The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review

In the paper

“A functioning peripheral nervous system is not necessary for a person to experience a core affective state (e.g., Critchley et al. 2001) as long as they have some prior experiences to provide them with central nervous system representations of bodily states.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says that people with acquired peripheral autonomic failure may avoid major emotional deficits partly because established representations can reduce dependence on direct peripheral feedback. But the study concerns autonomic failure, not loss of a functioning peripheral nervous system altogether; it also identifies intact non-autonomic sensory pathways and other bodily responses as reasons emotional deficits may be limited. Prior experience alone is therefore not established as sufficient. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Critchley et al. 2001 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The ACC-sadness hypothesis, similarly to the OFC-anger hypothesis, derives support from prior meta-analyses of the neuroimaging literature (e.g., Murphy et al. 2003; Phan et al. 2002).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In “A General Role for Anterior Cingulate and Medial Prefrontal Cortices in Emotion,” the meta-analysis reports that the rostral supracallosal ACC was among the regions most consistently activated in studies targeting sadness. It also cautions that this activity was not specific to sadness; it appeared for happiness and other emotions too. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Murphy et al. 2003 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Phan et al. 2002 source

In the paper

“These anatomical connections can explain why the aMCC is part of an intrinsic brain network that shows increased activity when stimuli in the environment are personally salient (Seeley et al. 2007).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The ICA section places the dorsal anterior cingulate/paracingulate cortex in the intrinsic salience network. The Introduction says the dACC and frontoinsula respond to personal salience, and the Functional significance section says these regions coactivate in response to varied forms of salience. The anatomical explanation is the citing authors’ framing, rather than a separate finding attributed to Seeley et al. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Seeley et al. 2007 source

In the paper

“In locationist accounts, language is thought to be epiphenomenal to discrete emotion (Ekman & Cordano, in press), although recent behavioral studies show that categorical perception of discrete emotion is supported by language (Fugate et al. 2010; Roberson & Davidoff 2000; Roberson et al. 2007).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports that participants who learned chimpanzee expression categories with verbal labels showed an overall categorical-perception advantage, whereas those who learned without labels did not. This supports the attributed claim that language supports categorical perception of emotion. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Fugate et al. 2010 source
• Supported

  Experiment 5 tested facial expressions depicting happiness, fear, and anger. Its Discussion reports that verbal interference completely removed the cross-category recognition advantage, supporting the claim that language contributes to categorical perception of these emotional expressions. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Roberson & Davidoff 2000 source
• Supported

  The Abstract reports that verbal interference removed categorical perception of facial expressions under specified experimental conditions. It also describes a model in which a verbal emotion label activates category knowledge, supporting the claim that language contributes to categorical perception of emotional expressions. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Roberson et al. 2007 source

In the paper

“Even rats do many things within a single emotion category: in the face of a threat, rats can freeze (e.g., LeDoux et al. 1990), flee (Vazdarjanova & McGaugh 1998), or engage in “defensive treading,” in which they kick bedding in the direction of a known threat (Reynolds & Berridge 2002; 2003; 2008).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The LeDoux et al. citation is attached specifically to rats freezing, not to fleeing or defensive treading. The results section reports that sham-lesioned rats froze during most of the conditioned stimulus, and the Figure 7 caption (p. 1063) describes freezing as a measure of fear conditioning. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites LeDoux et al. 1990 source
• Supported

  The citation is attached to the claim that rats can flee. In the Results (page unavailable), rats previously given footshocks in a maze arm entered that arm during a later test but quickly escaped. This supports the cited example of flight from a learned threat, though the test involved no immediate shock. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Vazdarjanova & McGaugh 1998 source
• Partly supported

  The “GABAergic defensive treading, affect, and fear” section describes rats kicking sand toward targets and building protective mounds, and compares this with natural responses to threats. But it says the treading observed in this study was directed at parts of the chamber in the absence of actual threats, so it does not establish the claim’s specific description of bedding kicked toward a known threat. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Reynolds & Berridge 2002 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Portions of the intrinsic networks for “personal salience” (e.g., Seeley et al. 2007) and “executive control” (e.g., Corbetta & Shulman 2002; Seeley et al. 2007) appear anatomically similar to brain regions that we observed within our meta-analyses as well.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract identifies a salience network anchored in the dorsal anterior cingulate and orbital frontoinsular cortices, and an executive-control network linking dorsolateral frontal and parietal cortices. Seeley et al. thus supports the cited identification and anatomy of the networks; the comparison with the citing authors’ meta-analyses is their own observation. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Seeley et al. 2007 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Corbetta & Shulman 2002 source

