Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature

In the paper

“Small-worldness (De Asis-Cruz et al., 2015; Fransson et al., 2011; Gao et al., 2011), as well as its constituent properties of global efficiency and average clustering coefficient, are already high in neonates.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  De Asis-Cruz et al. directly report small-world topology in healthy full-term newborns: the small-world index exceeded 1 at every tested threshold (range 1.15–2.70), and clustering was significantly greater than in random networks. They also found that global efficiency exceeded network cost, although efficiency was intermediate between random and regular networks rather than simply described as “high.” The claim is a reasonable paraphrase, with that qualification; the prior disputed verdict is not supported by contrary evidence. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites De Asis-Cruz et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Fransson et al., 2011
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Gao et al., 2011

In the paper

“followed soon after by similar findings of bilaterally correlated activity in early visual and early auditory cortex (Cordes et al., 2001; Kiviniemi et al., 2000; Lowe et al., 1998).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cordes et al., 2001
• Not checked yetcites Kiviniemi et al., 2000 source
• Not checked yetcites Lowe et al., 1998 source

In the paper

“ICA maps reproducibly reveal early visual, early auditory, and primary sensory/motor components, as well as other components comprising distributed portions of the frontal, parietal, and temporal association cortices (Damoiseaux et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Damoiseaux et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“Interregional FC arises from anatomical projection strengths (Messe et al., 2014; Shen et al., 2012), correlated gene expression (Richiardi et al., 2015), and synaptic receptor densities (Turk et al., 2016; van den Heuvel et al., 2016b)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Messe et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Shen et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Richiardi et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Correlated resting-state activity was first identified in bilateral sensorimotor cortex by (Biswal et al., 1995)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Biswal et al., 1995 source

In the paper

“This property, which is ubiquitous across vastly different scales of investigation in the brain, is thought to emerge from a biological need to balance the benefits of integration against the costs of long-range wiring (Collin et al., 2013; Vertes and Bullmore, 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Collin et al., 2013
• Not checked yetcites Vertes and Bullmore, 2015 source

In the paper

“These trends are consistent with the presence of basic somatosensory and visual functions at birth, and help contextualize findings that primary sensory regions are generally the first cortical areas to reach plateaus or peaks in growth (Geng et al., 2016; Gilmore et al., 2012; Lyall et al., 2015; Scott et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Geng et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Gilmore et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Lyall et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Rich-club nodes tend to span multiple RSNs, thereby facilitating integration between them (Sporns, 2013; van den Heuvel and Sporns, 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sporns, 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites van den Heuvel and Sporns, 2013 source

In the paper

“These sensory networks undergo subtle refinements and strengthening over the first two years of life, and by age two bear substantial resemblance to their adult counterparts (Gao et al., 2015a; Lin et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2015a
• Not checked yetcites Lin et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“By two years of age, the network bears adult-like qualities, although coupling between distant anterior and posterior nodes of the network remain relatively low.”

In the paper

“the DMN is considered “task-negative” as it has been linked to internal mentation and is known to deactivate during processing of external stimuli (Buckner et al., 2008)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Buckner et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“RSNs are already present during infancy, and potentially to some extent in utero (Thomason et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Thomason et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“Both effects in tandem are crucially involved in cognitive control (Dwyer et al., 2014) and executive functioning (Reineberg et al., 2015), and are differentially associated with performance on simple motor tasks versus complex working memory tasks (Cohen and D’Esposito, 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dwyer et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Reineberg et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Cohen and D’Esposito, 2016

In the paper

“In neonates and very young infants, these individual compartments demonstrate locally correlated activity, but fail to synchronize into a coherent network (Damaraju et al., 2014; Fransson et al., 2007; Gao et al., 2009; Smyser et al., 2010; Wylie et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Damaraju et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Fransson et al., 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“These modules include 1) segregated, non-distributed modules for sensory/motor activity, such as in early visual cortex and in somatomotor cortex, 2) the default-mode network (DMN), comprising the medial prefrontal, posterior cingulate/precuneus, angular gyrus, and medial temporal cortex”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Doucet et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Gordon et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“doubling in volume during the first year and reaching 80–90% of adult volume by age 3 (Courchesne et al., 2000; Knickmeyer et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Courchesne et al., 2000 source
• Not checked yetcites Knickmeyer et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“The brain’s major fiber pathways become consolidated through myelination, though their presence is largely established prenatally (Stiles and Jernigan, 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stiles and Jernigan, 2010 source

In the paper

“By extension, one could reason that developmental modifications in brain FC, whether normative or pathological, are also best understood via an emerging network science that merges structural and functional connectivity data.”

