The DOI matches its Crossref record; 280 of the 280 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity.
Abstract
The authors present a unified account of 2 neural systems concerned with the development and expression of adaptive behaviors: a mesencephalic dopamine system for reinforcement learning and a "generic" error-processing system associated with the anterior cingulate cortex. The existence of the error-processing system has been inferred from the error-related negativity (ERN), a component of the event-related brain potential elicited when human participants commit errors in reaction-time tasks. The authors propose that the ERN is generated when a negative reinforcement learning signal is conveyed to the anterior cingulate cortex via the mesencephalic dopamine system and that this signal is used by the anterior cingulate cortex to modify performance on the task at hand. They provide support for this proposal using both computational modeling and psychophysiological experimentation.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Moreover, studies using fMRI and electrophysiological (error-related negativity) methods in humans, as well as single-unit electrophysiology in experimental animals, have identified the ACC to be a site of computation of prediction errors encoding the difference between expected and obtained outcomes of responding [115–117].”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [116]
In the citing paper
“its functional meaning has shifted from a purely “negative feedback detector” toward a broader index of reinforcement-learning signals, reward prediction error, action–outcome evaluation, and reward positivity modulation [117,118,126,127,128,129].”
In the citing paper
“Classical reinforcement-learning models propose that unexpected unfavourable outcomes produce negative prediction-error signals that are conveyed through dopaminergic and medial-frontal systems and used to update future behaviour [117,118].”
In the citing paper
“In the broader ERP literature, response-locked performance monitoring is usually described as a sequence in which early medial-frontal activity detects conflict, error likelihood, or worse-than-expected outcomes, whereas later positive components support more conscious, evaluative, and metacognitive appraisal of the action that has just been executed [113,116,117,185,186,187].”
In the citing paper
“Earlier components such as ERN are often interpreted in terms of rapid conflict detection, reinforcement-learning signals, or medial-frontal alarm mechanisms, whereas later positive components appear more closely related to conscious appraisal, confidence, and adaptive updating [113,116,117,187].”
In the citing paper
“Unlike the prediction error signals associated with dopamine activity, which are largely reward-focused and associated with model-free RL (Holroyd and Coles, 2002), these respond to incorrect prediction of affectively neutral stimuli.”
From States versus Rewards: Dissociable Neural Prediction Error Signals Underlying Model-Based and Model-Free Reinforcement Learning (2010) · cites this paper as Holroyd and Coles, 2002
In the citing paper
“While anterior cingulate cortex was implicated in monitoring conflict between incompatible response processes35 or detecting performance errors36”
From A reservoir of time constants for memory traces in cortical neurons (2011) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“However, research and theory suggests that the P3 is more closely related to reward-seeking behaviors (‘wanting’) and the FRN to reward consumption (‘liking’ or ’disliking’) [88,89].”
From Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications (2012) · cites this paper as [88]
Citations
Cites
Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks · doi:10.1109/tnn.1998.712192 · Cited by 27,225
Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks · doi:10.1109/tnn.2004.842673 · Cited by 25,268
(1994) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 10,542
A neural substrate of prediction and reward
Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5306.1593 · Cited by 9,388
(1982) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(82)90076-5 · Cited by 9,150
DESCARTES' ERROR: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
Marg, E. (1995) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1002/j.1538-9235.1995.tb03988.x · Cited by 8,178