In the paper

“There is well-documented evidence for the anatomical circuitry underlying specific actions such as vocalizations (Jürgens 2009), maternal behavior (e.g., pup retrieval, grooming, nest building, and nursing; Numan 2007), freezing (Fanselow & Poulos 2005), startle (Davis et al. 2008; Lang et al. 2000), attack (Blanchard & Blanchard 2003) and appetitive behavior (Berridge & Kringelbach 2008; Shultz 2”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jürgens 2009 source
• Supported

  The citation to Numan (2007) is attached to maternal behavior, not the other actions listed. The section on virgin sensitization identifies pup retrieval, grooming, nest building, and nursing as components of maternal behavior in rats; the medial preoptic area section reports evidence linking neural circuitry to those behaviors. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Numan 2007 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fanselow & Poulos 2005 source

In the paper

“Different discrete emotion categories are not distinguished by distinct patterns of peripheral physiology (Cacioppo et al. 2000; Mauss & Robinson 2009), facial muscle movements (Cacioppo et al. 2000; Russell, Bachorowski & Fernandez-Dols 2003), vocal acoustics (Bachorowski & Owren 1995; Barrett 2006a; Russell, Bachorowski & Fernandez-Dols 2003) or by subcortical circuits in the mammalian brain (”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Cacioppo et al. 2000
• Partly supported

  The Autonomic Measures of Emotion summary says that evidence for distinct autonomic signatures of discrete emotions has not fared well. But the same section reports that a small set of measures reliably distinguished particular emotion pairs and leaves open whether combinations of measures might show specificity. The claim's categorical wording therefore goes beyond the review. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Mauss & Robinson 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“an instance of disgust that occurs when watching others eat repulsive food involves a different brain state than an instance of disgust that occurs when watching surgical operations (Harrison et al. 2010).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Materials and Methods (Stimuli and behavioral data analysis; page not provided) identify the two videos as actors eating repulsive food and clips of surgical operations. The Results (Neural correlations of experienced disgust; page not provided) report different patterns of brain activation for the two types of disgust. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Harrison et al. 2010 source

In the paper

“Instead, we found evidence that is consistent with a psychological constructionist approach to the mind: a set of interacting brain regions commonly involved in basic psychological operations of both an emotional and non-emotional nature are active during emotion experience and perception across a range of discrete emotion categories.”

In the paper

“Supporting a psychological constructionist approach to emotion, we found that the neural reference space for emotion and affect could be inductively parsed into six distributed functional groups of brain regions (i.e., regions consistently co-activated across studies) using a series of multidimensional scaling and cluster analyses (Kober et al. 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kober et al. 2008 source

In the paper

“Overall, we found little evidence that discrete emotion categories can be consistently and specifically localized to distinct brain regions.”

In the paper

“There was more likely to be increased activity in the left amygdala when participants were perceiving instances of fear or experiencing instances of disgust than when perceiving or experiencing any other emotion categories (Fig. 5; Table S6).”

In the paper

“These voxels were not functionally specific for instances of perceiving fear, however.”

In the paper

“Our density analyses revealed that as compared to other brain regions, voxels within the right anterior insula had more consistent increases in activation during instances of disgust perception than during the perception of any other emotion category (Table 1).”

In the paper

“As compared to voxels within other brain regions, voxels within the OFC did not have more consistent increases during instances of anger experience or perception than during any other emotion category.”

In the paper

“As compared to other brain regions, a greater spatial extent of voxels within the left anterior insula had consistent increases in activation during instances of disgust experience than during the experience of any other emotion category (Table 1).”

In the paper

“Increased activity in the left anterior insula was more likely when participants were experiencing an instance of anger than when they were experiencing any other emotion category (Fig. 5; Table S6).”

In the paper

“Our derived neural reference space for discrete emotion (Fig. 4; Table S3 in supplementary materials, which can be viewed at http://www.journals.cambridge.org/bbs2011002) closely resembles that reported in Kober et al. (2008), even when limiting our analysis to studies of discrete emotion and including papers from 2006–2007.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kober et al. (2008) source

In the paper

“Rather, as compared to voxels within other brain regions, voxels within the left lateral OFC had more consistent increases in activation during instances of disgust experience than during the experience of other emotion categories (Table 1).”

