The Architecture of Cognition

A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation

Nonaka, I. (1994) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.5.1.14 · Cited by 17,809

An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function

Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803

Teachers' beliefs and educational research: cleaning up a messy construct

Pajares, M. F. (1992) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543062003307 · Cited by 9,007

The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity

Cowan, N. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01003922 · Cited by 6,779

Case-Based Reasoning: Foundational Issues, Methodological Variations, and System Approaches

Aamodt, A., & Plaza, E. (1994) · AI Communications · doi:10.3233/aic-1994-7104 · Cited by 5,624

A capacity theory of comprehension: individual differences in working memory

Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.1.122 · Cited by 4,153

A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure

Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.246 · Cited by 3,889

The Persuasion Knowledge Model: How People Cope with Persuasion Attempts

Friestad, M., & Wright, P. (1994) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209380 · Cited by 3,811

TARGET ARTICLE: Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind

Snyder, C. R. (2002) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1304_01 · Cited by 3,737

The unbearable automaticity of being

Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462 · Cited by 3,699

Long-term working memory.

Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.211 · Cited by 3,498

Feedback and Self-Regulated Learning: A Theoretical Synthesis

Butler, D. L., & Winne, P. H. (1995) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543065003245 · Cited by 3,334

A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: A Theoretical Refinement and Reevaluation of the Role of Norms in Human Behavior

Cialdini, R. B., Kallgren, C. A., & Reno, R. R. (1991) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60330-5 · Cited by 3,143

Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach.

Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309 · Cited by 3,078

Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought

Watkins, E. R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163 · Cited by 2,421

Is working memory capacity task dependent?

Turner, M. L., & Engle, R. W. (1989) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(89)90040-5 · Cited by 2,299

Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving.

Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122 · Cited by 2,986

The restless mind

Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.946 · Cited by 2,067

The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behaviour

Duncan, J. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.004 · Cited by 1,846

Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?!

Kyllonen, P. C., & Christal, R. E. (1990) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(05)80012-1 · Cited by 1,810

The automated will: nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals.

Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., & Trötschel, R. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1014 · Cited by 1,865

Embodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion

Niedenthal, P. M., Barsalou, L. W., Winkielman, P., Krauth-Gruber, S., & Ric, F. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0903_1 · Cited by 1,484

On Distinguishing Epistemic from Pragmatic Action

Kirsh, D., & Maglio, P. (1994) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1804_1 · Cited by 1,641

The structure-mapping engine: Algorithm and examples

Falkenhainer, B., Forbus, K. D., & Gentner, D. (1989) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(89)90077-5 · Cited by 1,454

A theory of goal-systems

Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Fishbach, A., Friedman, R., Chun, W. Y., & Sleeth-Keppler, D. (2002) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(02)80008-9 · Cited by 1,386

The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: Active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory.

Unsworth, N., & Engle, R. W. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.1.104 · Cited by 1,307

The Advantages of an Inclusive Definition of Attitude

Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.582 · Cited by 1,258

Executive Attention, Working Memory Capacity, and a Two-Factor Theory of Cognitive Control

Engle, R. W., & Kane, M. J. (2003) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(03)44005-x · Cited by 1,104

Are Cognitive Skills Context-Bound?

PERKINS, D., & SALOMON, G. (1989) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x018001016 · Cited by 1,133

The Social and Technological Dimensions of Scaffolding and Related Theoretical Concepts for Learning, Education, and Human Activity

Pea, R. D. (2004) · Journal of the Learning Sciences · doi:10.1207/s15327809jls1303_6 · Cited by 1,047

MEASURING IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE OF A SECOND LANGUAGE: A Psychometric Study

Ellis, R. (2005) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263105050096 · Cited by 1,032

The adaptive nature of human categorization.

Anderson, J. R. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.3.409 · Cited by 1,069

Instructional control of cognitive load in the training of complex cognitive tasks

Paas, F. G. W. C., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (1994) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf02213420 · Cited by 968

Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and Dual-Process Theories of the Mind.

Barrett, L. F., Tugade, M. M., & Engle, R. W. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.553 · Cited by 913

Rethinking interference theory: Executive control and the mechanisms of forgetting.

Anderson, M. (2003) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2003.08.006 · Cited by 918

Partners in Cognition: Extending Human Intelligence with Intelligent Technologies

SALOMON, G., PERKINS, D. N., & GLOBERSON, T. (1991) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x020003002 · Cited by 948

The Case for Social Agency in Computer-Based Teaching: Do Students Learn More Deeply When They Interact With Animated Pedagogical Agents?

