Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature

In the paper

“Over the course of the first two years of life, these regions undergo a precise evolution to gradually bring the network ‘online’ (Damaraju et al., 2014; Gao et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2009).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction reports that the default-mode network expanded from 6 regions in early infancy to 13 at one year and 19 at two years, citing Gao et al. (2009). The Results also find increased connectivity among posterior default-mode regions between 4 and 9 months. Together, these passages support the paraphrase of gradual network integration over the first two years, although Damaraju et al.'s own longitudinal measurements cover only 4 to 9 months. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Damaraju et al., 2014 source
• Supported

  The Discussion reports that the default network develops from an isolated region in neonates into a highly integrated structure by age 1, then continues to evolve more modestly through age 2. This supports the paraphrase’s account of integration across the first two years, with most change occurring in the first year. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Gao et al., 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“RSNs have proven to be highly reproducible in the adult brain (Doucet et al., 2011; Gordon et al., 2016; Power et al., 2011; Yeo et al., 2011)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Doucet et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Gordon et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“whereas neonatal hubs primarily involve early sensorimotor, visual, and limbic regions (De Asis-Cruz et al., 2015; Fransson et al., 2011; Gao et al., 2011).”

• Also stated in: § Regional hub metrics · plain

  “whereas neonatal hubs primarily involve early sensorimotor, visual, and limbic regions (De Asis-Cruz et al., 2015; Fransson et al., 2011; Gao et al., 2011)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites De Asis-Cruz et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Fransson et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“and are associated with task-relevant behavioral performance (Cole et al., 2012; Lewis et al., 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Lewis et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“and that FC aberrations may point towards the etiological bases of neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g. (Swartz and Monk, 2014; van den Heuvel et al., 2016a)).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Swartz and Monk, 2014
• Not checked yetcites van den Heuvel et al., 2016a

In the paper

“First, most individual cognitive abilities arise not solely from a particular brain area, but from networks of activity spanning multiple distributed regions (Petersen and Sporns, 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Petersen and Sporns, 2015 source

In the paper

“This intricate structural-functional interplay underscores that the ontogeny of functional networks likely reflects programmed neurodevelopmental events (e.g. neurogenesis, cell death, myelination, pruning, synaptic plasticity, and glial development) (Innocenti and Price, 2005; Stiles and Jernigan, 2010)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Innocenti and Price, 2005 source
• Not checked yetcites Stiles and Jernigan, 2010 source

In the paper

“properties that, in turn, undergo experience-dependent and activity-dependent modulation over the lifespan (Huttenlocher, 2002; Markham and Greenough, 2004; Scholz et al., 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Huttenlocher, 2002
• Not checked yetcites Markham and Greenough, 2004 source
• Not checked yetcites Scholz et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“Patterns of functional connectivity (FC) within and between the major RSNs are increasingly understood as intrinsic properties of brain function, given that they strongly predict patterns of interregional co-activation across different tasks (Cole et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2009)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Smith et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“specific cognitive capacities co-evolve with complex network effects within and between different RSNs, throughout postnatal development”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Eggebrecht et al., 2017 source
• Not checked yetcites Dwyer et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites van Duijvenvoorde et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“The adult brain has several modules at the coarsest level that are remarkably reproducible despite slight methodological differences across studies (Doucet et al., 2011; Gordon et al., 2016; Power et al., 2011; Yeo et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Doucet et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Gordon et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, these distinct network effects, i.e. segregated versus integrated neural processing, are interwoven features of cognition.”

In the paper

“Greater global efficiency in structural and functional networks has been linked to higher IQ, attentional capacity, and working memory in healthy young adults (Cohen and D’Esposito, 2016; Kitzbichler et al., 2011; Li et al., 2009; Stanley et al., 2015; van den Heuvel et al., 2009)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cohen and D’Esposito, 2016
• Not checked yetcites Kitzbichler et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Li et al., 2009

In the paper

“Second, structural connectivity shapes and constrains functional networks across the lifespan (Betzel et al., 2014; Hagmann et al., 2012; Vertes and Bullmore, 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Betzel et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Hagmann et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Vertes and Bullmore, 2015 source

In the paper

“Similar spatial and temporal properties characterize the emergence of distributed connectivity in the dorsal attention (Gao et al., 2013), salience (Alcauter et al., 2015a; Gao et al., 2015a; Gao et al., 2015b) and frontoparietal executive (Gao et al., 2015a; Gao et al., 2015b) networks.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Alcauter et al., 2015a
• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2015a

