Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history

In the paper

“These patterns are typically mimicked in the REE+Y patterns of post-Archaean IF (Laajoki, 1975; Fryer, 1977a, b; Graf, 1978; Barrett et al., 1988; Klein and Beukes, 1989).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Laajoki, 1975 source
• Not checked yetcites Fryer, 1977a
• Not checked yetcites Graf, 1978 source

In the paper

“it has been demonstrated that, even in the modern ocean, particulate and dissolved iron can be transported more than 2000 km from the ridge axis in seafloorhydrothermal settings (Fitzsimmons et al., 2017)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fitzsimmons et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“the recognition that even modern hydrothermal systems may contribute up to 75% of dissolved iron to the iron budget in the deep oceans (German et al., 2010; Carazzo et al., 2013; German and Seyfried, 2014)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites German et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Carazzo et al., 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites German and Seyfried, 2014

In the paper

“The carbonate REE+Y patterns seem to mimic that of modern seawater even closer than do bulk-rock patterns.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Oonk, 2017

In the paper

“Recent in-situ and fraction-specific REE+Y trends for the ca. 2.47 Ga Kuruman and Griquatown IFs show a marked difference in carbonate versus oxide mineral-hosted REE+Y patterns (Oonk, 2017).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Oonk, 2017

In the paper

“This trend is clearly demonstrated through a compilation of chondrite-normalised Eu anomaly data (EuCN/EuCN * ) in IF spanning the Precambrian (Fig. 5).”

In the paper

“ε Nd(t) values for shales that are coeval with IFs in the Hamersley Basin indicate that at least one continental endmember has near-zero or only slightly negative ε Nd(t) values (Fig. 6)”

In the paper

“Not surprisingly, the thickness of the photosynthetic Fe(II)-oxidising bacterial layer increases when advection is considered as opposed to solely eddy-diffusion transport.”

In the paper

“At the conservatively estimated Fe(II)-oxidation rate of 1.4 × 10 -5 M/day and an Fe(II) concentration of 0.1 mM, a 34 m- or >100 m-thick layer of Fe(II)-oxidising bacteria is required to fully oxidise the Fe(II) input at upwelling rates of 0.5 and 5 m/day, respectively (Fig. 11).”

In the paper

“These estimates are significantly larger than the 17.6 m thickness calculated with eddydiffusion alone by Kappler et al. (2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kappler et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“The thickness of the photoferrotrophic bacterial layer is quite sensitive to upwelling rates, especially at low rates of Fe(II) oxidation.”

In the paper

“Detailed stable Fe isotope studies of hematite, magnetite, and siderite in IFs, including in situ or small-sample isotopic analysis, also demonstrate that these minerals did not form in Fe isotope equilibrium with each other or with seawater (Fig. 16)”

In the paper

“decreasing the sedimentation rate and initial utilisable organic carbon concentrations, and increasing the size of the marine DIC reservoir will result in heavier δ 13 CDIC values”

In the paper

“the observation that the average δ 13 C value of carbonates in oxide-facies IF are lower than those in siderite-facies IF (Fig. 14)”

In the paper

“with sedimentation rates and initial metabolisable organic carbon concentrations being an order of magnitude less than those typical of continental margin sediments, and a DIC reservoir an order of magnitude larger than the modern one, the pore-water DIC δ 13 C values would stabilise at values heavier than -6‰ (Fig. 15)”

In the paper

“If we consider the modern DIC reservoir, as well as sedimentation rates and organic carbon loads characteristic of continental margin settings, δ 13 C values of pore-water DIC quickly (within upper 20 cm) become highly depleted ( δ 13 CDIC < 20‰)”

In the paper

“For oxide-facies IF, based on Fe(II) abundances in magnetite, and assuming an equivalent electron balance was contained in organic carbon, an additional 3.42 wt.% Corg is calculated, for a total of 4.70 wt.% initial Corg in oxide-facies IF.”

In the paper

“estimated initial Corg contents are much higher, ~5 wt. % (Fig. 13), based on the C isotope and magnetite mass balances.”

