Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history

In the paper

“the largest Superior-type IFs contain over 10 14 tons of iron (Isley, 1995)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Isley, 1995 source

In the paper

“GIF first appear in the rock record at ca. 2.90 Ga (Siahi et al., 2017), reach their acme at ca. 1.88 Ga, and are then replaced by ironstones in the Phanerozoic record (after ca. 543 Ma) (Bekker et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Siahi et al., 2017 source
• Not checked yetcites Bekker et al., 2014

In the paper

“The presence of both ferric and ferrous minerals gives IFs an average oxidation state of Fe 2.4+ (Klein and Beukes, 1992).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Klein and Beukes, 1992

In the paper

“Most BIF commonly are either overlain or underlain by organic matter-rich and sulfidic shales, and, in some cases, are interstratified with them.”

In the paper

“Superior-type IFs can be very laterally extensive, with original aerial extents estimated in some cases to be over 100,000 km 2 (Isley, 1995; Bekker et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Isley, 1995 source
• Not checked yetcites Bekker et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Modern seawater generally displays heavy REE (HREE) enrichments relative to light REE (LREE), as well as positive La, Gd, and Y anomalies, and strong negative Ce anomalies when normalised to shales (e.g., post-Archaean average shale - PAAS) (e.g., Elderfield and Greaves, 1982; Taylor and McLennan, 1985; De Baar et al., 1985; Derry and Jacobsen, 1990; Bau et al., 1995; Alibo and Nozaki, 1999; Bolha”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Elderfield and Greaves, 1982
• Not checked yetcites Taylor and McLennan, 1985
• Not checked yetcites De Baar et al., 1985 source

In the paper

“Iron formations older than 2.5 Ga display positive La, Gd, and Y anomalies as well, but lack regular negative Ce anomalies and instead contain large positive Eu anomalies (e.g., Alexander et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Alexander et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“By contrast, modern seawater typically has iron concentrations in the range of 0.05 to 2.0 nM (de Baar and de Jong, 2001).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites de Baar and de Jong, 2001

In the paper

“The oxide fraction is the most depleted in REE+Y and has a slight MREE enrichment (Oonk, 2017), which has been described from modern oxygen-limited ferrous environments (e.g., Haley et al., 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Oonk, 2017

In the paper

“However, detailed studies of IF that followed in the Hamersley Province, Western Australia, suggested that the amount of iron deposited was on the order of 1 x 10 13 g/yr (Trendall and Blockley, 1970), requiring rivers the size of the modern Amazon to transport orders of magnitude more iron than they do today.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Trendall and Blockley, 1970

In the paper

“Similar to Fe(II), the Archaean ocean had significantly elevated concentrations of dissolved silica, at least as high as at saturation with cristobalite (0.67 mM at 40 o C in seawater), between 0.5 and 1.5 mM for Fe(III)-Si gels, depending on the Fe/Si ratio, or as high as 2.20 mM for amorphous silica (Siever, 1992; Maliva et al., 2005; Konhauser et al., 2007a; Zheng et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Siever, 1992 source
• Not checked yetcites Maliva et al., 2005 source
• Not checked yetcites Konhauser et al., 2007a

In the paper

“Indeed, the concentration of dissolved Fe(II) effused from some modern deep-sea vents is as high as 25 mM/kg; a few, in arc- and back-arc settings have as much as 2500 mM (German and Von Damm, 2003)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites German and Von Damm, 2003

In the paper

“Similarly, Viehmann et al. (2015) noted the depression of the La anomaly in IF with increased detrital contamination; La anomalies are strongly expressed in pure IF (LaSN/LaSN * ratios between 1.32 and 1.80), whereas they are small or absent in impure IF (between 0.85 and 1.52).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Viehmann et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Aqueous fluids and their precipitates display Y/Ho ratios significantly higher than the molar ratio of 52 shown by common igneous rocks and epiclastic sediments (Bau, 1996, and references therein), reaching molar ratios up to 90 (Zhang et al., 1994; Bau et al., 1997; Nozaki et al., 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bau, 1996
• Not checked yetcites Zhang et al., 1994 source
• Not checked yetcites Bau et al., 1997 source

In the paper

“Using C isotope data, CO2 content, and Fe(II) and Fe(III) data from Beukes et al. (1990), Beukes and Klein (1990), and Kaufman (1996), the average initial Corg based on C isotope composition is 1.28 wt.% for oxidefacies IF and 3.24 wt. % for siderite-facies IF.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Beukes et al., 1990
• Not checked yetcites Beukes and Klein, 1990
• Not checked yetcites Kaufman, 1996 source

In the paper

“the δ 56 Fe values for coexisting oxides and carbonates, from the micron scale to bulk-sample analysis of gram-size quantities, show that Fe isotope compositions scatter closely about a 1:1 line, with some samples trending toward, but not reaching, Fe isotope equilibrium”

In the paper

“In the pre-GOE BIFs of the Transvaal Supergroup, Mn is only present in its divalent form in carbonate minerals and its concentration increases significantly stratigraphically upwards from the Kuruman to the Griquatown and Koegas IFs (Kurzweil et al., 2016; Oonk, 2017)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kurzweil et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Oonk, 2017

In the paper

“The mineral-fluid fractionation-specific δ 56 Fe values of these samples indicate a similar, consistently lighter, source for carbonate and silicate bound-Fe, whereas the oxide-bound Fe tends to have more positive δ 56 Fe values”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Oonk, 2017

In the paper

“The Marra Mamba IF carries a pronounced positive Eu anomaly (Alibert and McCulloch, 1993), suggesting a strong hydrothermal imprint on the REE systematics during its deposition”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Alibert and McCulloch, 1993

In the paper

“Iron formations deposited between 2.60 and 2.45 Ga are the most laterally extensive and economically valuable of any in Earth history.”