In the paper

“This same time period is marked by rapid and widespread cortical synaptogenesis, followed by a protracted period of synapse elimination and cell loss which carries into adulthood (Huttenlocher, 2002; Innocenti and Price, 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Huttenlocher, 2002
• Not checked yetcites Innocenti and Price, 2005 source

In the paper

“Community structure assessed at two years of age (Alcauter et al., 2015b; Gao et al., 2015b) indicates the presence of distinct modules encompassing early auditory, early somatomotor, and early visual areas, and potentially, other prototypical modules similar to the canonical salience, frontoparietal, and DMN seen in adults.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Alcauter et al., 2015b
• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2015b

In the paper

“Concomitantly, long-distance links are preferentially strengthened during the first year of life, leveling off thereafter (Gao et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“Other considerations include early postnatal changes in cerebral vasculature, and altered state of consciousness when scanning very young participants.”

In the paper

“Prior to 2012, multiple studies had found that functional connectivity between anatomically proximate ROIs gradually decreased, whereas long-range functional connections, especially anterior-posterior links, gradually increased until adulthood (Dosenbach et al., 2010; Fair et al., 2009; Kelly et al., 2009; Supekar et al., 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dosenbach et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Fair et al., 2009
• Not checked yetcites Kelly et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“different community detection algorithms can provide unique results and all are not appropriate for any given experimental condition (Gates et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gates et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“synchronization and homotopic coupling from birth through the first two years of life (Gao et al., 2015b; Homae et al., 2010), concomitant with decreasing between-module connectivity (i.e. greater functional specialization).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2015b
• Not checked yetcites Homae et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“A natural benefit is the attenuation of micromovements and their attendant signal artifacts.”

In the paper

“One recent report compared community structure in adults against that in 1–2 year olds using closely matched methods (Eggebrecht et al., 2017), providing the first direct evidence for numerous anatomically localized modules in the infant brain and their relationship to adult functional organization (Figure 2C).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Eggebrecht et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“Rich clubs are also evident in both structural and functional networks in neonates along with both high functional modularity and integration capacity between modules (Ball et al., 2014; Scheinost et al., 2016a; van den Heuvel et al., 2015b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ball et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Scheinost et al., 2016a
• Not checked yetcites van den Heuvel et al., 2015b

In the paper

“Such anatomical areas are likely critical for the development of complex cognitive and social abilities, and are potentially uniquely susceptible to early environmental influences (Graham et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Graham et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“These latter modules also exhibit substantial growth of distributed synchronization and homotopic coupling from birth through the first two years of life (Gao et al., 2015b; Homae et al., 2010), concomitant”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2015b
• Not checked yetcites Homae et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“These properties only appear to marginally increase during the first year of life, plateauing thereafter until at least the end of the second year (Gao et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“The first two years of life reflect a gradual decrease in the hubness of sensorimotor areas and increased involvement of various association cortical areas, especially the medial frontal and parietal portions of the default mode (Gao et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“The DMN was found to exhibit both increasingly synchronized within-network and between-network connections.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gu et al., 2015b

In the paper

“Among cortical areas, some have reported increasing hubness of frontal nodes (Cao et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2013) while in other lobes there have been mixed reports of increasing (Cao et al., 2014; Grayson et al., 2014) and decreasing (Wu et al., 2013; Zuo et al., 2012), or stable (Hwang et al., 2013) hubness.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cao et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Wu et al., 2013
• Not checked yetcites Grayson et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“These trends pointed to coherent changes that involved a dampening of non-specific local spread of activity and strengthening of long-range links, facilitating cognitive development through modular specialization and selective cross-network integration (Bunge and Wright, 2007; Fair et al., 2009; Uddin, 2011; Uddin et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bunge and Wright, 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Fair et al., 2009
• Not checked yetcites Uddin, 2011

In the paper

“Similar, albeit not identical developmental findings, are observed by (Marek et al., 2015)), who found increased cross-network integration between the cingulo-opercular/salience and somatomotor modules over the age of 10–26, which they showed to be associated with the development of cognitive control.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Marek et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“More detailed network analyses have revealed that specific connections to cortical hub regions increase during childhood and adolescence (Grayson et al., 2014; Hwang et al., 2013) resulting in increased rich club coefficients in adulthood (Cao et al., 2014; Grayson et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grayson et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Hwang et al., 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Cao et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Interestingly, frontal and parietal cortical gray matter (but not white matter) volume decreases across this same age bracket, and exhibits curvilinear trajectories that are closely correlated to the loss of slow-wave power in these same areas (Buchmann et al., 2011; Smit et al., 2012; Whitford et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Buchmann et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Smit et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Whitford et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Despite this “adult like” level of organization, refinements within and between systems does appear to occur over time, although details to this end are still being worked out (Fair et al., 2012b; Gu et al., 2015b; Marek et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fair et al., 2012b
• Not checked yetcites Gu et al., 2015b
• Not checked yetcites Marek et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Somewhat unexpectedly, two reports found path length to also increase with age (Boersma et al., 2011; Smit et al., 2012), although more recent work demonstrates age-related reductions (Miskovic et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Boersma et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Smit et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Miskovic et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Resting-state networks obtained using electrophysiological recording (EEG or MEG) provide greater temporal resolution (<100Hz) relative to rs-fMRI (<0.1Hz) and therefore offer complementary insights about functional development.”

