Cited by 5,955Decision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsRisk Perception and ManagementLeadership, Behavior, and Decision-Making Studies

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Risk as feelings.

Loewenstein, George F., Weber, Elke U., Hsee, Christopher K., Welch, Ned·2001·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267

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Abstract

Virtually all current theories of choice under risk or uncertainty are cognitive and consequentialist. They assume that people assess the desirability and likelihood of possible outcomes of choice alternatives and integrate this information through some type of expectation-based calculus to arrive at a decision. The authors propose an alternative theoretical perspective, the risk-as-feelings hypothesis, that highlights the role of affect experienced at the moment of decision making. Drawing on research from clinical, physiological, and other subfields of psychology, they show that emotional reactions to risky situations often diverge from cognitive assessments of those risks. When such divergence occurs, emotional reactions often drive behavior. The risk-as-feelings hypothesis is shown to explain a wide range of phenomena that have resisted interpretation in cognitive-consequentialist terms.

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Authors: Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N.
Affiliations: Carnegie Mellon University (US)
ORCID: Loewenstein, George F.
Weber, Elke U.
Hsee, Christopher K.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2001
Volume: 127
Issue: 2
Pages: 267-286
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267
OpenAlex: W3124896223
Cited by: 5,955
References: 218
Citations by year: 2026: 287 · 2025: 261 · 2024: 276 · 2023: 260 · 2022: 330 · 2021: 393 · 2020: 316 · 2019: 313 · 2018: 264 · 2017: 257 · 2016: 265 · 2015: 283 · 2014: 303 · 2013: 277 · 2012: 304
FWCI: 56.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Risk Perception and Management
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Leadership, Behavior, and Decision-Making Studies
Keywords: risk perception, decision making under risk, uncertainty, emotional decision-making
MeSH terms: Cognition, Decision Making, Emotions, Humans, Models, Psychological, Risk-Taking

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