In the paper

“Several studies have reported cases of Ce anomalies in Archaean IF (e.g., Kato et al., 2006), but many of these cases can be linked to analytical artefacts or the analysis of samples that have experienced supergene alteration”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kato et al., 2006

In the paper

“at present, there is no conclusive evidence in the Transvaal IF for either the primary oxidative mechanism for episodic Mn sequestration (i.e., aerobic versus photoferrotrophic), nor for the relative role of Mn(II) incorporation into carbonates directly as Mn(II) from porefluid or indirectly through diagenetic bacterial reduction of Mn(IV) oxyhydroxides”

In the paper

“many IFs contain low concentrations of crustal-sourced elements, such as Al, Ti, Zr, Th, Hf, and Sc, implying an authigenic origin and the preservation of geochemical signatures that are uncontaminated by continental detritus”

In the paper

“In many Archaean and early Palaeoproterozoic IFs there are no Ce anomalies (Planavsky et al., 2010a), and thus no deviation from trivalent Ce behaviour”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Planavsky et al., 2010a

In the paper

“It was deposited in a deep-water basinal setting adjacent to a passive margin during the sea-level highstand of the Marra Mamba basin, and has an average outcrop thickness of about 210 m”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Trendall and Blockley, 1970
• Not checked yetcites Krapež et al., 2003 source

In the paper

“the Marra Mamba IF is dominated by magnetite, ankerite, and fibrous silicate (Baur et al., 1985), which suggests excess organic carbon was present during diagenesis”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Baur et al., 1985 source

In the paper

“A lack of geochemical data is also apparent for the Boolgeeda Iron Formation, which was deposited at ~2.45 Ga and represents the terminal IF deposit in the Hamersley Basin.”

In the paper

“the Dales Gorge Member lacks a true negative Ce anomaly, suggesting low-oxygen conditions at the time of deposition”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pecoits et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“The Weeli Wolli Formation displays a marked increase in Cr concentrations, interpreted by Konhauser et al. (2011) as a remnant signature of bacterial pyrite oxidation and associated acid rock drainage.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Konhauser et al. (2011) source

In the paper

“Typical seawater REE+Y patterns are displayed by the Dales Gorge Member, including low Pr/YbSN (0.08-0.3), low Sm/YbSN (0.1-0.4), positive La anomalies, positive Eu anomalies, and superchondritic Y/Ho ratios (Pecoits et al., 2009)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pecoits et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“The Koegas Subgroup only develops in the deeper, southwestern part of the Griqualand West Basin. Its absence in the shallower parts - where the Griquatown GIF is directly overlain by the Makganyene diamictite - is explained by palaeobathymetric considerations (Moore et al., 2001; Polteau, et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Moore et al., 2001 source
• Not checked yetcites Polteau, et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“A negative Ce anomaly is absent in the REE+Y plots of the Joffre Member as well, suggesting O2 levels below the Ce(III)/Ce(IV) redox boundary.”

In the paper

“The regional transition from the stromatolitic Gamohaan Formation upward into the Kuruman BIF is continuous and indicates a progressive deepening of the basin (Klein and Beukes, 1989; Sumner, 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Klein and Beukes, 1989
• Not checked yetcites Sumner, 1997 source

In the paper

“The best age estimates for the deposition of the Dales Gorge and Joffre members are 2494-2464 Ma (Trendall et al., 2004) and 2454±3 Ma (Pickard, 2002), respectively.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Trendall et al., 2004
• Not checked yetcites Pickard, 2002 source

In the paper

“The Dales Gorge Member is also composed of relatively pure chemical precipitates, as supported by low Al, Ti, Th, Zr, Hf, and Sc concentrations (Pecoits et al., 2009)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pecoits et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“The major IFs of South Africa are developed in the Griqualand West Basin of the 2-6-2.4 Ga Transvaal Supergroup, and comprise the Kuruman and Griquatown formations and BIFs of the Koegas Subgroup (Fig. 19).”

In the paper

“The Koegas BIF represents sea-level fluctuations with alternating regressive and transgressive cycles. Iron formation deposition is thought to have taken place during transgressions, punctuated by siliciclastic deposition during regressions (Schröder et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Schröder et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“The two IFs display similar REE+Y patterns, including large Eu anomalies; however, the Joffre Member lacks a strong positive Y anomaly, which is typically associated with a seawater geochemical signature.”

