P., & Tesch, P. A. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01107.2012 · Cited by 117
Reduced energy availability: Implications for bone health in physically active populations
Papageorgiou, M., Dolan, E., Elliott-Sale, K. J., & Sale, C. (2018) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1498-8 · Cited by 117
Inverse relationship between &OV0312;O2max and economy/efficiency in world-class cyclists
A, A. L., HOYOS, J. S., REZ, M. P., Santalla, A., & CHICHARRO, J. L. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200212000-00032 · Cited by 117
Pre-Sleep Protein Ingestion to Improve the Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Response to Exercise Training
Trommelen, J., & Van Loon, L. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8120763 · Cited by 116
Logan, V. F., Gray, A. R., Peddie, M. C., Harper, M. J., & Houghton, L. A. (2013) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512002851 · Cited by 113
Upper Limb Muscle–Bone Asymmetries and Bone Adaptation in Elite Youth Tennis Players
Ireland, A., Maden‐Wilkinson, T., McPhee, J. S., Cooke, K., Narici, M. V., Degens, H., & Rittweger, J. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31828f882f · Cited by 112
Self-citationThe Fall and Rise of the Gender Difference in Elite Anaerobic Performance 1952-2006
Seiler, S., de Koning, J. J., & Foster, C. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000247005.17342.2b · Cited by 111
Holm, L., Olesen, J. L., Matsumoto, K., Doi, T., Mizuno, M., Alsted, T. J., Mackey, A. L., Schwarz, P., & Kjær, M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00935.2007 · Cited by 109
Bori, Z., Zhao, Z., Koltai, E., Fatouros, I. G., Jamurtas, A. Z., Douroudos, I. I., Terzis, G., Chatzinikolaou, A., Sovatzidis, A., Draganidis, D., et al. (2012) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2012.03.004 · Cited by 108
Sprint and endurance power and ageing: an analysis of master athletic world records
Rittweger, J., di Prampero, P. E., Maffulli, N., & Narici, M. V. (2008) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1319 · Cited by 107
Self-citationMoro-García, M. A., Alonso-Arias, R., Baltadjieva, M., Fernández Benítez, C., Fernández Barrial, M. A., Díaz Ruisánchez, E., Alonso Santos, R., Álvarez Sánchez, M., Saavedra Miján, J., & López-Larrea, C. (2013) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-012-9434-6 · Cited by 105
Ventilatory efficiency and exercise tolerance in 101 healthy volunteers
Habedank, D., Reindl, I., Vietzke, G., Bauer, U. M. M., Sperfeld, A., Gl�ser, S., Wernecke, K. D., & Kleber, F. X. (1998) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050354 · Cited by 104
Nieman, D., & Mitmesser, S. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9050513 · Cited by 103
Wall, B. T., Morton, J. P., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2015) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2014.936326 · Cited by 102
Baker, A. B., & Tang, Y. Q. (2010) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2010.507433 · Cited by 101
Nutritional Considerations and Strategies to Facilitate Injury Recovery and Rehabilitation
Smith-Ryan, A. E., Hirsch, K. R., Saylor, H. E., Gould, L. M., & Blue, M. N. M. (2020) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-550-19 · Cited by 101
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Bilezikian, J.P., Raisz, L.G., and Rodan, G.A. (2002). Chapter 19-Histomorphometric Analysis of Bone Remodeling. Principles of Bone Biology, Academic Press. [2nd ed.].
Cited by
Benefits of a plant-based diet and considerations for the athlete
Shaw, K. A., Zello, G. A., Rodgers, C. D., Warkentin, T. D., Baerwald, A., & Chilibeck, P. D. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-04902-w · Cited by 85
Graybeal, A. J., Kreutzer, A., Willis, J. L., Moss, K., Braun-Trocchio, R., & Shah, M. (2023) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.1080/19390211.2022.2056670 · Cited by 19
Gorini, S., Camajani, E., Cava, E., Feraco, A., Armani, A., Amoah, I., Filardi, T., Wu, X., Strollo, R., Caprio, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-06311-x · Cited by 22
Biomarkers in immunology: Their impact on immune function and response
Kaushik, D., Xu, B., & Kumar, M. (2025) · Advances in Biomarker Sciences and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.abst.2025.03.001 · Cited by 14
Health challenges and acute sports injuries restrict weightlifting training of older athletes
Huebner, M., & Ma, W. (2022) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001372 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Strasser, B., Pesta, D., Rittweger, J., Burtscher, J., & Burtscher, M.
- Affiliations
- Sigmund Freud Privatuniversität Wien (AT)
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Strasser, Barbara
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-04-22
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1409
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8143537
- OpenAlex
- W3153566118
- Semantic Scholar
- f85c70c9a7bdce812c0da035ac443d5d8c777b7e
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 300
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 0.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (acceptedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Joint Programming Initiative A healthy diet for a healthy life
- Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft
- Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- older athletes, masters athletes, sex differences, aging, exercise training, physical performance, body composition, metabolism, hormonal changes, appetite regulation, glucose homeostasis, energy expenditure, protein intake, energy intake, bone mass, muscle mass, vitamin D, probiotics, infection, gut microbiota, healthy aging
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Female, Humans, Male, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Publications, Sex Characteristics, Athletic Performance, Athletes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-14, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-14 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