In the paper

“At first glance, these mixed or non-significant findings might suggest that regional properties of cortical hubs are largely established during very early development.”

In the paper

“Therefore, there is recent convergence of data suggesting that network structure continues to evolve after late childhood in ways that are not primarily distance-dependent; rather, complex but specific changes may coincide with the development of specific cognitive abilities.”

In the paper

“On the other hand, networks involved in task-positive cognitive function (e.g. salience, frontoparietal executive, and attentional networks), being generally well-connected with other systems, became increasingly segregated and exhibited increasingly variable spatial structure.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gu et al., 2015b

In the paper

“It is important to note that these studies are generally unable to map activity to precise brain areas due to challenges in source localization, and often treat the scalp sensors as the network nodes.”

In the paper

“Another study found that age-related changes in FC disproportionately impacts polysynaptic connections (Betzel et al., 2014), although this study was performed across the lifespan and may reflect an effect of aging.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Betzel et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“The most contentious debate probably concerns the use of global signal regression (GSR) – arguably the most effective motion-denoising technique currently available (Burgess et al., 2016; Power et al., 2015; Yan et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Burgess et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Yan et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“Predictive models have been extensively validated on both rs-fcMRI and EEG data (Chu et al., 2015), suggesting that SC strongly shapes and constrains activity across temporal scales.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Chu et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Over development, rs-fcMRI networks show increased within-subject variability (Hutchison and Morton, 2015; Marusak et al., 2016; Qin et al., 2015), consistent with EEG studies showing that signal complexity increases over development (McIntosh et al., 2008; Vakorin et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hutchison and Morton, 2015
• Not checked yetcites Marusak et al., 2016
• Not checked yetcites Qin et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Currently, the highest reported correlation stands at r = 0.59 (Donahue et al., 2016), though it is often much lower (van den Heuvel et al., 2015a).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Donahue et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites van den Heuvel et al., 2015a

In the paper

“The authors note that instability is not absent, but that it exists in the form of measurable state transitions (e.g. from awake to sleep, or eyes open verus closed), and that there is considerably less evidence for intrinsic dynamics otherwise.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Laumann et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“head motion increases functional correlations between spatially proximal nodes and decreases correlations between distant nodes (Power et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“The first challenge is the ever-expanding evidence that Schizophrenia (Meda et al., 2014; Satterthwaite and Baker, 2015), ADHD (Costa Dias et al., 2015; Fair et al., 2012a; Gates et al., 2014; Karalunas et al., 2014), Autism (Jeste and Geschwind, 2014; Rudie et al., 2012), and potentially other DSM defined disorders, each constitutes a highly heterogeneous set of etiologies.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Meda et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Costa Dias et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Jeste and Geschwind, 2014 source

In the paper

“New multimodal approaches that also anchor surface-based registrations to other structural or functional characteristics of an individual are likely to improve subject to subject registrations, and hence reduce intersubject variability, even more (e.g.(Glasser et al., 2016b; Robinson et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Glasser et al., 2016b
• Not checked yetcites Robinson et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“probing cellular and molecular markers across the whole human brain at high-throughput is exceptionally difficult (Richiardi et al., 2015) and cannot be done under strict experimental conditions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Richiardi et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Community structure at birth is coarse and primitive, but gradually evolves into a denser, more spatially structured, and distributed organization.”

In the paper

“One interesting aspect of the work in (Grayson et al., 2016) is how tightly functional imaging conditions had to be controlled in order to reveal novel structure-function relationships and in order to maximize model performance”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grayson et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“They also contain distinct combinations of inputs and outputs, which in turn group related areas into specialized networks (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Felleman and Van Essen, 1991 source

In the paper

“FC networks in one highly sampled individual converged as a function of the timeseries length used to extract correlations and were extremely reproducible using approximately 1 hour of motion-free data (Laumann et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Laumann et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“a very large portion of the current human developmental literature is in dire need of re-examination in light of recent developments regarding systematic artifacts in the imaging signals.”

In the paper

“Global topological metrics for structural and functional networks show stability across different parcellation schema of similar density, but vary considerably as a function of network size (de Reus and van den Heuvel, 2013; Fornito et al., 2010; Zalesky et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites de Reus and van den Heuvel, 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Fornito et al., 2010
• Not checked yetcites Zalesky et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Motion artifacts appear to be tightly related to clinical factors (Fair et al., 2012b) and a whole host of behavioral phenotypes and metrics (Siegel et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fair et al., 2012b
• Not checked yetcites Siegel et al., 2016

In the paper

“Strong artifacts due to motion, in addition to their relevance for fMRI, have been noted in diffusion weighted imaging (Roalf et al., 2016; Yendiki et al., 2014) and cortical thickness measurements (Reuter et al., 2015; Savalia et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Roalf et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Yendiki et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Reuter et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Such findings are consistent with the notion that different pathologies in brain function may lead to related clinical outcomes, and underscore the importance of identifying individualized abnormalities.”

In the paper

“Experimental animal models should therefore remain indispensable for this purpose the foreseeable future.”