In the paper

“The rhythmically micro-banded Kuruman BIF was deposited largely in an open-shelf environment below wave base and contains multiple cycles of shallowing-upward sequences (Beukes, 1984).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Beukes, 1984 source

In the paper

“Iron isotope compositions in both the Joffre and the Dales Gorge members show a wide range in d 56 Fe values, indicating multiple Fe sources and pathways (Fig. 6), where average d 56 Fe values in the Joffre Member are heavier than those of the Dales Gorge Member (Johnson et al., 2008b; Pecoits et al., 2009; W Li et al., 2013a; Haugaard et al., 2016b)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Johnson et al., 2008b
• Not checked yetcites Pecoits et al., 2009 source
• Not checked yetcites W Li et al., 2013a

In the paper

“The IFs are also generally sulfurpoor and contain minimal detrital input as recorded in very low bulk Al and Ti abundances (Beukes, 1984; Beukes and Klein, 1990; Horstmann and Hälbich, 1995).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Beukes, 1984 source
• Not checked yetcites Beukes and Klein, 1990
• Not checked yetcites Horstmann and Hälbich, 1995

In the paper

“Detailed in situ oxygen isotope analysis (W. Li et al., 2013a), as discussed above (Fig. 8), documents multiple generations of oxides and suggests a primary precipitation temperature as low as ~25 o C.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites W. Li et al., 2013a

In the paper

“the Joffre Member contains many stilpnomelane granules of compositions that appear to record a mixture of volcanic (pyroclastic) and chemical components, thus making it a poor chemical proxy for atmospheric conditions at the time of deposition (Haugaard et al., 2016b)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Haugaard et al., 2016b

In the paper

“The entire sequence is thought to have been deposited in a continental shelf environment that was starved of terrigenous siliciclastic input (Schneiderhan et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Schneiderhan et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“Several of these are Algoma-type IF successions that contain major gold deposits, including the ~2.71 Ga Woodburn Lake greenstone belt, the ~2.97 North Caribou greenstone belt, the ~2.7 Ga Bearmore-Geraldton greenstone belt, the ~2.7-2.6 Ga Rankin Inlet greenstone belt (Goucerol et al., 2016), the ~2.7 Ga Hope Bay greenstone belt (Sherlock et al., 2012), and the ~2.62 Ga BIF from Dam”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Goucerol et al., 2016
• Not checked yetcites Sherlock et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Haugaard et al., 2017a,b

In the paper

“Giant IFs were not deposited between ca. 2.40 and 1.88 Ga, but oolitic hematitic ironstones of the 2.32 Ga lower Timeball Hill Formation in South Africa were deposited in shallow water, above fairweather wave base (Schweigart, 1965; Dorland, 1999).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Schweigart, 1965 source
• Not checked yetcites Dorland, 1999

In the paper

“Few geochemical data are available for this unit, partly because it contains significant amounts of siliciclastic material.”

In the paper

“This level is stratigraphically above the 1.85 Ga Sudbury impact ejecta layer and is older than the ca. 1.83 Ga regional metamorphic event related to the Penokean orogeny”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cannon et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“The manganese (and iron) formation lies above basaltic andesites of the Ongeluk Formation and has been interpreted previously as a volcanogenic deposit (Cornell and Schütte, 1995).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cornell and Schütte, 1995

In the paper

“Deposition of IF on the Superior Craton is coincident with a peak in tonnage for VMS deposits, some of which were positioned in island arcs.”

In the paper

“Iron formations in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero region in Brazil, Middleback Ridge (Gawler Craton) in South Australia, Nimba and Simandou Ranges in Liberia and Guinea, Krivoy Rog area in Ukraine, and Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) region in Russia are broadly similar in age based on available geochronological and chemostratigraphical constraints, and also display similar patterns of macro”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Prilutzky et al., 1992
• Not checked yetcites Kulik and Korzhnev, 1997
• Not checked yetcites Egal et al., 2002 source

In the paper

“Correlative IFs are not documented on other continents.”

In the paper

“The 2.43 Ga Hotazel Formation, whose date of formation has recently been revised from earlier estimates of 2.2 Ga (Gumsley et al., 2017), contains the largest known manganese deposit in the world (Tsikos et al., 2003).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gumsley et al., 2017 source
• Not checked yetcites Tsikos et al., 2003

In the paper

“These IFs were also deposited on reactivated continental margins, and are separated by prominent unconformities from overlying Palaeoproterozoic sequences, which correspond to a long gap in sedimentation following the supercontinent assembly at ca. 2.40 Ga.”