In the paper

“Similarly, structural hubness has been linked to integration of global brain activity (Grayson et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grayson et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“3) three large, distributed modules for task-positive cognition: a) dorsal attention, involved in eye movements and attentional orienting, b) the cingulo-opercular salience module, involved primarily in attentional maintenance, and c) the frontoparietal executive module, important for task-switching.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Doucet et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Gordon et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“recent studies have found that even purely local, experimentally induced perturbations (e.g. exogenous stimulation or inactivation) result in widespread, complex neurophysiological changes, which are at least partly explainable as local interactions with global network structure (Andoh et al., 2015; Grayson et al., 2016; Gu et al., 2015a; Misic et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Andoh et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Grayson et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Gu et al., 2015a

In the paper

“Structural networks in the mammalian brain exhibit an important phenomenon known as “rich-club” organization, whereby hubs (i.e. nodes with high strength) link disproportionately to other hubs.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sporns, 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites van den Heuvel and Sporns, 2013 source

In the paper

“The current nascent literature on infant network topology (see Figure 2B) suggests that a robust community structure does exist, albeit in a primitive form.”

In the paper

“Seed-based and component-based approaches demonstrate the existence of robust, bilateral segregated networks for somatomotor, primary auditory, primary visual, and extrastriate visual cortex (Fransson et al., 2007; Gao et al., 2015a; Kiviniemi et al., 2000; Lin et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2008; Smyser et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fransson et al., 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2015a
• Not checked yetcites Kiviniemi et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“A defining feature of human brain activity is “modularity,” which refers to an unexpectedly high level of within-RSN FC relative to between-RSN FC (Lohse et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lohse et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“It is also worth noting that both progressive and regressive changes in structure occur simultaneously during infancy (Gilmore et al., 2012; Scott et al., 2015), despite overall growth in volume and connectivity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gilmore et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Scott et al., 2015

In the paper

“Distinct components throughout heteromodal association cortex have also been described in infants, and are believed to represent prototypical elements of distributed, higher-order cognitive networks identifiable in adults (Graham et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Graham et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Collectively, these findings suggest that sensory networks become established at a much earlier age relative to those implicated in higher-level cognition (Gao et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2016

In the paper

“Many of these modules clearly reflect anterior/posterior/temporal subdivisions of the adult salience, frontoparietal, DMN, dorsal attention, and ventral attention modules.”

In the paper

“A crucial caveat to the above observations is the potential for unidentified sources of artifact in infant studies”

In the paper

“Human and animal studies indeed indicate differences in stimulus-evoked neurovascular coupling between infants and older individuals, but whether these differences impact rs-fcMRI measurements has yet to be determined (Graham et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Graham et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Infant imaging studies are also predominantly done during natural sleep (e.g. (Liu et al., 2008)) or sedation (e.g. (Fransson et al., 2007)).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Liu et al., 2008 source
• Not checked yetcites Fransson et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Another distinction seen is that infant modules tend to group together anatomically proximate ROIs that have divergent roles in adulthood.”

In the paper

“With age, regions gradually became more defined by their respective functional roles (Power et al., 2011; Power et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Hub configurations are robustly evident after birth (De Asis-Cruz et al., 2015; Fransson et al., 2011; Gao et al., 2011)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites De Asis-Cruz et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Fransson et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Gao et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“This pattern of hub strengthening bears substantial spatial and temporal overlap with the pattern of increasing within-module synchronization.”

In the paper

“Different sleep stages also correspond with different neurophysiological phenomena, which impact rs-fcMRI measurements (Laumann et al., 2016; Spoormaker et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Laumann et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Spoormaker et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“These findings suggest that the development of a small-world architecture, as well as the capacity for globally efficient communication and integration, largely occurs during the first year of life and prenatally, a finding that is supported by multimodal structural and functional network analysis in preterm infants (Ball et al., 2014; van den Heuvel et al., 2015b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ball et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites van den Heuvel et al., 2015b

In the paper

“This concern is partly mitigated by findings of similar global functional network topology in conscious versus unconscious state in adults (Spoormaker et al., 2010)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Spoormaker et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Many of the network changes seen during infancy reflect long-term trajectories that extend into childhood and adolescence.”

In the paper

“However, altered state of arousal and consciousness might pose important confounds when comparing network findings to those seen in conscious children or adults.”

In the paper

“More generally, one of the more reproducible findings of child and adolescent development (until very recently) had been an apparent shift from a local to global organization.”

In the paper

“2) this structure undergoes rapid postnatal refinement, leading to progressively stronger coupling between distributed links that facilitate modular specialization”

In the paper

“3) these enhancements result in the establishment of stable, primary sensory networks well before networks involved in higher-level cognition appear substantially adult-like.”