In the paper

“neither the C or O isotope compositions of IF carbonates match those expected for equilibrium with seawater”

In the paper

“relations that are observed in the large ca. 2.5 Ga Transvaal IFs (Fig. 14)”

In the paper

“large proportions of electron equivalents from organic carbon lie in the magnetite inventory of oxide-facies IF”

In the paper

“most Archaean and early Palaeoproterozoic IFs deposited before the rise of atmospheric oxygen are characterised by light REE+Y depletion (Planavsky et al., 2010a)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Planavsky et al., 2010a

In the paper

“Support for this interpretation is found in negative δ 13 C values that increase with increasing magnetite abundance (Baur et al., 1985)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Baur et al., 1985 source

In the paper

“Late Palaeoproterozoic IFs show significant ranges in light-to-heavy REE (Pr/Yb(SN)) and Y/Ho ratios”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Planavsky et al., 2010a

In the paper

“There also appear to be differences in trivalent REE+Y behaviour in IFs before and after the permanent rise of atmospheric oxygen (Fig. 17)”

In the paper

“A seawater control on bulk-rock δ 56 Fe trends is also seen across multiple drill cores of the Transvaal BIFs (Oonk, 2017)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Oonk, 2017

In the paper

“Nd isotope data suggest a mixture of continental and hydrothermal REE+Y sources”

In the paper

“These ranges are similar to those seen in modern anoxic basins.”

In the paper

“The 2.60 Ga Marra Mamba Formation of the Hamersley Province in Western Australia is one of the thickest IFs in the geologic record.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Trendall and Blockley, 1970
• Not checked yetcites Krapež et al., 2003 source

In the paper

“The low abundance of Al2O3 and TiO2 within the Joffre Member also suggests limited continental epiclastic input.”

In the paper

“transitions from microbanded BIF to granular GIFs are uncommon in the pre-GOE successions (Beukes and Klein, 1990)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Beukes and Klein, 1990

In the paper

“Hematite, on the other hand, underwent negligible change in oxygen isotopes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Becker and Clayton (1976) source

In the paper

“The transition from Kuruman to Griquatown IF is gradual, characterised by intercalated microbanded and granular facies”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Beukes and Klein, 1990

In the paper

“Magnetite and Fe carbonates are the major iron minerals within the South African IFs (Beukes and Klein, 1990; Kurzweil et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Beukes and Klein, 1990
• Not checked yetcites Kurzweil et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“The clastic texture in the Griquatown Formation is manifested by mm-scale granules of varying composition, typically in the same bed, developed locally into well-sorted grainstones (Beukes and Gutzmer, 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Beukes and Gutzmer, 2008

In the paper

“The predominantly clastic-textured, granular Griquatown IF is interpreted to have formed in a shallow water, storm-dominated depositional environment (Beukes, 1984; Beukes and Klein, 1990).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Beukes, 1984 source
• Not checked yetcites Beukes and Klein, 1990

In the paper

“Although hematite micro-particles are present, they are volumetrically extremely rare (Klein and Beukes, 1989).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Klein and Beukes, 1989

In the paper

“The largest IFs by mass are associated with the Brockman Iron Formation in the Hamersley Group of the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia (Isley, 1995; Trendall and Blockley, 2004)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Isley, 1995 source
• Not checked yetcites Trendall and Blockley, 2004

In the paper

“A SHRIMP U/Pb zircon age, determined on stilpnomelane-rich tuffaceous mudrocks, constrains the age of the top part of the Kuruman BIF at ca. 2.46 Ga (Pickard, 2003)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pickard, 2003 source

In the paper

“Compared to the underlying Dales Gorge Member, the Joffre Member has significantly higher REE concentrations (Pecoits et al., 2009; Haugaard et al., 2016b)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pecoits et al., 2009 source
• Not checked yetcites Haugaard et al., 2016b

In the paper

“The iron- and manganese-rich succession of the Hotazel Formation consists of three symmetric cycles of Mn-rich carbonate-braunite lutite, intercalated with magnetite-rich microbanded BIF (Tsikos and Moore, 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tsikos and Moore, 1997

In the paper

“Major IF deposits in Canada are hosted in several 2.9-2.8 Ga and 2.7-2.6 Ga greenstone belts on the Superior, Slave, Rae, and Hearne cratons.”

In the paper

“These GIFs are coeval with emplacement of a ca. 1.88 Ga ultramafic to mafic LIP”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Heaman et al., 1986, 2009
• Not checked yetcites Hulbert et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“These successions contain an abundance of GIF, relative to Archaean and early Palaeoproterozoic BIF.”

In the paper

“Extensive and large IFs reappeared after an approximately 500 m.y. gap, at about 1.88 Ga.”

In the paper

“Iron-oxide exhalites are conspicuously absent at or near these deep-water VMS deposits that presumably formed under open-marine conditions.”