In the paper

“There was likely to be no increase in activity in the left amygdala when participants were focusing on their internal state (i.e., when emotion experience was induced via recall of a personal event and mental imagery; Fig. 5; Table S6).”

In the paper

“Furthermore, instances of fear experience did not show a consistent increase in activation in either amygdala when compared to what would be expected by chance in other regions of the brain.”

In the paper

“Our density analyses revealed that as compared to other brain regions, voxels within both amygdalae had more consistent increases in activation during instances of fear perception than during the perception of any other emotion category (Table 1).”

In the paper

“Those voxels were not functionally specific to instances of disgust experience, however (Fig. 6; Fig. S2).”

In the paper

“χ2 analyses indicated that there was some functional selectivity for instances of disgust experience and perception in the voxels in the right and and left lateral OFC that were respectively identified in the density analysis.”

In the paper

“Activity in the right and left lateral OFC was not specific to instances of disgust experience or perception, however (Fig. 6; Fig. S2).”

In the paper

“An insignificant χ2 analysis revealed that the voxels with consistent increases in activation during instances of fear perception were equally likely to have increased activity during instances of other emotion categories”

In the paper

“An insignificant χ2 analysis revealed that this voxel was not functionally selective for instances of sadness, however.”

In the paper

“Additionally, our logistic regressions revealed that increased activity in the left and right lateral OFC was likely when participants were experiencing a range of exteroceptive (auditory stimuli, visual pictures) and interoceptive (experience or perception of high-arousal core affect) sensations (Fig. 5; Table S6).”

In the paper

“Finally, as compared to other brain regions, a voxel in the left amygdala had more consistent increases in activation during instances of sadness perception than during the perception of other emotion categories (Table 1).”

In the paper

“Our logistic regressions revealed that increased activity in the left lateral OFC was more likely when participants were experiencing instances of anger than when they were experiencing instances of any other emotion category (Fig. 5; Table S6).”

In the paper

“Yet, as compared to other brain regions, voxels within bilateral amygdala had more consistent increases in activation during instances of disgust experience than during the experience of other emotion categories (Table 1).”

In the paper

“Increased activity in the right anterior insula was likely when participants were explicitly evaluating their feelings and representing them in awareness (Fig. 5, Table S6).”

In the paper

“Voxels within the right lateral OFC, as compared to voxels within other brain regions, had more consistent increases in activation during instances of disgust perception than during the perception of other emotion categories (Table 1).”

In the paper

“Increases in activity in the right amygdala were likely when participants were experiencing or perceiving instances of any highly arousing emotion category (i.e., anger, disgust, fear) (Fig. 5; Table S6).”

In the paper

“Our logistic regressions confirmed that when participants were perceiving an instance of disgust, there was more likely to be increased activity in the right lateral OFC than when participants were perceiving instances of any other emotion category (Fig. 5; Table S6).”

In the paper

“Several emotion categories were also associated with consistent increases in activation in the MTL (Tables 1 & 2; see Table S6).”

In the paper

“Increased activity in some clusters of DMPFC was likely when participants were perceiving emotion in faces, bodies or voices.”

In the paper

“As compared to voxels within other brain regions, a greater spatial extent of voxels within the aMCC had consistent increases in activation during instances of fear perception than the perception of any other emotion category (Table 1).”

In the paper

“Other clusters of DMPFC showed an opposite pattern: when participants were perceiving emotion, increased activity in DMPFC was not likely (Table S6).”

In the paper

“Consistent with the psychological constructionist view, nodes within networks supporting language were part of the neural reference space for discrete emotion (Fig. 4)”

In the paper

“As compared to voxels within other brain regions, voxels within the sACC, pACC and aMCC did not have more consistent increases when participants were experiencing or perceiving instances of sadness than during any other emotion category (Fig. 6).”

In the paper

“For instance, across our density analyses and logistic regressions, we found that instances of the experience of sadness (Tables 1 & 2) and experience of happiness (Table 1) were each associated with relatively greater consistent increases in activation in areas of DMPFC than other emotion categories.”

In the paper

“Our logistic regressions revealed that increases in sACC were likely when participants were engaged in cognitive load (Fig. 5; Table S6).”