In the paper

“the ca. 1.88 Ga GIF are commonly interbedded with, or overlain by, black sulfidic shales, which record the development of euxinic conditions in parts of the Animikie Basin”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Poulton et al., 2004, 2010

In the paper

“The significance of weak Ce anomalies remains contentious considering co-existing positive La anomalies (Tsikos and Moore, 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tsikos and Moore, 1997

In the paper

“Manganese - deposited as discrete Mnoxide layers in the stratigraphically younger Hotazel Formation - is incorporated entirely in iron carbonate minerals in both the Griquatown and Koegas IFs, where its bulk-rock abundance locally reaches percent levels (Tsikos and Moore, 1997; Johnson et al., 2016; Kurzweil et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tsikos and Moore, 1997
• Not checked yetcites Johnson et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Kurzweil et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“important petrological and geochemical work was carried out on the Slave Craton IF that consists of Mesoarchaean BIF of the ~2.85 Ga Central Slave Cover Group deposited in a continental rift-setting (Haugaard et al., 2016a), and Neoarchaean BIF of the 2.62 Ga Slemon Group (Haugaard et al., 2017a) deposited in a back-arc basin (Haugaard et al., 2017b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Haugaard et al., 2016a
• Not checked yetcites Haugaard et al., 2017a
• Not checked yetcites Haugaard et al., 2017b

In the paper

“The Hotazel Mn-Fe deposits lack positive Eu anomalies, pointing to an extremely dilute hydrothermal signal at best.”

In the paper

“Recognised now to be correlative based on high-precision geochronology”

• Also stated in: § 3.3 The ca. 1.88 Ga resurgence in iron formations · plain

  “the North American GIFs extend discontinuously at the surface for more than 3000 km along the southern and eastern margins of the Superior Craton”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Findlay et al., 1995 source
• Not checked yetcites Machado et al., 1997 source
• Not checked yetcites Fralick et al., 2002 source

In the paper

“However, the significance of this magmatic event is poorly known.”

In the paper

“Large sedimentary iron deposits that formed during this time gap (1.85-0.75 Ga) are indeed absent, but several small IFs and Fe-rich lithologies in sedimentary rock-dominated successions are known”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bekker et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Earliest magnetite is recorded in magnetite that is fine-grained and has low Si contents, whereas high-temperature magnetite is coarse-grained and/or contains high levels of Si (Huberty et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Huberty et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“ε Nd(t) values for IFs scatter between mantle/primitive crust composition and those of old crust, indicating a mix of REE+Y sources.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jacobsen and Pimentel-Klose (1998a)
• Not checked yetcites Alibert and McCulloch (1993)
• Not checked yetcites Li et al. (2015)

In the paper

“Others, such as the ca. 2.32 Ga oolitic GIF of the Timeball Hill Formation in South Africa, are composed of concentric cortices of hematite (Dorland, 1999) that were likely precipitated where Fe(II)-rich waters met more oxygenated shallow seawater.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dorland, 1999

In the paper

“Many of the granules are considered detrital, with some being derived by sedimentary re-working of iron-rich clay, mudstones, arenites, and even stromatolites (e.g., Ojakangas, 1983; Simonson and Goode, 1989).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ojakangas, 1983
• Not checked yetcites Simonson and Goode, 1989

In the paper

“the majority having been deposited between 2.80 and 1.85 Ga in the Neoarchaean and Palaeoproterozoic”

In the paper

“The sulfide-facies IF described by James (1954) are now believed to be pyritic carbonaceous shales and ferruginous slates, and therefore do not represent a chemical precipitate (Bekker et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bekker et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Superior-type IFs developed in passive-margin, sediment-dominated settings (i.e., after stable continental shelves evolved) and generally lack direct stratigraphic relations with volcanic rocks.”

In the paper

“Algoma-type IFs were apparently formed close to volcanic arcs and spreading centres and produced by exhalative hydrothermal processes related to submarine volcanism (e.g., Goodwin, 1962; Gross, 1980, 1983).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Goodwin, 1962 source
• Not checked yetcites Gross, 1980
• Not checked yetcites Gross, 1983 source

In the paper

“These IFs are regarded as having been deposited in near-shore shelf environments (e.g., Trendall, 2002) because they are typically interbedded with, or grade into, carbonates and black shales (Gross, 1980).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Trendall, 2002
• Not checked yetcites Gross, 1980

In the paper

“Traditionally, iron oxides in IF are interpreted to have formed from an initial Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide phase, e.g., ferrihydrite, Fe(OH)3, which precipitated in the photic zone from seawater via the oxidation of dissolved ferrous iron, Fe(II), at concentrations that may have ranged from 0.03 to 0.5 mM; Holland, 1973; Morris, 1993).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Holland, 1973 source
• Not checked yetcites Morris, 1993 source

In the paper

“They consist mainly of interbanded iron- and silica-rich layers and were generally, but not entirely, deposited in relatively deep-water settings, as they typically lack evidence for wave or storm action (Simonson and Hassler, 1996; Trendall, 2002; Krape ž et al., 2003)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Simonson and Hassler, 1996
• Not checked yetcites Trendall, 2002
• Not checked yetcites Krape ž et al., 2003

In the paper

“Layering in BIF can be laterally extensive, indicating deposition below wave base.”