In the paper

“Whole-rock REE+Y patterns and their interpretations are in good agreement with those of the aforementioned Hamersley IFs of Australia (Bau and Dulski, 1996; Planavsky et al., 2010a).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bau and Dulski, 1996
• Not checked yetcites Planavsky et al., 2010a

In the paper

“after nearly doubling the number of IF analyses, the unidirectional decrease in Ni has remained stark and robust”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Konhauser et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“The pattern shows a dramatic drop in Ni availability in the oceans around 2.7-2.6 Ga”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pecoits et al., 2009 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Konhauser et al., 2009, 2015

In the paper

“Most deposits before 2.4 Ga comprise BIF; those ca. 2.3-0.8 Ga are predominantly GIF; Neoproterozoic Rapitan-type iron formation (~0.715 Ga) are associated with glacial deposits.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bekker et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Most deposits before 2.4 Ga comprise BIF; those ca. 2.3-0.8 Ga are predominantly GIF; Neoproterozoic Rapitan-type iron formation (~0.715 Ga) are associated with glacial deposits.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bekker et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Most deposits before 2.4 Ga comprise BIF; those ca. 2.3-0.8 Ga are predominantly GIF; Neoproterozoic Rapitan-type iron formation (~0.715 Ga) are associated with glacial deposits.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bekker et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“As discussed in Reddy et al. (2016), magnetiterich IFs have lower δ 30 Si values than hematite-rich IFs”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Reddy et al. (2016) source

In the paper

“Using this approach, average original organic carbon content was 4.70 wt.% for oxide-facies IF”

In the paper

“indicating that none of the minerals are in Fe isotope equilibrium.”

In the paper

“showing that none of the siderite in either siderite-facies IF or oxide-facies IF is in C or O isotope equilibrium with seawater.”

In the paper

“More realistic layer thickness of ~35 m is required for Fe(II) oxidation rate of 1.4 x 10 -5 M day -1 and advection rate and eddy-diffusivity of 5 m day -1 and 0.1 cm 2 s -1 , respectively, at 100 µ M Fe in upwelling waters.”

In the paper

“At conservatively estimated Fe(II) oxidation rate for upwelling waters with Fe(II) concentration of 500 µ M, photoferrotrophic layer thicknesses of 17.6 and 5.6 m are required when solely considering diffusion at rates of 1 cm 2 sec -1 (not shown) and 0.1 cm 2 s -1 , respectively.”

In the paper

“Instead, the observed minerals reflect significant post-depositional alteration under diagenetic and metamorphic conditions, including, in some cases, post-depositional fluid flow, particularly within oxidised and mineralised zones.”

In the paper

“BIF are dominant in Eoarchaean to early Palaeoproterozoic successions.”

In the paper

“It is generally agreed that none of the minerals in IF are primary in origin in the sense that the original seafloor precipitate was likely a water-rich gel that was not preserved.”

In the paper

“The presence of wave- and current-formed sedimentary structures and hummocky cross-stratification indicates that the granules were deposited near-shore in water depths close to, or above, storm and fair-weather wave base (e.g., Dorland, 1999; Pufahl and Fralick, 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dorland, 1999
• Not checked yetcites Pufahl and Fralick, 2004

In the paper

“The accumulation of such large masses of iron (in the form of Superior-type BIF) required the transport of dissolved Fe(II), because Fe(III) is essentially insoluble at circumneutral pH values.”

In the paper

“Ferrous iron sorption to those particles may also have given rise to 'green rust'-type deposits that eventually transformed into magnetite or iron silicates (Tamaura et al., 1984; Zegeye et al., 2012; Halevy et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tamaura et al., 1984 source
• Not checked yetcites Zegeye et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Halevy et al., 2017

In the paper

“Estimates suggest that a 1:100 or 1:1000 mixture of modern seawater to hydrothermal fluid may account for the observed REE+Y patterns of IF (Barrett et al., 1988; Dymek and Klein, 1988; Klein and Beukes, 1989).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Barrett et al., 1988
• Not checked yetcites Dymek and Klein, 1988
• Not checked yetcites Klein and Beukes, 1989

In the paper

“Europium enrichment in chemical sedimentary rocks that precipitated from seawater indicates a strong influence of high-temperature hydrothermal fluids on the seawater dissolved REE+Y load (e.g., Klinkhammer et al., 1983; Derry and Jacobsen, 1988, 1990; Bau and Dulski, 1996; Viehmann et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Klinkhammer et al., 1983 source
• Not checked yetcites Derry and Jacobsen, 1988
• Not checked yetcites Bau and Dulski, 1996

In the paper

“Moreover, the elevated temperatures of water-rock reactions in the Archaean and the low concentration of marine sulfate (which affect the Eh of hydrothermal fluids, as well as limit near-vent precipitation of iron sulfides) suggest that dissolved Fe(II) in hydrothermal effluents may have been orders of magnitude greater than today (e.g., Kump and Seyfried, 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kump and Seyfried, 2005 source

In the paper

“This would especially be the case under less oxidising conditions, such as those predicted for the Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic, favouring dissolved Fe(II) transport over even longer distances than those observed today.”

In the paper

“Such observations strongly support the idea that the primary Fe(III) precipitate in IFs was an Fe(III)-Si gel.”