In the paper

“Despite general involvement in emotion (Fig. 1; Fig. S3), there was some functional selectivity for instances of certain emotion categories in hubs within the conceptualization network.”

In the paper

“Increased activity in the left hippocampus, on the other hand, was likely to occur when participants were perceiving instances of fear (Table S6).”

In the paper

“Consistent with the role of conceptualization in simulating episodic experience (Schacter et al. 2007), our logistic regressions revealed that increased activity in DMPFC was likely when participants were engaging in emotion inductions involving recall and films (Fig. 5).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schacter et al. 2007 source

In the paper

“Our logistic regressions revealed that, as in the DMPFC, increased activity in the right hippocampus was likely to occur when participants were perceiving an instance emotion in a face, body or voice.”

In the paper

“As we predicted, our meta-analytic results revealed that regions of the conceptualization network such as DMPFC, MTL and retrosplenial cortex (Buckner et al. 2008) were part of the neural reference space for discrete emotion (Fig. 4)8.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Buckner et al. 2008 source

In the paper

“Finally, consistent with a response selection hypothesis of aMCC function, increased activity in the aMCC was likely when participants were engaged in cognitive load (Fig. 5; Table S6).”

In the paper

“In particular, the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) (Fig. 2, Panels A, B, C, green) had consistent increases in activity across studies of discrete emotion.”

In the paper

“we observed consistent increases in activation in the brain regions implicated in conceptualization (simulation of prior episodic experiences), language (representation and retrieval of semantic concepts), and executive attention (volitional attention and working memory)”

In the paper

“Consistent with our psychological constructionist hypothesis, nodes within networks supporting executive attention were part of the neural reference space for discrete emotion.”

In the paper

“Increased activity in the DLPFC occurred when participants evaluated the emotional content of a stimulus.”

In the paper

“As all high-arousal emotion categories in our database were unpleasant (e.g., fear, anger, disgust)”

In the paper

“increased activity in visual cortex was likely when visual methods were used”

In the paper

“instances of fear experience, anger perception, and disgust experience were consistently associated with increased activity in regions of visual cortex ranging from V2 to visual association cortex”

In the paper

“Our density analyses also revealed that as compared to voxels within other brain regions, voxels in the right DLPFC were more likely to have increased activity during instances of anger perception than any other emotion categories (Table 1).”

In the paper

“increased activity in the PAG did not correspond to any emotion category more than to another”

In the paper

“The logistic regressions demonstrated that increased activity in the PAG was likely when participants were experiencing or perceiving an instance of any high-arousal emotion category”

In the paper

“As compared to in other brain regions, voxels within the ATL did not have more consistent increases during instances of one emotion category than others (Fig. S3).”

In the paper

“In all instances in which a brain region showed consistent increases in activation during instances of a discrete emotion category (e.g., the amygdala in instances of fear perception), this increase was not specific to that category”

In the paper

“The most common finding across our logistic regressions linked increases in the left VLPFC to instances in which participants were explicitly paying attention to emotional information (Fig. 5; Table S6).”

In the paper

“the PAG was consistently activated within the neural reference space for discrete emotion”

In the paper

“instances of the experience of sadness were associated with consistent increases in activation in one voxel within ventral PAG”

In the paper

“In particular, the VLPFC and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (Fig. 2, Panel A orange and striped green/orange) had consistent increases in activity across studies of discrete emotion.”

In the paper

“Increased activity in the VLPFC occurred when participants focused on the affective content of feelings or perceived instances of emotion on another person's face.”

In the paper

“regardless of the task at hand, activation in these brain areas was greater when participants were experiencing or perceiving an emotion category than when they were experiencing or perceiving in a neutral control state.”

In the paper

“Our logistic regressions suggested that increased activity in the left ATL was more likely when participants were experiencing an instance of anger than any other emotion category, however (Fig. 5; Table S6).”

In the paper

“Increased activity in the right ATL, on the other hand, was likely when participants were evaluating a stimulus (i.e., determining the emotional meaning of a face, voice, or picture; Table S6).”