In the paper

“In addition, the changing steepness of the REE+Y spectra (YbSN/CeSN) could be related to corresponding changes in depth of deposition, as suggested for modern seawater (e.g., Piepgras and Jacobsen, 1992; Alibo and Nozaki, 1999).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Piepgras and Jacobsen, 1992
• Not checked yetcites Alibo and Nozaki, 1999

In the paper

“However, recent work suggests that in the presence of dissolved silica, the initial water column precipitate may have been a Fe(III)-Si gel (e.g., Percak-Dennett et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Percak-Dennett et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“Archaean ridge crests were likely shallower than today (Isley, 1995), reflecting higher mantle temperatures, and under such conditions, hydrothermal effluent could have risen buoyantly upwards through the water column to the photic zone - where various oxidative mechanisms could have occurred (see section 2.4).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Isley, 1995 source

In the paper

“Although modern hydrothermal Fe(II) input concentrations (1-3 nM) are significantly below what would be required to form an IF, this system provides evidence that the long-distance transport of iron and the formation of Superior type IF is mechanistically possible.”

In the paper

“Positive Eu anomalies in hydrothermal fluids are linked to the breakdown of plagioclase minerals within the volcanic rocks underlying hydrothermal vents, as plagioclase is intrinsically enriched in Eu relative to other REE+Y during igneous crystallisation (Schnetzler and Philpotts, 1970; Graf, 1977, 1978; Fryer et al., 1979).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Schnetzler and Philpotts, 1970
• Not checked yetcites Graf, 1977 source
• Not checked yetcites Fryer et al., 1979 source

In the paper

“Holland (1973) had previously suggested that the iron was instead sourced from deep-marine, hydrothermally influenced waters and supplied to the depositional settings via upwelling processes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Holland, 1973 source

In the paper

“but we note here the consensus suggests that the primary mineral phase being a silica-associated Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide.”

In the paper

“Furthermore, Eu remains in the soluble Eu 2+ state in hydrothermal fluids because Eu 2+ is more stable at higher temperatures (Sverjensky, 1984; Bau, 1991).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sverjensky, 1984 source
• Not checked yetcites Bau, 1991 source

In the paper

“Although siderite in some IF has been interpreted to be a primary mineral phase (e.g., Beukes and Klein, 1990), there are strong isotopic and petrographic arguments that point instead to formation linked to the remineralisation of organic matter (e.g., Johnson et al., 2003, 2008; Fischer et al., 2009; Pecoits et al., 2009; Heimann et al., 2010; Johnson et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Johnson et al., 2003 source
• Not checked yetcites Johnson et al., 2008
• Not checked yetcites Fischer et al., 2009

In the paper

“Furthermore, IFs typically lack significant detrital input, which argued against a riverine source of the iron (Holland, 1978).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Holland, 1978

In the paper

“Organic material, whether in the form of pelagic rain or intimately associated with sinking Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide particles, would have fuelled the organic remineralisation reactions mentioned above, and is likely to have been largely consumed by excess Fe(III) oxidants during diagenesis and metamorphism (see section 2.6).”

In the paper

“However, Eu concentrations can also be elevated by the erosion of Eu-enriched Archaean continental crust (Taylor and McLennan, 1985; Bohlar et al., 2004), and anomalies generated in vent systems may be diluted by mixing of seawater and hydrothermal fluids (Olivarez and Owen, 1991).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Taylor and McLennan, 1985
• Not checked yetcites Bohlar et al., 2004
• Not checked yetcites Olivarez and Owen, 1991

In the paper

“PercakDennett et al. (2011) and Wu et al. (2012) studied dissolved Fe(II) oxidation in the presence of dissolved silica, which produced an Fe(III)-Si gel that was homogenous on the nm scale, indicating the presence of a single phase in which Si and Fe are tightly bonded and distinct from, for example, Si sorbed to ferrihydrite”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Percak-Dennett et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Wu et al., 2012

In the paper

“raising the possibility that the primary Fe(III) minerals were enriched in SiO2”

In the paper

“geochronological studies of xenotime and monazite paragenesis within hematite and martite-goethite ore bodies that formed during hydrothermal alteration of IF indicate that iron-ore formation was a long-lived and multi-stage process (Rasmussen et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Rasmussen et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“The magnitude of positive Eu anomalies steadily decreases from the Eoarchaean, which reflects both high hydrothermal input and low dissolved oxygen required to stabilise Eu 2+ for transport before the deep oceans became oxygenated (Viehmann et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Viehmann et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Typically, HREE are enriched in the oxide facies of IF, as the result of interaction between hydrothermal fluids and mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) at spreading centres, which are typically tholeiitic and depleted in LREE (Derry and Jacobsen, 1990; Bau, 1991).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Derry and Jacobsen, 1990 source
• Not checked yetcites Bau, 1991 source

In the paper

“most workers consider magnetite to have formed through diagenetic and metamorphic reactions”

In the paper

“Nonetheless, secular trends in the magnitude of Eu anomalies in large Superior-type IFs have historically been assumed to record variations in hydrothermal flux (e.g., Fryer, 1977a; Derry and Jacobsen, 1990; Danielson et al., 1992; Bau and Möller, 1993; Sreenivas and Murakami, 2005; Viehmann et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fryer, 1977a
• Not checked yetcites Derry and Jacobsen, 1990 source
• Not checked yetcites Danielson et al., 1992 source