In the paper

“These relations indicate, therefore, that the continental component in IFs may be underestimated if that component is only slightly older than the depositional age of the IF.”

In the paper

“suggesting that Ce and Nd isotope compositions would be spatially heterogeneous”

In the paper

“Silica concentrations in Precambrian seawater are estimated to have been high (~1 to 2 mM), assuming control by the solubility of amorphous silica and sorption to silicate minerals (Maliva et al., 2005)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Maliva et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“It is now widely accepted that the deposition of large, economically important IF coincided in time with mantle plume breakout events”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Isley and Abbott, 1999
• Not checked yetcites Rasmussen et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Viehmann et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“values down to -3 would have been typical of shallow-waters dominated by terrestrial sources”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Miller and O'Nions, 1985
• Not checked yetcites Jacobsen and Pimentel-Klose, 1988a
• Not checked yetcites Alexander et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“No magnetite was formed from Fe(III) minerals when microbial biomass was present as the carbon and electron sources for thermochemical Fe(III) reduction”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Halama et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Although most studies assume that the continental component has a highly negative ε Nd(t) value, this assumption is only valid if the continental crust is significantly older than the depositional age of the IFs.”

In the paper

“Although the case for primary hematite discussed above is strong in some examples, hematite in IFs is typically secondary in origin, linked with iron enrichment leading to ore genesis, even in sections distal to iron ore bodies.”

In the paper

“which may explain the tendency of magnetite-rich IFs to have lower δ 30 Si values than hematite-rich IFs (Fig. 7)”

In the paper

“138 La138 Ce systematics show that Ce anomalies in IFs are a feature produced by recent hydrothermal events and are not intrinsic to ancient seawater (Hayashi et al., 2004)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hayashi et al., 2004 source

In the paper

“Positive Y anomalies are typical of aqueous systems (Bau and Möller, 1993).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bau and Möller, 1993

In the paper

“young 147 Sm- 143 Nd isotope ages indicate post-depositional REE+Y mobility during metamorphic events (e.g., Shimizu et al., 1990)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Shimizu et al., 1990 source

In the paper

“in the Archaean oceans these elements likely had a similar residence times on the order of 10 3 years”

In the paper

“Petrographic evidence certainly implies a secondary origin for magnetite in IFs (Ewers and Morris, 1981).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ewers and Morris, 1981

In the paper

“Compilations of Nd isotope data from Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic IFs highlight the fact that most IFs have ε Nd(t) values that are intermediate between those of the depleted mantle and ancient continental crust”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Alexander et al., 2009 source
• Not checked yetcites Viehmann et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“δ 30 Si values for IFs are systematically lower than those of similar-aged cherts that are not associated with IFs (Marin-Carbonne et al., 2014)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Marin-Carbonne et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“The very high peak between 2.7 and 2.5 Ga likely corresponds to a very high mantle input of hydrothermally-derived iron at that time.”

In the paper

“Such results highlight the need to consider the possibility of post-depositional REE+Y mobility in some IFs, particularly those that have been subjected to metamorphic and supergene alteration.”

In the paper

“Reddy et al. (2016) found that even larger Si isotope fractionations occur upon microbial reduction of Fe(III)-Si gels”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Reddy et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Li et al. (2011) conducted detailed crystallochemical analysis of magnetite from the Dales Gorge Member and reported a lattice constant and Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ stoichiometry very similar to those produced by DIR bacteria including Geobacter , Shewanella, and Thermoanaerobacter.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Li et al., 2011

In the paper

“Detrital contamination would also act to decrease the slope of the REE+Y pattern.”

In the paper

“Recent experimental studies, however, document large Si isotope fractionations between dissolved Si and Fe(III)-Si gel, significantly larger than those produced by sorption of dissolved Si to Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides (Zheng et al., 2016)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Zheng et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Previous spectroscopic studies indicate that co-precipitation of Fe(III) and Si from a mixed solution tends to form an intimately bonded Fe(III)-Si phase, rather than separate Fe(III) and Si phases (Doelsch et al., 2000, 2001, 2003).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Doelsch et al., 2000, 2001, 2003

In the paper

“when exposed to dissolved Fe(II), Fe(III)-Si gels are resistant to phase transformations that may occur in dissolved Fe(II)-ferrihydrite experiments (e.g., Johnson et al., 2005)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Johnson et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“The Y/Ho ratio in chemical precipitates is also typically depressed by clastic input because crustal rocks have lower Y/Ho ratios (Kamber and Webb, 2001; Bolhar et al., 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kamber and Webb, 2001 source
• Not checked yetcites Bolhar et al., 2004 source

In the paper

“However, at least in the case of the nanoparticles examined by Rasmussen et al. (2017), the succession examined more likely represents distal deep-water deposits not characteristic of IF deposited on a shelf.”