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351
Rescorla, R. A. (1972) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,268
Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task
Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03203267 · Cited by 7,230
The ten-twenty electrode system of the international federation
Jasper, H. H. (1958) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · Cited by 6,567
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–282 of 282
Neural circuitry of information seeking
Bromberg-Martin, E. S., & Monosov, I. E. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.07.006 · Cited by 89
The anterior cingulate cortex directs exploration of alternative strategies
Tervo, D. G. R., Kuleshova, E., Manakov, M., Proskurin, M., Karlsson, M., Lustig, A., Behnam, R., & Karpova, A. Y. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.028 · Cited by 97
Koolschijn, P. C. M. P., Schel, M. A., de Rooij, M., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Crone, E. A. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6415-10.2011 · Cited by 83
Westlye, L. T., Walhovd, K. B., Bjørnerud, A., Due-Tønnessen, P., & Fjell, A. M. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn084 · Cited by 80
Hauser, T. U., Iannaccone, R., Dolan, R. J., Ball, J., Hättenschwiler, J., Drechsler, R., Rufer, M., Brandeis, D., Walitza, S., & Brem, S. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716003305 · Cited by 86
Chronic medication does not affect hyperactive error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Stern, E. R., Liu, Y., Gehring, W. J., Lister, J. J., Yin, G., Zhang, J., Fitzgerald, K. D., Himle, J. A., Abelson, J. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00988.x · Cited by 83
Mathews, C. A., Perez, V. B., Delucchi, K. L., & Mathalon, D. H. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.12.018 · Cited by 78
Brem, S., Hauser, T. U., Iannaccone, R., Brandeis, D., Drechsler, R., & Walitza, S. (2012) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-012-0813-z · Cited by 79
Cavanagh, J. F., & Allen, J. J. B. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.09.007 · Cited by 79
Joshi, S., & Gold, J. I. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.63490 · Cited by 71
Altered error-related brain activity in youth with major depression
Ladouceur, C. D., Slifka, J. S., Dahl, R. E., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D. A., & Ryan, N. D. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2012.01.005 · Cited by 77
Binding by random bursts: a computational model of cognitive control
Verguts, T. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01117 · Cited by 76
When people matter more than money: An ERPs study
Rigoni, D., Polezzi, D., Rumiati, R., Guarino, R., & Sartori, G. (2010) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.12.003 · Cited by 73
An electrophysiological signal that precisely tracks the emergence of error awareness
Murphy, P. R., Robertson, I. H., Allen, D., Hester, R., & O'Connell, R. G. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00065 · Cited by 94
The Neuroscience of Stigma and Stereotype Threat
Derks, B., Inzlicht, M., & Kang, S. (2008) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207088036 · Cited by 74
Neurochemical Enhancement of Conscious Error Awareness
Hester, R., Nandam, L. S., O'Connell, R. G., Wagner, J., Strudwick, M., Nathan, P. J., Mattingley, J. B., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4052-11.2012 · Cited by 68
Dhar, M., Wiersema, J. R., & Pourtois, G. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019578 · Cited by 72
Evers, E. A. T., van der Veen, F. M., Jolles, J., Deutz, N. E. P., & Schmitt, J. A. J. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.026 · Cited by 71
Social status determines how we monitor and evaluate our performance
Boksem, M. A. S., Kostermans, E., Milivojevic, B., & De Cremer, D. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr010 · Cited by 69
Causal evidence of performance monitoring by neurons in posterior cingulate cortex during learning
Heilbronner, S. R., & Platt, M. L. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.028 · Cited by 66
Groen, Y., Wijers, A. A., Mulder, L. J. M., Minderaa, R. B., & Althaus, M. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.07.006 · Cited by 66
The neural coding of feedback learning across child and adolescent development