In the paper

“Both Ce and Nd have short residence times in the modern ocean, 90-165 and 1000-1500 years, respectively (Amakawa et al., 1996)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Amakawa et al., 1996 source

In the paper

“it is important to note that porewater pH in systems dominated by DIR will be in the range expected for greenalite precipitation”

In the paper

“The identification of fine-grained greenalite nanoparticles in laminated cherts (Rasmussen et al., 2016, 2017) has been taken as evidence for water column precipitation of this mineral, and by extrapolation, as a critical precursor to hematite and magnetite.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Rasmussen et al., 2016, 2017

In the paper

“Those authors further suggested that green-rust may have been an important factor in Archaean IF deposition before the Great Oxidation Event (GOE)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Halevy et al., 2017

In the paper

“Zegeye et al. (2012) demonstrated that green-rust can be found within a naturally stratified water column, and that it may act as an important transitory phase between the redoxcline and the export of iron phases to the sediment.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Zegeye et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Under such conditions, dissolved ferrous iron species, such as Fe 2+ or Fe(OH) + , absorb radiation in the 200-400 nm range, leading to the photochemical formation of dissolved ferric iron [reaction 1], which in turn, hydrolyses to form Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides at circumneutral pH (Cairns-Smith, 1978; Braterman et al., 1983; Anbar and Holland, 1992).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cairns-Smith, 1978 source
• Not checked yetcites Braterman et al., 1983 source
• Not checked yetcites Anbar and Holland, 1992

In the paper

“In experiments conducted by Li et al. (2017), the authors reacted natural ferrihydrite-encrusted bacterial mats with dissolved Fe(II) and showed that hexagonal platelets of a siliceous green-rust phase formed, which then agglomerated into aggregates.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Li et al., 2017

In the paper

“Despite the consensus amongst workers that the precursor phase during the sedimentation of IF was most likely Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides (e.g., Konhauser et al., 2002; Kappler et al., 2005; Posth et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2015) or an Fe(III)-Si gel (e.g., Percak-Dennett et al., 2011; Zheng et al., 2016)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Konhauser et al., 2002 source
• Not checked yetcites Kappler et al., 2005 source
• Not checked yetcites Posth et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“an environment proposed to be an analogue for the Archaean ocean (Crowe et al., 2008)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Crowe et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“it is possible that green-rust was a precursor to magnetite in IFs.”

In the paper

“Etique et al. (2015) demonstrated that green rust might be the product of a bacterially mediated reaction involving Fe(III)-reducing bacteria and magnetite.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Etique et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Critically, green-rust phases are of mixed valence (e.g., Rickard and Luther, 2007), and accordingly, require a source of Fe(III).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Rickard and Luther, 2007

In the paper

“The earliest generation of magnetite in the Dales Gorge Member contains minimal Si content (Huberty et al., 2012), and in situ analysis shows that this magnetite has δ 18 O values of ca. -6 to +4‰, indicating formation temperatures between ~50 o C and ~100 o C (Fig. 8).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Huberty et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites W. Li et al., 2013a

In the paper

“Satkoski et al. (2015) used a combination of stable Fe and radiogenic UTh-Pb isotope data from the 3.2 Ga Manzimnyama IF of the Fig Tree Group, South Africa to demonstrate that proximal, shallow-water samples record precipitation under more oxic conditions compared to the distal, deeper-water facies, and that the presence of U enrichment in the shallowwater samples indicates the”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Satkoski et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Although this approach clearly delineates a shift in the oxidative capacity of surface seawater, the limited extent of predicted Fe(II) oxidation could have been linked to oxidation pathways independent of O2.”

In the paper

“These contradictory findings may suggest that primitive cyanobacteria had, at least by 1.9 Ga, some form of protection mechanism against Fe(II) concentrations becoming too high in proximal environments.”

In the paper

“Since photoferrotrophy produces a particulate Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide as well as organic carbon, this process is more likely, as outlined below, to produce organic carbon-poor, iron-rich rocks like IF, because much of the organic matter would be oxidised via DIR”

In the paper

“Such biogenic minerals are expected to bind to organic carbon (cells) and silica, with the net effect being the deposition of Fe-Si-C aggregates onto the sea floor (Posth et al., 2008, 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Posth et al., 2008, 2010

In the paper

“These Mo isotope signatures likely required an oxygenated water column and delivery of Mn(IV) oxides to the sediment pile, given rapid Mn(IV) oxide reduction via Fe 2+ (e.g., Busigny et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Busigny et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Results of the same approach applied to the 3.4 Ga Marble Bar Chert led W. Li et al. (2013b) to conclude that Fe(II) oxidation occurred under anoxic marine conditions by photoferrotrophy.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites W. Li et al., 2013b

In the paper

“Czaja et al. (2013), modelling Fe isotope fractionations, estimated free oxygen contents of <0.001% that of modern seawater during deposition of the Isua IF.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Czaja et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“These authors demonstrated that the Fe(II)-oxidisers were associated with low oxygen concentrations and active Fe redox cycling in the oxic-anoxic transition zone (<3 µ M O2, <0.2 µ M H2S).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Field et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“If we assume that the Mo necessary to allow for Mo nitrogenase to be the predominant pathway for biological nitrogen fixation was sourced by weak oxidative weathering, then the implicit implication is that cyanobacteria would have been active since ~3.2 Ga.”