In the paper

“their geochemistry does indicate that some potentially 'primary' signals can be retained in IF carbonates.”

In the paper

“The mineralogy and Fe isotope composition of IF dictates that some oxidation of Fe(II) was necessary for precipitation”

In the paper

“Recent analyses of the microfossils within the 1.88 Ga Gunflint Iron Formation appear to confirm that cyanobacteria were a significant component of shallow-marine communities at that time (Lepot et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lepot et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“Such features suggest that some siderite formed during the diagenetic (biological or non-biological), and subsequent metamorphic, oxidation of microbial biomass to CO2/bicarbonate coupled to the reduction of Fe(III), followed by reaction of the product Fe 2+ aq with sediment pore-water bicarbonate (Johnson et al., 2008; Heimann et al., 2010; Köhler et al., 2013; Halama et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Johnson et al., 2008
• Not checked yetcites Heimann et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Köhler et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“the recent UV photooxidation experiments of Nie et al. (2017) utilised a relatively simple, borate-buffered solution without silica that does not correspond to Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic seawater compositions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nie et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“Carbonated green-rust has been observed in modern ferruginous and sulfate-poor Lake Matano in Indonesia (Zegeye et al., 2012)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Zegeye et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“This is consistent with an early diagenetic origin for the low-Si magnetite.”

In the paper

“Fine-grained and dispersed hematite, considered to reflect the earliest generation, have δ 18 O values as low as -9‰ as determined by in situ analysis, indicating formation temperatures as low as ~25 o C (Fig. 8).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites W. Li et al., 2013a

In the paper

“although it remains possible that UV photo-oxidation contributed to IF precipitation, this mechanism seems unlikely to have provided the major source of Fe(III) for the deposition of large IFs.”

In the paper

“Bulk mineral separates of hematite, magnetite, and quartz from the Dales Gorge Member have average δ 18 O values of ~ -2‰, ~ +3‰, and ~ +21‰, respectively”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Becker and Clayton, 1976 source

In the paper

“Such an interpretation, however, is in conflict with the very low δ 18 O values measured for hematite in the Dales Gorge Member (Fig. 8), which requires a very low temperature of formation.”

In the paper

“δ 56 Fe values should remain relatively unchanged due to the low solubility of iron in aqueous solutions at hydrothermal temperatures (Chou and Eugster, 1977; Simon et al., 2004), slow diffusion of Fe in hematite and magnetite (Hallstrom et al., 2011), and lack of a large external reservoir for equilibration”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Chou and Eugster, 1977
• Not checked yetcites Simon et al., 2004 source
• Not checked yetcites Hallstrom et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“Greenalite has been identified in chert layers from several Palaeoproterozoic IFs, including the Brockman Iron Formation in Western Australia (Kaufman et al., 1990; Rasmussen et al., 2015; 2016) and the Transvaal Supergroup in South Africa (Rasmussen et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kaufman et al., 1990 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Rasmussen et al., 2015; 2016
• Not checked yetcites Rasmussen et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“values that are at odds with those predicted for Archaean seawater (e.g., Grotzinger and Kasting, 1993; Blätter et al., 2016; Halevy and Bachan, 2017).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grotzinger and Kasting, 1993 source
• Not checked yetcites Blätter et al., 2016
• Not checked yetcites Halevy and Bachan, 2017

In the paper

“Moreover, ascribing a precursor phase containing significant ferrous iron requires a diagenetic mechanism to convert the Fe(II) on a layer-by-layer basis to Fe(III).”

In the paper

“indicating that on average, hematite formed at a lower temperature than magnetite (Becker and Clayton, 1976)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Becker and Clayton, 1976 source

In the paper

“The spread in δ 56 Fe values for hematite and magnetite, as determined by in situ methods, is therefore likely to record original values upon increase in temperature (W. Li et al., 2013a)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites W. Li et al., 2013a

In the paper

“in an ocean approaching saturation or supersaturation with respect to ferrous carbonate and silicate phases, UV photo-oxidation may have been relatively insignificant, particularly at anything but the shallowest water depths.”

In the paper

“the laboratory experiments by Tosca et al. (2016), who examined the solubility of freshly precipitated greenalite suggest that its precipitation requires a pH of 7.75-8.3”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tosca et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Thermodynamic calculations and precipitation experiments by Halevy et al. (2017) support carbonated 'green-rust' as a possible phase given the appropriate Eh-pH conditions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Halevy et al., 2017

In the paper

“Importantly, iron-rich waters, near saturation with ferrous iron phases, are likely essential for driving IF deposition, instead of simply background marine sedimentation.”