In the paper

“our meta-analytic review did not find strong evidence for a locationist hypothesis of brain–emotion correspondence”

In the paper

“activity in a separate cluster of PAG was likely when participants were experiencing instances of fear”

In the paper

“regions of visual cortex were some of the most frequent to appear in our meta-analytic findings”

• Also stated in: § 6. Conclusion · plain

  “visual cortex was one of the most frequently activated brain regions in our meta-analysis of discrete emotions”

In the paper

“it was also likely in studies of unpleasant, high-arousal emotions”

In the paper

“As in other left frontal and temporal areas (see 5.2 The anterior insula, 5.3 The orbitofrontal cortex, 5.6 Anterior temporal lobe and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex),increased activity in the left VLPFC was likely when participants were experiencing or perceiving instances of anger.”

In the paper

“Some brain regions showed functional selectivity for instances of certain emotion categories”

In the paper

“increased activation in the DMPFC was observed when participants perceived instances of emotion on others’ faces”

In the paper

“Increased activation in the ATL was observed when participants focused on emotional stimuli.”

In the paper

“Consistent with this prediction, increased activity in the right DLPFC was likely when participants were explicitly evaluating stimuli (Fig. 5; Table S6).”

In the paper

“we did not find evidence of functional specificity for the PAG in our meta-analysis”

In the paper

“Most studies in our database utilize stimuli and induction techniques that invoke the most typical – and even caricatured – instances of an emotion category.”

In the paper

“The present meta-analytic review adds to this literature by demonstrating that emotion categories do not map to discrete brain locales in the human brain either.”

In the paper

“even when participants are asked to lie still in a scanner, we still routinely observe increases in PAG activity in emotion.”

In the paper

“In fact, there are very clear brain hypotheses that develop from a psychological constructionist view (Barrett 2006b), and our psychological constructionist approach is the first that attempts to map basic psychological operations to brain networks that comprise instances of a psychological category such as emotion, or to the subordinate categories of anger, sadness, fear, disgust, and happiness (”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Barrett 2006b
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Barrett 2009a
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kober et al. 2008 source

In the paper

“Because we hypothesize that people make meaning out of their core affective states in context; experiencing them as a part of an emotion, perception, belief, or judgment; a psychological constructionist account does not simply reduce the category of emotion to positive or negative affect (as is often claimed in summaries of “dimensional models of emotion;” e.g. Fontaine et al. 2007; Keltner et al.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fontaine et al. 2007 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Keltner et al. 2003

In the paper

“These functional groups can be mapped to the hypothesized psychological operations that we derived from behavioral data (e.g., Barrett 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Barrett 2006

In the paper

“Core affect is realized, in part, by visceral control systems that help organisms deal with motivationally salient stimuli in the environment.”

In the paper

“All psychological constructionist models include a second basic psychological operation by which internal sensory cues or their associated affective feelings are automatically and effortlessly made meaningful (i.e., experienced as related to or caused by an event or object, usually in the external surroundings).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Wundt 1897
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schachter & Singer 1962 source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Russell 2003 source

In the paper

“Our meta-analytic findings were inconsistent with the locationist hypothesis that the OFC is the brain seat of anger.”

In the paper

“Our logistic regression findings for the right anterior insula were consistent with the psychological constructionist hypothesis that the insula supports representation of core affective feelings.”

In the paper

“With the lateral OFC's connections to sensory modalities (e.g., Barbas 1988; Rolls 1999, see Kringelbach & Rolls 2004) and the medial OFC's connections to areas involved in visceral control (e.g., Carmichael & Price 1995; Eblen & Graybiel 1995; Ongür & Price 1998; 2000; Rempel-Clower & Barbas 1998; see Kringelbach & Rolls 2004 for a review), the OFC is anatomically well suited to perform this role”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barbas 1988 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carmichael & Price 1995 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kringelbach & Rolls 2004

In the paper

“In our model, categorization in the form of situated conceptualization is realized in a set of brain regions that reconstitutes prior experiences for use in the present.”

In the paper

“These findings, along with subsequent findings (see 5.3 The orbitofrontal cortex, 5.6 Anterior temporal lobe and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and 5.7 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) suggest that instances of anger are associated with increased activity in a broad set of areas in the left frontal and temporal lobes.”

In the paper

“The functions of distinct brain areas within the neural reference space are best understood within the context of the other brain areas to which they are connected (either anatomically or because of the timing and coordination of neural activity) and in terms of the basic psychological operations they are functionally selective for in a given instance.”

In the paper

“It is far from clear that aggression is an unambiguous index of the entire category of anger, however.”

