From 3D cell culture to organs-on-chips
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3D cell-culture models have recently garnered great attention because they often promote levels of cell differentiation and tissue organization not possible in conventional 2D culture systems. We review new advances in 3D culture that leverage microfabrication technologies from the microchip industry and microfluidics approaches to create cell-culture microenvironments that both support tissue differentiation and recapitulate the tissue-tissue interfaces, spatiotemporal chemical gradients, and mechanical microenvironments of living organs. These 'organs-on-chips' permit the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context, enable development of novel in vitro disease models, and could potentially serve as replacements for animals used in drug development and toxin testing.
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Cell differentiation, migration, growth, and mechanics are influenced by the biochemical and biomechanical microenvironment.
“These behaviors include cell differentiation, migration, growth, and mechanics, all of which are impacted by their biochemical and biomechanical microenvironment (57).”
From Modeling physiological events in 2D vs. 3D cell culture (2017) · cites this paper as [57]
Introduction of 3D cell culture approaches aimed at modeling in vivo interactions of tissues and organs has opened new possibilities in studying underlying biochemical and biomechanical signals.
“The introduction of 3D cell culture approaches aimed at modeling the in vivo interactions of tissues and organs has opened new possibilities in studying the underlying biochemical and biomechanical signals (46,57).”
From Modeling physiological events in 2D vs. 3D cell culture (2017) · cites this paper as [57]
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- Authors
- Huh, D., Hamilton, G. A., & Ingber, D. E.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ingber, Donald E.
- Venue
- Trends in Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 745-754
- ISSN
- 0962-8924 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4386065
- OpenAlex
- W1979665070
- Cited by
- 1,834
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 78 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 165 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 159 · 2017: 153 · 2016: 141 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 93 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 5.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Harvard University
- National Institutes of Health
- Hansjörg Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01-ES65, R01ES016665)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Keywords
- 3D cell culture, organ-on-a-chip, microfluidics, microfabrication, histogenesis, chemical gradients, mechanical microenvironment, in vitro disease model, alternatives to animal testing, drug development, toxicity testing
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Membranes, Artificial, Models, Biological, Cell Culture Techniques, Biomimetic Materials, Microfluidics
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