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Cited by 272Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanismsMemory and Neural MechanismsNerve injury and regeneration

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Effects of environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise on neurogenesis, learning and memory, and pattern separation: BDNF as a critical variable?

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Bekinschtein, Pedro, Oomen, Charlotte A., Saksida, Lisa M., Bussey, Timothy J.·2011·Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
DOI 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.002
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Abstract

Adult-generated neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus have been the focus of many studies concerned with learning and memory (L&M). It has been shown that procedures like environmental enrichment (EE) or voluntary physical exercise (Vex) can increase neurogenesis (NG) and also enhance L&M. It is tempting to conclude that improvements in L&M are due to the increased NG; that is, a causal relationship exists between enhancement of NG and enhancement of L&M. However, it remains unclear whether the L&M enhancement observed after these treatments is causally dependent on the increase in newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus. It remains a possibility that some unspecified change--a "third variable"--brought about by EE and/or Vex could be a causal determinant of both NG and L&M. We suggest that this third variable could be neurotrophic and/or plasticity-related factors such as BDNF. Indeed, both EE and Vex can induce expression of such proteins, and BDNF in particular has long been linked with L&M. In addition, we argue that a very likely source of variation in previous experiments was the load on "pattern separation", a process that keeps similar memories distinct, and in which NG has been shown to be critically involved. To attempt to bring these ideas together, we present preliminary evidence that BDNF is also required for pattern separation, which strengthens the case for BDNF as a candidate third variable. Other ways in which BDNF might be involved are also discussed.

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Metadata

Authors
Bekinschtein, P., Oomen, C. A., Saksida, L. M., & Bussey, T. J.
Affiliations
University of Cambridge (GB)
Corresponding author
Bekinschtein, Pedro
ORCID
Venue
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-07
Volume
22
Issue
5
Pages
536-542
ISSN
1084-9521 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.002
OpenAlex
W2056798963
Cited by
272
References
23
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 19
FWCI
1.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Conicet (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • CONICET Digital (CONICET) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/G019002/1)
  • Janssen Pharmaceuticals
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
Keywords
environmental enrichment, voluntary exercise, adult neurogenesis, dentate gyrus, hippocampus, learning and memory, pattern separation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophic factors, synaptic plasticity, third variable, newborn neurons
MeSH terms
Adult, Environment Design, Humans, Learning, Memory, Exercise, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Pattern Recognition, Physiological, Neurogenesis

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