In the paper

“This is consistent with the notion that node strength and betweenness in functional networks may serve, at least to some extent, as proxies for modular size and synchronization (Power et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“This (very) early developmental trajectory stands in contrast to the more protracted progression towards increasingly segregated and refined modular architecture which continues into early childhood and beyond.”

In the paper

“It is also clear that several prenatal factors (e.g. immune and endocrine systems) strongly affect postnatal network trajectories (Canetta et al., 2016; Scheinost et al., 2016b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Canetta et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Scheinost et al., 2016b

In the paper

“but key differences have been found in corticocortical (Heine et al., 2012; Horovitz et al., 2009; Spoormaker et al., 2010) and thalamocortical (Spoormaker et al., 2010) connectivity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Heine et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Horovitz et al., 2009 source
• Not checked yetcites Spoormaker et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“high strength and betweenness hubs in adulthood are largely located within within the default mode, attentional, sensorimotor, and visual areas (Cao et al., 2014; Fransson et al., 2011; Grayson et al., 2014; Hwang et al., 2013)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cao et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Fransson et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Grayson et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“In childhood, regional assignments appeared to strongly depend on local anatomy.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“but undergo substantial changes postnatally.”

In the paper

“1) modular patterns at birth take a coarse, primitive form that is heavily influenced by local anatomy”

In the paper

“there is good reason to suspect that infancy is accompanied by specific changes in neurovascular coupling (Hagmann et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hagmann et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“In neonates, two independent rs-fcMRI studies found evidence for modules comprised largely of anatomically proximate areas (De Asis-Cruz et al., 2015; van den Heuvel et al., 2015b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites De Asis-Cruz et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites van den Heuvel et al., 2015b

In the paper

“Seed and component approaches have consistently found that connectivity between these areas (and indeed, connectivity within other cognitive RSNs) continues to strengthen from early childhood throughout development, especially with respect to long-range anterior-posterior links (de Bie et al., 2012; Fair et al., 2008; Sato et al., 2014; Sherman et al., 2014; Supekar et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites de Bie et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Fair et al., 2008 source
• Not checked yetcites Sato et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“One of the classical and well-reproduced findings is that spectral power (i.e. amplitude of activity within different temporal frequency bands) decreases continually from 5–30 years of age across most frequency bands, but particularly in the slow-wave (0.5–7Hz) (Miskovic et al., 2015; Rodriguez-Martinez et al., 2015; Smit et al., 2012; Whitford et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Miskovic et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Rodriguez-Martinez et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Smit et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Much of this new work is finding that systems with different functional roles are characterized by substantially different trajectories (Gu et al., 2015b; Marek et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gu et al., 2015b
• Not checked yetcites Marek et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Returning to the MRI literature, there is convergent evidence that the locations of high-strength and high-betweenness hub regions appear to be stable after 5 years of age (Cao et al., 2014; Grayson et al., 2014; Hwang et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2013; Zuo et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cao et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Grayson et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Hwang et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“it has been revealed that motion increases non-specific local coupling and decreases long-range coupling in ways that are similar to differences found between children and adults (Fair et al., 2012b; Power et al., 2012; Satterthwaite et al., 2012; Yan et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fair et al., 2012b
• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Satterthwaite et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“When processing techniques intended to remove motion artifact are applied, developmental effects of this type – both in terms of overall local versus distributed coupling and in terms of changing modular assignments – are substantially attenuated, though still present to a limited extent (Fair et al., 2012b; Power et al., 2012; Satterthwaite et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fair et al., 2012b
• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Satterthwaite et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“It is likely, however, that functional network maturation follows more precise spatiotemporal trajectories than previously understood.”

In the paper

“There is also a progressive shift in peak amplitude towards higher frequency activity (Miskovic et al., 2015; Rodriguez-Martinez et al., 2015; Smit et al., 2012; Whitford et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Miskovic et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Rodriguez-Martinez et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Smit et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Indeed, there are now at least 3 reports that suggest the network structure in children as defined by community detection (see Figure 3) are largely similar to the adult (Fair et al., 2012b; Marek et al., 2015; Power et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fair et al., 2012b
• Not checked yetcites Marek et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Regional properties have also been found to exhibit nonlinear relationships with age (Wang et al., 2012), emphasizing the importance of mapping trajectories with more detailed temporal precision.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Distance-dependent effects were even strong enough to enable reasonably accurate predictions of an individual subject’s age on the basis of a single resting-state scan (Dosenbach et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dosenbach et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“There is also consensus that network structure becomes increasingly non-random across this timespan (Boersma et al., 2011; Miskovic et al., 2015; Smit et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Boersma et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Miskovic et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Smit et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“For example, (Gu et al., 2015b) found that sensorimotor systems, already well-segregated in childhood, displayed little change into adulthood.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gu et al., 2015b

In the paper

“However, recent concerns about the influence of head-motion artifact have raised some doubts about the interpretability of such broad trends.”