Moreno, R., Mayer, R. E., Spires, H. A., & Lester, J. C. (2001) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci1902_02 · Cited by 912

AT THE INTERFACE: DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS OF EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE

Ellis, N. C. (2005) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s027226310505014x · Cited by 893

Training writing skills: a cognitive developmental perspective

Kellogg, R. T. (2008) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2008.01.01.1 · Cited by 868

Processing speed as a mental capacity

Kail, R., & Salthouse, T. A. (1994) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(94)90003-5 · Cited by 850

Hierarchical process memory: memory as an integral component of information processing

Hasson, U., Chen, J., & Honey, C. J. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.04.006 · Cited by 749

The Life-Course Dynamics of Goal Pursuit and Goal Adjustment: A Two-Process Framework

Brandtstädter, J., & Rothermund, K. (2002) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1006/drev.2001.0539 · Cited by 815

Précis of Elements of episodic memory

Tulving, E. (1984) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0004440x · Cited by 809

THE SPLIT‐ATTENTION EFFECT AS A FACTOR IN THE DESIGN OF INSTRUCTION

CHANDLER, P., & SWELLER, J. (1992) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1992.tb01017.x · Cited by 767

A Functional-Design Approach to Motivation and Self-Regulation

Kuhl, J. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50034-2 · Cited by 736

Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons

Carlisle, K., & Gruby, R. L. (2019) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12212 · Cited by 745

Blueprints for complex learning: The 4C/ID-model

van Merriënboer, J. J. G., Clark, R. E., & de Croock, M. B. M. (2002) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02504993 · Cited by 708

The reinterpretation of dreams: An evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming

Revonsuo, A. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00004015 · Cited by 676

Developmental change in speed of processing during childhood and adolescence

Kail, R. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.3.490 · Cited by 673

Chapter 2 Design for a Working Memory

Oberauer, K. (2009) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(09)51002-x · Cited by 636

Voicing the self: From information processing to dialogical interchange.

Hermans, H. J. M. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.31 · Cited by 655

Individual differences in working memory and comprehension: A test of four hypotheses.

Engle, R. W., Cantor, J., & Carullo, J. J. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.5.972 · Cited by 626

Making Working Memory Work: A Meta-Analysis of Executive-Control and Working Memory Training in Older Adults

Karbach, J., & Verhaeghen, P. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614548725 · Cited by 589

The Automaticity of Affect for Political Leaders, Groups, and Issues: An Experimental Test of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis

Lodge, M., & Taber, C. S. (2005) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00426.x · Cited by 588

Varieties of knowledge elicitation techniques

Cooke, N. J. (1994) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1994.1083 · Cited by 579

Toward Preprototype User Acceptance Testing of New Information Systems: Implications for Software Project Management

Davis, F. D., & Venkatesh, V. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2003.822468 · Cited by 582

Evidence for Cognitive Load Theory

Sweller, J., & Chandler, P. (1991) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0804_5 · Cited by 543

Structuring the Transition From Example Study to Problem Solving in Cognitive Skill Acquisition: A Cognitive Load Perspective

Renkl, A., & Atkinson, R. K. (2003) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3801_3 · Cited by 540

Explanations From Intelligent Systems: Theoretical Foundations and Implications for Practice1

Gregor, S., & Benbasat, I. (1999) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249487 · Cited by 535

Synthetic grammar learning: Implicit rule abstraction or explicit fragmentary knowledge?

Perruchet, P., & Pacteau, C. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.119.3.264 · Cited by 526

Cognition and control in schizophrenia: a computational model of dopamine and prefrontal function

Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., & Cohen, J. D. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00116-x · Cited by 507

Strategy choice procedures and the development of multiplication skill.

Siegler, R. S. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.117.3.258 · Cited by 508

Interference and inhibition in memory retrieval.

Anderson, M. C., & Neely, J. H. (1996) · Memory · doi:10.1016/b978-012102570-0/50010-0 · Cited by 486

Two visual systems and two theories of perception: An attempt to reconcile the constructivist and ecological approaches

Norman, J. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0200002x · Cited by 466

Preparing to resume an interrupted task: effects of prospective goal encoding and retrospective rehearsal

Trafton, J. G., Altmann, E. M., Brock, D. P., & Mintz, F. E. (2003) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/s1071-5819(03)00023-5 · Cited by 457

Training in Self-Explanation and Self-Regulation Strategies: Investigating the Effects of Knowledge Acquisition Activities on Problem Solving

Bielaczyc, K., Pirolli, P. L., & Brown, A. L. (1995) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci1302_3 · Cited by 422

Effects of bromocriptine on human subjects depend on working memory capacity

Kimberg, D. Y., DʼEsposito, M., & Farah, M. J. (1997) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199711100-00032 · Cited by 413

The interaction of the explicit and the implicit in skill learning: a dual-process approach

Sun, R., Slusarz, P., & Terry, C. (2005) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.112.1.159 · Cited by 399

New theoretical approaches for human‐computer interaction

Rogers, Y. (2004) · Annual Review of Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/aris.1440380103 · Cited by 386

Banishing the homunculus: Making working memory work

Hazy, T. E., Frank, M. J., & O’Reilly, R. C. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.067 · Cited by 385

Individual learning and organizational routine: Emerging connections

Cohen, M. D. (1991) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2.1.135 · Cited by 384

When Will a Brand Scandal Spill Over, and how Should Competitors Respond?