In the paper

“Although it is clear that oxygenated groundwaters may produce hematite mineralisation in ore zones (McLellan et al., 2004), the evidence does not support this mechanism for all hematite in the Dales Gorge Member.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites McLellan et al., 2004 source

In the paper

“it was determined that the amount of hydrogen peroxide derived from atmospheric reactions is orders of magnitude too small to account for the Fe(III) sedimentation required to form IF (Pecoits et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pecoits et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Importantly, in most cases, the C, O, Fe, and Sr isotope compositions of IF carbonates clearly preclude formation in equilibrium with seawater (Johnson et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Johnson et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“in fluids having high dissolved Fe(II), Si(OH)4, and HCO3 -, the oxidation effects of either UV-C (200-280 nm wavelength) or UV-A (320-400 nm wavelength) were found to be negligible compared to the precipitation of ferrous silicates and ferrous carbonates (e.g., Konhauser et al., 2007b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Konhauser et al., 2007b

In the paper

“Olson et al. (2013) estimated that photic zone O2 contents could be as high as ~10 µM under an essentially anoxic atmosphere.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Olson et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“This result suggests that such bacteria could potentially have oxidised all of the upwelling Fe(II) in Precambrian oceans.”

In the paper

“Supporting this, molecular phylogenetic analysis of many enzymes involved in (bacterio)-chlorophyll biosynthesis suggests that anoxygenic photosynthetic lineages are likely more deeply rooted than oxygenic cyanobacterial lineages (Xiong, 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Xiong, 2006 source

In the paper

“It is also important to note that oxygen evolution in the photic zone may have been decoupled from atmospheric evolution.”

In the paper

“At a conservative, experiment-based, depth-integrated, phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidation rate of 1.4 × 10 -5 M/day (corresponding to a depth of 100 m), an estimated Fe(II) concentration of 0.5 mM, and the modern global mean eddy-diffusion rate of 0.1 cm 2 /s, it was estimated that a photoferrotrophic bacterial layer 17.6 m thick was required to completely oxidise the Fe(II) input.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kappler et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“experimental work demonstrating that Fe(II) concentrations in the range of 10s to 100s of µ M would lead to oxidative stress in cyanobacteria, resulting from reactions between Fe(II) and oxygen that produce reactive oxygen species (Swanner et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Swanner et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Compared to oxygenic photosynthesis, there is less actual physical and chemical evidence for the existence of Fe(II)-oxidising phototrophs in the Archaean.”

In the paper

“The calculations of Czaja et al. (2012), based on covariation in Mo and Fe isotope compositions in carbonates of the 2.65-2.5 Ga Campbellrand-Malmami carbonate platform, estimated 35 µM O2 content in the photic zone during this time period, being ~12% of modern level.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Czaja et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Oxygenic photosynthesis at 2.72 to 2.59 Ga has been inferred from the presence of extremely isotopically depleted kerogen within carbonates and shales in the Hamersley Province of Western Australia, the Kaapvaal Craton in South Africa, and the Superior Craton in Canada.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hayes, 1983
• Not checked yetcites Eigenbrode and Freeman, 2006 source

In the paper

“The ferric iron minerals these strains produce are also consistent with the most likely precursor IF minerals, Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides (Kappler and Newman, 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kappler and Newman, 2004

In the paper

“Over the past decade, redox-sensitive trace element data generated from paleosols, shales, carbonates, and IFs suggests an early Archaean rise of oxygenic photosynthesisers (see Robbins et al., 2016 for review).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Robbins et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Since then, several experimental studies have confirmed that various purple and green bacteria can use Fe(II) as a reductant for CO2 fixation (e.g., Widdel et al., 1993; Heising et al., 1999; Straub et al., 1999).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Widdel et al., 1993 source
• Not checked yetcites Heising et al., 1999 source
• Not checked yetcites Straub et al., 1999 source

In the paper

“Although cyanobacteria were also detected in this transition zone, oxygen concentrations were too low to support significant rates of abiotic Fe(II) oxidation.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Field et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“A solution to this issue lies in the work of Gauger et al. (2015, 2016), who provided evidence that minerals produced by photoferrotrophs, as well as other Fe(II)-oxidising bacteria, can protect the cells from UV radiation.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gauger et al., 2015, 2016

In the paper

“Furthermore, when considering the expected range of upwelling conditions and reasonable rates of photoferrotrophic Fe(II) oxidation, this result indicates a wide scope in the extent of Fe(II) oxidation in Archaean water masses.”

In the paper

“This implies that these signatures cannot be easily linked to anoxygenic photosynthetic Mn(II) oxidation more than a half of billion years before the GOE.”