In the paper

“Because words are in part represented via situated simulations of prior experiences (e.g., Simmons et al. 2008), we expect emotion words to work together with conceptualization when perceivers make meaning of core affective states.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Simmons et al. 2008 source

In the paper

“As with all abstract categories, in the absence of strong perceptual statistical regularities within a category, humans use words as the glue that holds the category together (Barsalou & Weimer-Hastings 2005).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barsalou & Weimer-Hastings 2005 source

In the paper

“When making meaning out of core affect, conceptualization draws on prior experiences and perceptions of emotion to realize the emotional gestalts that make up part of what Edelman calls “the remembered present” (cf. Edelman 1989; see Barrett et al. 2007c; Barrett 2009b).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Edelman 1989
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Barrett et al. 2007c
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Barrett 2009b

In the paper

“Findings for the right amygdala also supported a psychological constructionist view.”

In the paper

“Executive attention helps direct the combination of other psychological operations to produce an emotional gestalt.”

In the paper

“This finding is consistent with the psychological constructionist hypothesis that OFC plays a more general role in integrating heteromodal sensations.”

In the paper

“The sACC, on the other hand, has been linked to sadness because of its role in depression.”

In the paper

“One study in humans found that pACC lesions (including lesions to dorsomedial prefrontal cortex) produce hypersensitivity and an increased tendency to cry at sad events (Hornak et al. 2003).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Hornak et al. 2003

In the paper

“In this view, aMCC delivers sources of exteroceptive sensory information (from thalamic projections; Barbas et al. 1991) and internal sensory information (from the insula; Mesulam & Mufson 1982) to direct attention and motor responses (via projections to lateral PFC and the supplementary motor area; e.g., Barbas & Pandya”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barbas et al. 1991 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mesulam & Mufson 1982 source

In the paper

“In our view, the pACC and sACC (along with the adjacent posterior medial OFC) are cortical sites for visceral regulation that help to realize a core affective state during motivated action (Devinksy et al. 1995) (Fig. 2, panel B, light pinks).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Devinksy et al. 1995

In the paper

“They also explain why the aMCC is responsible for resolving action selection during situations involving conflicting sensory information (e.g., Grindband et al. in press; Milham et al. 2001; Nelson et al. 2003; see Banich 2009; Shackman et al. 2011; van Snellenberg & Wager 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Milham et al. 2001 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nelson et al. 2003 source

In the paper

“This finding is consistent with the psychological constructionist hypothesis that the conceptualization network is brought to bear when affective facial behaviors are perceived as emotional.”

In the paper

“Fewer studies have linked the lateral OFC to aggressive behavior in humans, but one study found that individuals with borderline personality disorder who have lowered baseline lateral OFC (BA 47) activity are more likely to aggress against others (Goyer et al. 1994).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Goyer et al. 1994

In the paper

“Our logistic regressions revealed that activation in visual cortex was not merely a by-product of the methods used.”

In the paper

“the intrinsic networks that have thus far been identified bear resemblance to the psychological domains that are hypothesized by a psychological constructionist view”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kober et al. 2008 source

In the paper

“In all these instances, PAG activity and the associated autonomic states it produces, are yoked to the action, and not to the emotion category.”

In the paper

“all data in our meta-analysis were derived from emotion versus neutral contrasts”

In the paper

“To date, however, no such intrinsic networks have been identified in broad inductive studies of such brain organization (e.g., Smith et al. 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Smith et al. 2009 source

In the paper

“Such findings show that even categories such as emotion, cognition, and perception are not respected by the brain”

In the paper

“Our meta-analytic findings were relatively more consistent with the psychological operations that we have considered ingredients of emotion”

In the paper

“our present findings are consistent with Wager et al. (2008)”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Wager et al. 2008

In the paper

“the idea of neural re-use (e.g., Anderson 2010) is consistent with the psychological constructionist model of brain–emotion correspondence”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anderson 2010 source

In the paper

“suggesting that these more “cognitive” functions play a routine role in constructing experiences and perceptions of emotion”

In the paper

“As a result, a psychological constructionist approach views PAG activity as nonspecifically involved in instances of emotion.”

In the paper

“This makes strong locationist interpretations of brain function unlikely when such interpretations attempt to find specificity for psychological categories”

In the paper

“Activity in these brain regions is therefore integral to producing instances of emotion.”

In the paper

“even the most highly specialized brain regions (e.g., primary visual cortex) contain neurons that participate in different neural assemblies associated with different functions”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Basole et al. 2003 source