Peters, S., Braams, B. R., Raijmakers, M. E. J., Koolschijn, P. C. M. P., & Crone, E. A. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00594 · Cited by 65
Tricomi, E., & Fiez, J. A. (2012) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0077-3 · Cited by 64
Reward Processing in Adolescent Depression Across Neuroimaging Modalities: A Review
O’Callaghan, G., & Stringaris, A. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000663 · Cited by 63
Adolescent peer interaction and trait surgency weaken medial prefrontal cortex responses to failure
Segalowitz, S. J., Santesso, D. L., Willoughby, T., Reker, D. L., Campbell, K., Chalmers, H., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq090 · Cited by 58
Toward a Biological Understanding of Mortality Salience (And Other Threat Compensation Processes)
Tritt, S. M., Inzlicht, M., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2012) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2012.30.6.715 · Cited by 60
Laurens, K. R., & Cullen, A. E. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1151-x · Cited by 59
Nielen, M. M., den Boer, J. A., & Smid, H. G. O. M. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709005297 · Cited by 58
Holmes, A. J., Bogdan, R., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.223 · Cited by 57
Reinecke, A., Filippini, N., Berna, C., Western, D. G., Hanson, B., Cooper, M. J., Taggart, P., & Harmer, C. J. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.160 · Cited by 54
Action information contributes to metacognitive decision-making
Wokke, M. E., Achoui, D., & Cleeremans, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60382-y · Cited by 56
Cavanagh, J. F., Gründler, T. O. J., Frank, M. J., & Allen, J. J. B. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.031 · Cited by 54
Bellato, A., Norman, L., Idrees, I., Ogawa, C. Y., Waitt, A., Zuccolo, P. F., Tye, C., Radua, J., Groom, M. J., & Shephard, E. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.018 · Cited by 49
Riesel, A., Goldhahn, S., & Kathmann, N. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.12.029 · Cited by 49
Dopamine D2 Receptor Modulation of Human Response Inhibition and Error Awareness
Nandam, L. S., Hester, R., Wagner, J., Dean, A. J., Messer, C., Honeysett, A., Nathan, P. J., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00327 · Cited by 50
Parvaz, M. A., Maloney, T., Moeller, S. J., Woicik, P. A., Alia-Klein, N., Telang, F., Wang, G.-J., Squires, N. K., Volkow, N. D., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2012) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.01.001 · Cited by 49
Groom, M. J., Liddle, E. B., Scerif, G., Liddle, P. F., Batty, M. J., Liotti, M., & Hollis, C. P. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12069 · Cited by 48
Surprise! A unifying model of dorsal anterior cingulate function?
Egner, T. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2932 · Cited by 44
Decision making in avoidance–reward conflict: a paradigm for non-human primates and humans
Sierra-Mercado, D., Deckersbach, T., Arulpragasam, A. R., Chou, T., Rodman, A. M., Duffy, A., McDonald, E. J., Eckhardt, C. A., Corse, A. K., Kaur, N., et al. (2015) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0796-7 · Cited by 44
Agam, Y., Greenberg, J. L., Isom, M., Falkenstein, M. J., Jenike, E., Wilhelm, S., & Manoach, D. S. (2014) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.06.002 · Cited by 46
Reward feedback processing in children and adolescents: medial frontal theta oscillations
Crowley, M. J., van Noordt, S. J. R., Wu, J., Hommer, R. E., South, M., Fearon, R. M. P., & Mayes, L. C. (2014) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2013.11.011 · Cited by 45
Approach and avoidance learning in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Endrass, T., Kloft, L., Kaufmann, C., & Kathmann, N. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20772 · Cited by 44
Boen, R., Quintana, D. S., Ladouceur, C. D., & Tamnes, C. K. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14003 · Cited by 40
“…(Botvinick et al., 2001, 2004; Carter & van Veen, 2007), while others consider the ERN to be part of action evaluation when the outcome of an action is worse than expected (Holroyd & Coles, 2002), or as a neural index of a trait reflecting sensitivity to internal threat (Weinberg et al., 2012).”