In the paper

“The supply of MnO2 was likely also not significant until after the GOE, due to the oxidation of dissolved Mn(II) requiring the presence of free dissolved oxygen and an aerobic microbial catalyst (e.g., Tebo et al., 2005)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tebo et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“For instance, the spheroidal forms of siderite found in several IFs are similar to those of the siderite grains formed experimentally when ferrihydrite is reacted with organic carbon at pressure and temperature conditions commensurate with IF diagenesis (Köhler et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Köhler et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“The Fe isotope composition of Archaean seawater was likely temporally and spatially variable, reflecting, in part, variable extents of Fe(II) oxidation (e.g., Rouxel et al., 2005)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Rouxel et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“there is nearly unanimous agreement that (i) the size of the DIC reservoir was significantly larger in the Archaean than in the modern ocean”

• Also stated in: § 2.6 Available reductants and diagenesis of iron formations · boosted

  “it is generally accepted that the DIC reservoir was much larger in the Archaean relative to today”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ridgwell and Zeebe, 2005 source
• Not checked yetcites Bekker et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“By contrast, the ferric minerals in IF would have represented a favourable electron acceptor for the oxidation of organic matter (Walker, 1984; Nealson and Myers, 1990) through DIR by various bacteria and archaea”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Walker, 1984 source
• Not checked yetcites Nealson and Myers, 1990

In the paper

“a commensurate reduction in organic carbon reservoir size is also required to explain the δ 13 C values of Ca-Mg (non-IF) carbonates throughout the Archaean (e.g., Krissansen-Totton et al., 2015)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Krissansen-Totton et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Likewise, the large magnetite grains found in many IFs can be replicated experimentally through a three-stage sequence, beginning with DIR of an initial ferric iron-rich sediment coupled to the oxidation of dead phytoplankton biomass, followed by magnetite crystal aging, and ultimately by pressure- and temperature-induced abiotic alteration of the biogenic magnetite during”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Y.-L. Li et al., 2013

In the paper

“Oxidation of Fe(II), either indirectly via oxygenic photosynthesis, or directly via anoxygenic photoferrotrophy, would produce biomass that settled to the seafloor together with the Fe(III) minerals”

In the paper

“the large spread in IF carbonate δ 13 C values and markedly light values are exactly what would be expected in the presence of Fe(III)-mediated organic carbon and methane oxidation in the upper part of the sediment pile”

In the paper

“low δ 18 O values of carbonates from oxide-facies IF likely reflect their formation at a later stage in diagenesis in deeply buried sediments that were disconnected from the water column”

In the paper

“This result potentially provides further support for in situ reduction of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides by DIR in the sediment prior to lithification, consistent with the C and O isotope data discussed above”

In the paper

“Heimann et al. (2010) recognised that reactions 3, 5, and 6 predict changes in both the δ 13 C and δ 18 O values of IF carbonates”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Heimann et al. (2010) source

In the paper

“In fact, given that upwelling is highly variable on a seasonal time scale (with shifts over an order of magnitude in some settings), a variable extent of oxidation is likely to characterise any Archaean setting where upwelling was an important transport mechanism.”

In the paper

“Despite the possibility of some oxic surface waters being generated by cyanobacterial activity as early as 3.8 Ga (see discussion above), deep waters, and by extension the seafloor, remained anoxic”

In the paper

“The strongest proof of microbial Fe(III) reduction, therefore, seems to lie in the isotopic compositions of IF minerals.”

In the paper

“The possibility of DIR producing the large Fe(II) inventory in IFs is supported by molecular phylogeny, specifically from the observation that many deeply-branching Archaea (i.e., some of the oldest purported species) can use H2 to reduce Fe(III) to support chemolithoautotrophic growth (Vargas et al., 1998).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Vargas et al., 1998 source

In the paper

“(ii) most IF precursor sediments were deposited in offshore environments with limited siliciclastic input and low sedimentation rates”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ridgwell and Zeebe, 2005 source
• Not checked yetcites Bekker et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Moreover, the reduction of ferric iron may also have been coupled to the anaerobic oxidation of methane (Konhauser et al., 2005), an observation supported by the reaction's likely occurrence in modern marine sediments (Riedinger et al., 2014) and lakes (Crowe et al., 2011), as well as in culture experiments (Ettwig et al., 2016; Bray et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Konhauser et al., 2005 source
• Not checked yetcites Riedinger et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Crowe et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“an estimated ten-fold greater size compared to that of the modern reservoir seems reasonable (Hotinski et al., 2004; Ridgwell and Zeebe, 2005; Higgins et al., 2009)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hotinski et al., 2004 source
• Not checked yetcites Ridgwell and Zeebe, 2005 source
• Not checked yetcites Higgins et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“(iii) proportionally more Fe(III) existed than organic carbon buried with IF precursor sediments relative to typical modern continental margin sediments”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ridgwell and Zeebe, 2005 source
• Not checked yetcites Bekker et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Such a model explains the long-standing puzzle of why IF carbonates have lower δ 18 O values than coeval Ca-Mg carbonates”

In the paper

“This magnitude of offset, relative to modern marginal sediments, seems likely for IF precursor sediments.”