In the paper

“These coincident trajectories have provided key support for the hypothesis that developmental changes in baseline electrophysiological signatures may primarily be subserved by reduction of neuropil and progressive synapse elimination (Buchmann et al., 2011; Smit et al., 2012; Whitford et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Buchmann et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Smit et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Whitford et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“However, there is also evidence for regional refinement of hub properties.”

In the paper

“Node strength and centrality of subcortical regions have both been reported to decrease in late childhood and adolescence (Sato et al., 2015; Supekar et al., 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sato et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Supekar et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“From roughly 5 years of age until adulthood, theta (~4Hz), alpha (~10Hz), and beta (~20Hz) oscillation networks exhibit concurrent increases in clustering coefficient (Boersma et al., 2011; Smit et al., 2012) and strength of long-range anterior-posterior and interhemispheric connections (Barry et al., 2004; Miskovic et al., 2015; Smit et al., 2012; Srinivasan, 1999).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Boersma et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Smit et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Barry et al., 2004 source

In the paper

“Laumann et al. (Laumann et al., 2016) has recently provided strong evidence that much of the observed dynamics in rs-fcMRI networks primarily reflects noise (especially movement).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Laumann et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Models can involve highly parameterized simulations of regional activity (Hansen et al., 2015; Messe et al., 2014; Sanz-Leon et al., 2015), or sparser analytic predictions of FC using graph metrics of mutual communication (Goni et al., 2014; Grayson et al., 2016) (although, both approaches appear to be comparably effective; see Figure 1D).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hansen et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Messe et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Sanz-Leon et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“macroscale FC is known to be modulated by interareal correlated gene expression, areal densities of excitatory and inhibitory receptors, and other features of microscale architecture that vary across brain structures (Richiardi et al., 2015; Scholtens et al., 2014; Turk et al., 2016; van den Heuvel et al., 2016b)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Richiardi et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Scholtens et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Turk et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Hagmann et al. (Hagmann et al., 2010) reported that SC-FC correspondence was higher in older teens versus in young children.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hagmann et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“recent work suggests that Autism Spectrum Disorder is characterized by increased subject-to-subject variability relative to the general population (Hahamy et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hahamy et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“multiple structural network configurations can theoretically give rise to the same apparent aberrations in function – this is essentially the ‘many-to-many mappings’ problem very nicely described in (Pessoa, 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pessoa, 2014 source

In the paper

“This work also provides evidence that site-specific pathology can be deduced from distributed functional network disturbances (Grayson et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grayson et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“head motion has become a substantial concern since 2012 when a trio of papers pointed to systematic motion-related artifacts in rs-fcMRI (Power et al., 2012; Satterthwaite et al., 2012; Van Dijk et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Satterthwaite et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Van Dijk et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Mounting evidence suggests that the functional connectome exhibits temporal instability that allows it to flexibly switch between multiple different configurations within a scanning session (Allen et al., 2014; Chang and Glover, 2010; Kang et al., 2011; Shen et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Allen et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Chang and Glover, 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Kang et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“There is an abundance of research demonstrating a correlation between DWI-tractography connection weights and FC in adults (Hagmann et al., 2008; Hagmann et al., 2010; Honey et al., 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hagmann et al., 2008 source
• Not checked yetcites Hagmann et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Honey et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“neonates at 40 weeks gestational age have substantially greater SC-FC coupling than neonates born at 30 weeks.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites van den Heuvel et al., 2015b

In the paper

“Other work has called into question some of the common statistical approaches to assessing dynamic FC (Hindriks et al., 2016; Leonardi and Van De Ville, 2015), which may not test against null models that properly account for random noise.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hindriks et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Leonardi and Van De Ville, 2015 source

In the paper

“Even the best-performing SC-FC models generally account for less than 50% of the variance in FC across the brain in both humans and non-human primates (Grayson et al., 2016; Messe et al., 2014; Misic et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grayson et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Messe et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Misic et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“the fMRI signal is susceptible to a number of spurious sources of variance due to hardware instabilities, respiratory and cardiac signals, and head motion artifacts (Jo et al., 2010; Power et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jo et al., 2010
• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2016

In the paper

“These data empirically suggest that in a broad context, disease processes localized to one part of the brain can cause widespread neurophysiological disturbances in areas distant and unconnected from the pathology.”