In the paper

“some of the ca. 1.88 Ga Gunflint-type microfossils from the Animikie Basin have been reinterpreted as chemolithoautotrophic Fe(II)-oxidisers (Golubic and Lee, 1999; Planavsky et al., 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Golubic and Lee, 1999
• Not checked yetcites Planavsky et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“It is also likely that photoferrotrophs flourishing at depth could have exhausted dissolved phosphorous in upwelling waters, thus outcompeting cyanobacteria for a key nutrient, and by extension limiting their activity in overlying waters (Jones et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jones et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“An argument in favour of photoferrotrophy having played a prominent role in IF deposition is that much of the evidence for pre-GOE surface-ocean oxygenation remains contested and proxies that specifically focus on shallow-ocean redox conditions, such as carbonate iodine (Hardisty et al., 2014) and REEs (Planavsky et al., 2010a), point to the dominance of IF and”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hardisty et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Planavsky et al., 2010a

In the paper

“However, the construction of stromatolite-like structures by the anoxygenic phototroph Rhodopseudomonas palustris (Bosak et al., 2007) challenges the notion that stromatolites uniquely mark cyanobacterial presence in the geologic record and that microfossil metabolism can be inferred from morphology alone.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bosak et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Photoferrotrophs have also been identified in Kabuno Bay, Democratic Republic of Congo, a basin characterised by ferruginous conditions and by observed rates of Fe(II) oxidation that appear to exceed those required for IF deposition (Llirós et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Llirós et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Numerical models have been used to suggest that anoxygenic photosynthesisers would control Fe(II) oxidation even if the surface layer was weakly oxygenated (Kappler et al., 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kappler et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“Strong Re and Mo enrichments and coupled Mo-Fe isotope data were interpreted as evidence for oxidative weathering of sulfide-bearing minerals on the continents, and thus the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis as early as ca. 2.6 Ga (Anbar et al., 2007; Kendall et al., 2010; Czaja et al., 2012; Stüeken et al., 2015b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Anbar et al., 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Kendall et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Czaja et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Based on modelling of Fe isotopes in the Manzimnyama jasper, Satkoski et al. (2015) calculated shallow photic zone O2 contents at ~10 µM (between 10 -3 and 10 -2 POL, or Present Ocean Level; Fig. 10), and deep-water O2 contents at ~0.4 µM.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Satkoski et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“some Gunflint fossil groupings (e.g., Gunflintia ) may encompass multiple types of bacteria, including those with different metabolisms (Shapiro and Konhauser, 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Shapiro and Konhauser, 2015

In the paper

“many indicators exist in the rock record pointing to an earlier appearance in the Archaean for both.”

In the paper

“Indeed, as explored below, photoferrotrophs can drive a wide range of extent of water column Fe(II) oxidation-including quantitative oxidation.”

In the paper

“As outlined above, Fe(II) oxidation does not require oxygenic photosynthesis.”

In the paper

“They showed that under ideal growth conditions, as much as 70% of the biologically produced Fe(III) could have been recycled back into the water column via fermentation and organic carbon oxidation coupled to DIR.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Konhauser et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“The 1:1 line can be considered a common source of Fe for specific magnetite-hematite and magnetite-siderite pairs (e.g., W. Li et al., 2013a), taken to reflect authigenic formation of magnetite and siderite through reduction of Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites W. Li et al., 2013a

In the paper

“Moreover, DIR has been shown to be broadly distributed amongst several known Proteobacteria genera, suggesting that this form of metabolism became widespread early in the course of evolution (Barns and Nierzwicki-Bauer, 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Barns and Nierzwicki-Bauer, 1997

In the paper

“However, as noted above, magnetite that has δ 18 O values less than zero requires formation at lower temperature (Fig. 8), and, in such cases, direct, microbially-catalysed reduction seems the best explanation.”

In the paper

“IF minerals that formed in equilibrium with seawater should have δ 56 Fe values offset from the seawater composition based on specific mineral-fluid Fe isotope fractionation factors.”

In the paper

“although IF sedimentation was likely highly pulsed and variable (Bekker et al., 2010; Haugaard et al., 2016a), slow net accumulation rates were probably linked to a low siliciclastic flux that allowed for accumulation of pure chemical sediments”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bekker et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Haugaard et al., 2016a

In the paper

“This model also explains the observation that organic carbon contents are lowest in oxide-facies IF as compared to siderite-facies IF and the relation between δ 13 C and wt.% Corg (Fig. 14)”

In the paper

“In the absence of O2, the fermentation products in the bottom waters and/or shallow sediments would have been oxidised via some other form of anaerobic respiratory process.”