Roehm, M. L., & Tybout, A. M. (2006) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.43.3.366 · Cited by 380

Array models for category learning

Estes, W. K. (1986) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(86)90008-3 · Cited by 356

Unexpected discoveries and S-invention of design requirements: important vehicles for a design process

Suwa, M., Gero, J., & Purcell, T. (2000) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/s0142-694x(99)00034-4 · Cited by 338

On the impact of mood on behavior: an integrative theory and a review

Gendolla, G. H. E. (2000) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.4.4.378 · Cited by 320

Managing Business-to-Business Customer Relationships following Key Contact Employee Turnover in a Vendor Firm

Bendapudi, N., & Leone, R. P. (2002) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.66.2.83.18476 · Cited by 303

Mind-wandering and dysphoria

Smallwood, J., O'Connor, R. C., Sudbery, M. V., & Obonsawin, M. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930600911531 · Cited by 289

A model of the self-explanation effect.

VanLehn, K., Jones, R. M., & Chi, M. T. H. (1992) · Journal of the Learning Sciences · doi:10.1207/s15327809jls0201_1 · Cited by 305

A neurobiological theory of automaticity in perceptual categorization

Ashby, F. G., Ennis, J. M., & Spiering, B. J. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.3.632 · Cited by 286

Assessment of cognitive load in multimedia learning with dual-task methodology: auditory load and modality effects.

Brünken, R., Plass, J. L., & Leutner, D. (2004) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1023/b:truc.0000021812.96911.c5 · Cited by 277

Short-Term Memory and Working Memory: Do Both Contribute to Our Understanding of Academic Achievement in Children and Adults with Learning Disabilities?

Swanson, H. L. (1994) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221949402700107 · Cited by 272

Relation of Depression and Dysfunctional Career Thinking to Career Indecision

Saunders, D. E., Peterson, G. W., Sampson, J. P., & Reardon, R. C. (2000) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1006/jvbe.1999.1715 · Cited by 272

Rules and instances in foreign language learning: Interactions of explicit and implicit knowledge

Ellis, N. (1993) · European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541449308520120 · Cited by 269

Training for reflective expertise: A four-component instructional design model for complex cognitive skills

van Merriënboer, J. J. G., Jelsma, O., & Paas, F. G. W. C. (1992) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02297047 · Cited by 265

Fluency Training in the ESL Classroom: An Experimental Study of Fluency Development and Proceduralization

de Jong, N., & Perfetti, C. A. (2011) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00620.x · Cited by 250

Integration as a general boundary condition on retrieval-induced forgetting.

Anderson, M. C., & McCulloch, K. C. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.25.3.608 · Cited by 246

A neural network model of retrieval-induced forgetting

Norman, K. A., Newman, E. L., & Detre, G. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.887 · Cited by 218

Repetition priming and repetition suppression: a case for enhanced efficiency through neural synchronization

Gotts, S. J., Chow, C. C., & Martin, A. (2012) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2012.670617 · Cited by 213

Functional limitations to daily living tasks in the aged: a focus group analysis

Rogers, W. A., Meyer, B., Walker, N., & Fisk, A. D. (1998) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872098779480613 · Cited by 223

Mental representations in personality development, psychopathology, and the therapeutic process

Blatt, S. J., Auerbach, J. S., & Levy, K. N. (1997) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.1.4.351 · Cited by 217

The neural basis of task-switching in working memory: effects of performance and aging.

Smith, E. E., Geva, A., Jonides, J., Miller, A., Reuter-Lorenz, P., & Koeppe, R. A. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.2095 · Cited by 200

Episodic retrieval and the cortical binding of relational activity

Shimamura, A. P. (2011) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0031-4 · Cited by 205

Predicting environmental learning from spatial abilities: An indirect route

Allen, G. L., Kirasic, K. C., Dobson, S. H., Long, R. G., & Beck, S. (1996) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(96)90026-4 · Cited by 194

Perspectives on problem solving and instruction

van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.11.025 · Cited by 187

Self–focused attention and emotional reactivity: The role of culture

Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E., & Tsai, J. L. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018534 · Cited by 185

Two ways to elaborate Vygotsky's concept of mediation

Karpov, Y. V., & Haywood, H. C. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.1.27 · Cited by 186

Grounding symbolic operations in the brain’s modal systems

Barsalou, L. W. (2008) · Embodied Grounding · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511805837.002 · Cited by 179

The Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach: A Model for Linguistically Diverse Classrooms

Chamot, A. U., & O'Malley, J. M. (1996) · The Elementary School Journal · doi:10.1086/461827 · Cited by 177

Saying no to unwanted thoughts: Self-focus and the regulation of mental life.

Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Milne, A. B. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.578 · Cited by 171

Chapter 19 Dopamine, cognitive control, and schizophrenia: the gating model

Braver, T. S., & Cohen, J. D. (1999) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63082-4 · Cited by 159