Oxytocin and vasopressin release within the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of pregnant, parturient and lactating rats: A microdialysis study
Abstract
The release of the nonapeptides oxytocin and vasopressin within the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei was measured in 30-min microdialysates in conscious female rats in the last three days of pregnancy, during parturition, immediately after parturition and during suckling, all in the same rats, and in virgin controls. Nonapeptide release within the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei was unchanged during late pregnancy compared to virgin rats, but intranuclear oxytocin and not vasopressin release was elevated during parturition (relative to late pregnancy, supraoptic nucleus: to 254%, paraventricular nucleus: to 300%; P < 0.01) and during suckling also on days 8-10 of lactation (relative to pre-suckling, supraoptic nucleus: to 407%, paraventricular nucleus: to 275%; P < 0.02). Suckling-induced release of oxytocin was significantly reduced using Ca(2+)-free, EDTA-containing (10(-4) M) microdialysis fluid and further stimulated by high K(+)- (56 mM), veratridine-containing (50 microM) microdialysis fluid. The opioid antagonist naloxone whether given by subcutaneous injection (5 mg/kg) or directly into the supraoptic nucleus by microdialysis (5 x 10(-6) M) or microinjection (1.5 microliters, 10(-6) M) did not further enhance oxytocin release within either the supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei during parturition. In contrast to the selective release of oxytocin within the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei during parturition and suckling, direct osmotic stimulation of the nuclei by microdialysing hypertonic medium (artificial cerebrospinal fluid; 1 M NaCl) increased intranuclear release of both oxytocin and vasopressin which was further enhanced after replacement of hypertonic with isotonic fluid. This rebound phenomenon served to confirm the precise location of the microdialysis probe ante mortem and the ability of the nuclei to adequately respond to the osmotic stimulus at the end of the experiment. The study has shown that oxytocin is released in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei during parturition as well as in lactation unrestrained by endogenous opioids during parturition. This intranuclear release of oxytocin may act by local positive feedback stimulation of oxytocin neurons to excite further oxytocin release in the brain and into blood during both parturition and lactation.
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Oxytocin is associated with maternal behavior and adult pair-bond formation (partner preference) behavior in rodents.
“Oxytocin (OT), a neuropeptide hormone found exclusively in mammals, is associated with maternal behavior (1,2) and adult pair-bond formation (partner preference) behavior (3,4) in rodents.”
From Chronic intranasal oxytocin causes long-term impairments in partner preference formation in male prairie voles (2013) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Neumann, I., Russell, J. A., & Landgraf, R.
- Affiliations
- Leipzig University (DE)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Neumann, I.
- ORCID
- Neumann, I.
- Venue
- Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1993-03
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-75
- ISSN
- 0306-4522 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2052184070
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 19.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- oxytocin, vasopressin, supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, hypothalamus, childbirth, lactation, suckling, pregnancy, osmotic stimulation, naloxone, veratridine, calcium, opioid antagonism, rats, postpartum period
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Calcium, Dialysis, Female, Hypertonic Solutions, Iodine Radioisotopes, Isotonic Solutions, Labor, Obstetric, Lactation, Naloxone, Osmolar Concentration, Oxytocin, Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, Potassium, Pregnancy, Pregnancy, Animal, Radioimmunoassay, Supraoptic Nucleus, Vasopressins, Rats, Wistar, Rats
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