In the paper

“Significantly, coupling the reduction of some Fe(III) minerals to the oxidation of organic matter not only explains the low content of organic carbon in IFs (<0.5 wt.%; Gole and Klein, 1981), but it also explains highly negative δ 13 C values of the early diagenetic Fe(II)-rich carbonates (Perry et al., 1973; Walker, 1984; Baur et al., 1985; Heimann et al., 2010; Craddock and Dauphas,”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gole and Klein, 1981
• Not checked yetcites Perry et al., 1973 source
• Not checked yetcites Walker, 1984 source

In the paper

“Such quantities of Corg are similar to those in Neoarchaean black shales, and highlight the possibility that significant organic carbon was buried with Fe(III) precipitates during IF deposition.”

In the paper

“The difference in the carbonateversus oxide-bound δ 56 Fe signals could be causally linked to DIR or to varying extents of oxidation on a basin-wide scale (e.g., Oonk, 2017)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Oonk, 2017

In the paper

“Iron may be oxidised, deposited on continental shelves, reduced, shuttled to distal locations, oxidised, settled to the deep basin along with organic carbon, and then reduced in the final location of the sediment before being lithified into IF”

In the paper

“Isley and Abbott (1999) estimated that during those 100 m.y., perhaps as much as 60% of the global volume of preserved IF was deposited.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Isley and Abbott (1999)

In the paper

“the comparison seemingly indicates that DIR may operate on both large (basin-wide Fe-shuttle) and local ( in situ microbial reduction) scales”

In the paper

“This suggests that the water column from which Fe(III) oxyhydroxides precipitated was relatively anoxic, or at least below the Eh of the Ce 4+ /Ce 3+ redox couple (Bau and Dulski, 1996)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bau and Dulski, 1996

In the paper

“In the rock record, this event is manifested by a number of changes (see Farquhar et al., 2011, 2014, for reviews), including (1) loss of easily oxidisable detrital uraninite, pyrite, and siderite from fluvial siliciclastic sediments at ca. 2.4 Ga”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Farquhar et al., 2000 source
• Not checked yetcites Bekker et al., 2004 source
• Not checked yetcites Konhauser et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“This consistent depletion in LREE suggests the lack of a discrete redoxcline during this time period and points toward O2-independent Fe(II) oxidation mechanisms”

In the paper

“This interpretation implies deposition of late Palaeoproterozoic IF at ca. 1.88 Ga in basins having varied redox conditions and a strong redoxcline separating an upper oxic water column from deeper waters that were suboxic to anoxic (Planavsky et al., 2009)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Planavsky et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“Major IF deposition occurred between 2.50-2.40 Ga in association with a series of mantle plume breakout events (e.g., Heaman, 1997) and was immediately preceded by the final stage in the supercontinent assembly of the Gawler Craton (South Australia), North China Craton, East Antarctica Craton, and in the central Indian tectonic zone of India (Barley et al., 2005)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Heaman, 1997 source
• Not checked yetcites Barley et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“To oxidise Mn(II), the oxidation state of the basin needs to be significantly higher than that required for Fe(II) oxidation.”

In the paper

“This pattern indicates a relative Mn enrichment in the basin with time, either passively or due to effective reductive cycling of Mn(IV) oxyhydroxides during IF deposition”

In the paper

“Ce anomalies need not develop solely within the water column of a basin. For instance, Ce anomalies can develop in groundwater systems (Johanneson et al., 2006)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Johanneson et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“Based on bulksample analysis, Becker and Clayton (1976) noted isotopic exchange between minerals within the Dales Gorge Member at burial metamorphic temperatures of 270 to 310 o C, and suggested that oxygen isotopes in quartz and carbonate may have equilibrated completely.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Becker and Clayton (1976) source

In the paper

“The consensus view is that the Brockman Iron Formation was deposited on a large, stable, and clastic-starved continental platform, which was only influenced by episodic inputs of fine-grained tuffaceous detritus”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ewers and Morris, 1981
• Not checked yetcites Gross, 1983 source

In the paper

“Beukes and Gutzmer (2008) presented detailed correlations between the Hamersley and Transvaal BIFs, and suggest that these sequences reflect deposition in the same basin, as originally proposed by Button (1976) and then Cheney (1996), although it cannot be ruled out that they were two separate, but coeval basins.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Beukes and Gutzmer (2008)
• Not checked yetcites Button (1976)
• Not checked yetcites Cheney (1996) source

In the paper

“Barley et al. (1997) suggested that deposition of the Hamersley IFs was possibly linked to major submarine magmatic plume activity in the form of a large igneous province (LIP)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Barley et al. (1997) source

In the paper

“Morris (1993) also proposed that the depositional environment for the Hamersley BIFs included a steady source of silica and iron, and a water depth shallow enough to form the large carbonate platforms”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Morris (1993) source

In the paper

“This observation is unlikely to reflect preservational bias because slightly younger 1.84, 1.79, and 1.78 Ga Cu-rich VMS deposits that similarly formed in arc settings contain abundant hematite and magnetite exhalites, jasper, and IF”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Slack et al., 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Slack and Cannon, 2009
• Not checked yetcites Bekker et al., 2010 source