In the paper

“Fe(III)-reducing bacteria can even use quinone moieties as electron shuttles between solid-phase iron minerals and H2, thereby alleviating the need for direct contact between the cell and mineral surface (Lovley et al., 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lovley et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“the carbonate carbon isotope record in IF is consistent with significant levels of methane cycling in the precursor sediments”

In the paper

“the ratio of light to heavy REEs markedly increases across redox boundaries due to reductive dissolution of Mn(IV)-Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides (German et al., 1991; Byrne and Sholkovitz, 1996)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites German et al., 1991 source
• Not checked yetcites Byrne and Sholkovitz, 1996

In the paper

“suboxic and anoxic waters lack significant negative Ce(SN) anomalies due to reductive dissolution of settling Mn(IV)-Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide particles (German et al., 1991; Byrne and Sholkovitz, 1996)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites German et al., 1991 source
• Not checked yetcites Byrne and Sholkovitz, 1996

In the paper

“The GOE represents a transition from an atmosphere that was essentially devoid of free oxygen (O2 << 10 -5 PAL) to one with O2 concentrations >10 -5 PAL”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pavlov and Kasting, 2002 source

In the paper

“Manganese, the most abundant redox-sensitive element in IF after Fe (Klein, 2005)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Klein, 2005 source

In the paper

“Samples that display high δ 56 Fe values for the initial Fe(III) precipitate are interpreted to reflect a hydrothermal source of Fe based on Fe-Nd isotope relations (Fig. 6)”

In the paper

“depletion of light REE+Y develops in oxygenated waters owing to preferential removal of LREE versus HREE onto Mn(IV)-Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides and other particle-reactive surfaces”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites German et al., 1991 source
• Not checked yetcites Byrne and Sholkovitz, 1996

In the paper

“which likely reflect variable fractionation of REE+Y by Mn(IV)-Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide precipitation and dissolution (Planavsky et al., 2010a)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Planavsky et al., 2010a

In the paper

“samples that have low initial δ 56 Fe values may reflect a microbial source of Fe(II) that was shuttled from a continental shelf environment (Fig. 6), assuming the Nd-Fe isotope interpretations outlined by Li et al. (2015) are correct”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Li et al. (2015)

In the paper

“oxygenated marine settings display a strong negative Ce anomaly when normalised to a shale composite (Ce(SN)), because oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) greatly reduces Ce solubility, resulting in its preferential removal onto Mn(IV)-Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides, organic matter, and clay particles (Byrne and Sholkovitz, 1996; Bau and Koschinsky, 2009)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Byrne and Sholkovitz, 1996
• Not checked yetcites Bau and Koschinsky, 2009

In the paper

“their precursor minerals, such as Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides, are likely to retain the chemical signature of seawater”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bau and Dulski, 1996
• Not checked yetcites Bjerrum and Canfield, 2002 source
• Not checked yetcites Bolhar et al., 2004 source

In the paper

“This association points to an anoxic and ferruginous composition of deep waters in open-marine settings at ca. 1.88 Ga.”

In the paper

“These data also suggest that the hydrothermal systems were likely the source of iron, consistent with earlier models (e.g., Isley, 1995).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Isley, 1995 source

In the paper

“the presence of IF in the ca. 1.88 Ga Rochford Formation developed on the eastern margin of the Wyoming Craton supports synchronous deposition of IF on several cratons”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Frei et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“although tidal signatures have been observed in GIF and interbedded sedimentary rocks in Minnesota and the Hudson Bay region (Ojakangas, 1983; Chandler, 1984), which is consistent with at least periodically open-marine conditions, albeit very shallow, during IF deposition.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ojakangas, 1983
• Not checked yetcites Chandler, 1984 source

In the paper

“Correlative and texturally similar GIF are also recognised in the northern part of the Superior Craton in the Hudson Bay region (Richmond Bay and Belchers islands) and in the Sutton Inliers, and are considered to have been deposited in extensional basins coeval with submarine basaltic volcanism”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fralick et al., 2002 source
• Not checked yetcites Schulz and Cannon, 2007
• Not checked yetcites Ricketts et al., 1982 source

In the paper

“it questions models invoking either fully oxic or fully sulfidic conditions throughout the deep ocean in the mid-Proterozoic.”

In the paper

“In this regard, proximity of the depositional site to shore played a strong role in determining which IF would record a continental Cr input.”

In the paper

“the amount of continental freeboard directly affects the relative proportions of submarine versus subaerial volcanism and thereby the reducing equivalents of volcanic gases”