In the paper

“individual brains, even among typical subjects, are distinguishable via their functional connectomes (Finn et al., 2015; Laumann et al., 2015; Miranda-Dominguez et al., 2014b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Finn et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Laumann et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Miranda-Dominguez et al., 2014b

In the paper

“More generally, SC networks can be combined with various modeling approaches to predict FC networks, allowing for detailed exploration of how the structural connectome gives rise to complex neural interactions.”

In the paper

“In our recent paper, we presented experimental validation of these ideas through focal pharmacogenetic inactivation (Grayson et al., 2016), and similar findings were presented by (Andoh et al., 2015) using cortical transcranial magnetic stimulation. Both works demonstrate a causal effect on distributed resting-state connectivity and other neurophysiological signatures, driven by cascading neuronal”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grayson et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Andoh et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“There is evidence that this property is important for executive functioning, learning, and switching between challenging task demands (Bassett et al., 2011; Braun et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bassett et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Braun et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Chen et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“In the monkey, whole-brain tract-tracer connection networks and tractography networks demonstrate a significant, but only moderately high correspondence.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Donahue et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites van den Heuvel et al., 2015a

In the paper

“Complex, distributed disruptions in resting-state networks are consistently implicated in Schizophrenia (Baker et al., 2014; Khadka et al., 2013; Satterthwaite et al., 2015), ADHD (Castellanos and Aoki, 2016; Fair et al., 2012b), and Autism (Kessler et al., 2016; Moseley et al., 2015; Supekar et al., 2013)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Baker et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Castellanos and Aoki, 2016
• Not checked yetcites Kessler et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“simulation experiments using structure-function models have predicted that even purely focal and transient perturbations in activity should result in diffuse network reorganization that affects distant brain systems (Alstott et al., 2009; Honey and Sporns, 2008; Misic et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Alstott et al., 2009 source
• Not checked yetcites Honey and Sporns, 2008 source
• Not checked yetcites Misic et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“animal models are proving to be an important and necessary “bridge” for identifying ground-truth structure-to-function principles (Deco et al., 2014; Grayson et al., 2016; Miranda-Dominguez et al., 2014b; Stafford et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Deco et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Grayson et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Miranda-Dominguez et al., 2014b

In the paper

“with functional connectivity data some parcellation schemes can obscure known community structure.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“Recent data reinforces concerns about artifactual contributions to the global signal in conventional 3T rs-fcMRI acquisitions sensitive to BOLD contrast (Grayson et al., 2016; Power et al., 2016)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grayson et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2016

In the paper

“functional areal boundaries (see Parcellation Choice) of heteromodal association areas are variable with respect to sulcal and gyral anatomy (Fischl et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fischl et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“Across all stages of postnatal development, functional brain networks exhibit non-trivial properties such as community structure, hub organization, cross-module integration, and global efficiency.”

In the paper

“There is currently no consensus regarding an optimal set of criteria for defining an areal parcellation (Craddock et al., 2013; Glasser et al., 2016a; Gordon et al., 2016)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Craddock et al., 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Glasser et al., 2016a
• Not checked yetcites Gordon et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“structure-function modeling using MRI data suffers from a number of inherent limitations in DWI-tractography that have not been overcome by state-of-the-art acquisition and processing approaches (Calabrese et al., 2015; Donahue et al., 2016; Reveley et al., 2015; Thomas et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Calabrese et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Donahue et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Reveley et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Some of the techniques currently being used to remove these artifacts are non-optimal (Burgess et al., 2016; Goto et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Burgess et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Goto et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“each area is thought to make a distinct contribution to information processing (Cohen et al., 2008; Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; Fuster, 2002; O’Leary and Nakagawa, 2002; Sur and Rubenstein, 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cohen et al., 2008 source
• Not checked yetcites Felleman and Van Essen, 1991 source
• Not checked yetcites Fuster, 2002 source

In the paper

“Without these efforts (which are not feasible in the large majority of human studies), critical structure-function relationships were much degraded.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grayson et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“These areal boundaries appear very early in development (Kostovic et al., 1995)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kostovic et al., 1995 source

In the paper

“Surface based registrations that take into account the sulcal and gyral anatomy also help mitigate these confounds, and may be the future direction of the field (Fischl, 2012; Van Essen, 2012).”