BackgroundNeural correlates of feedback processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Endrass, T., Koehne, S., Riesel, A., & Kathmann, N. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031496 · Cited by 44
Lutz, M. C., Kok, R., Verveer, I., Malbec, M., Koot, S., van Lier, P. A. C., & Franken, I. H. A. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.200031 · Cited by 44
Duan, L. Y., Horst, N. K., Cranmore, S. A. W., Horiguchi, N., Cardinal, R. N., Roberts, A. C., & Robbins, T. W. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.003 · Cited by 41
Pfabigan, D. M., Alexopoulos, J., Bauer, H., Lamm, C., & Sailer, U. (2011) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00100 · Cited by 41
Menstrual cycle phase modulates cognitive control over male but not female stimuli
Roberts, G. M. P., Newell, F., Simões-Franklin, C., & Garavan, H. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.061 · Cited by 40
The role of the error positivity in the conscious perception of errors
Orr, J. M., & Carrasco, M. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0279-11.2011 · Cited by 39
When the rules are reversed: action-monitoring consequences of reversing stimulus–response mappings
Schroder, H. S., Moran, T. P., Moser, J. S., & Altmann, E. M. (2012) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-012-0105-y · Cited by 38
Mindful acceptance dampens neuroaffective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback
Teper, R., & Inzlicht, M. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034296 · Cited by 35
Working memory capacity and task goals modulate error-related ERPs
Coleman, J. R., Watson, J. M., & Strayer, D. L. (2018) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12805 · Cited by 33
Dissociating early and late error signals in perceptual recognition
Wheeler, M. E., Petersen, S. E., Nelson, S. M., Ploran, E. J., & Velanova, K. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20155 · Cited by 30
Cardiac concomitants of performance monitoring: Context dependence and individual differences
Crone, E. A., Bunge, S. A., de Klerk, P., & van der Molen, M. W. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.009 · Cited by 30
Distinct Frontal Networks Are Involved in Adapting to Internally and Externally Signaled Errors
Ham, T. E., de Boissezon, X., Leff, A., Beckmann, C., Hughes, E., Kinnunen, K. M., Leech, R., & Sharp, D. J. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs056 · Cited by 29
Hammer, A., Kordon, A., Heldmann, M., Zurowski, B., & Münte, T. F. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006553 · Cited by 29
Legault, L., & Amiot, C. E. (2014) · Human Motivation and Interpersonal Relationships · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8542-6_8 · Cited by 26
LoTemplio, S. B., Lopes, C. L., McDonnell, A. S., Scott, E. E., Payne, B. R., & Strayer, D. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1150244 · Cited by 25
Wang, J., Chen, J., Lei, Y., & Li, P. (2014) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000000226 · Cited by 25
Intentionality in frontal asymmetry research
Hewig, J. (2018) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12852 · Cited by 23
Zhu, C., Yu, F., Ye, R., Chen, X., Dong, Y., Li, D., Zhang, L., Li, D., & Wang, K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090874 · Cited by 22
Performance Monitoring and Correct Response Significance in Conscientious Individuals
Imhof, M. F., & Rüsseler, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00239 · Cited by 21
Lin, Y., Moran, T. P., Schroder, H. S., & Moser, J. S. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12470 · Cited by 21
On the Comparison Between the Nc/CRN and the Ne/ERN
Vidal, F., Burle, B., & Hasbroucq, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.788167 · Cited by 15
Suzuki, T., Gu, P., Grove, T. B., Hammond, T., Collins, K. M., Pamidighantam, P., Arnold, P. D., Taylor, S. F., Liu, Y., Gehring, W. J., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.10.020 · Cited by 20
Riesel, A., Härpfer, K., Thoma, L., Kathmann, N., & Klawohn, J. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14164 · Cited by 15
Zhang, Y., Paik, J., & Pirolli, P. (2015) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12143 · Cited by 18
Conflict adaptation is predicted by the cognitive, but not the affective alexithymia dimension
de Galan, M., Sellaro, R., Colzato, L. S., & Hommel, B. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00768 · Cited by 17
Altered Response Evaluation: Monitoring of Late Responses After Administration of D-Amphetamine
de Bruijn, E. R. A., Hulstijn, W., Verkes, R. J., Ruigt, G. S. F., & Sabbe, B. G. C. (2005) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803.19.4.311 · Cited by 15
Exploring response inhibition and error monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Silveira, V. P., Frydman, I., Fontenelle, L. F., Mattos, P., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Moll, J., Hoexter, M. Q., Miguel, E. C., McLaughlin, N. C. R., Shephard, E., et al. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.04.002 · Cited by 13
“In addition to RI, the SST allows for the analysis of error monitoring (EM), which refers to the process of monitoring one’s own behaviour and adjusting performance following errors (Gehring et al., 1993; Holroyd and Coles, 2002).”
MethodHochman, E. Y., Orr, J. M., & Gehring, W. J. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs323 · Cited by 11
Performance monitoring during a minimal group manipulation
Pfabigan, D. M., Holzner, M.-T., & Lamm, C. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw071 · Cited by 9
Gloe, L. M., & Louis, C. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.779083 · Cited by 6
Ma, R., Jia, H., Yi, F., Ming, Q., Wang, X., Gao, Y., Yi, J., & Yao, S. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.009 · Cited by 5
Hanna, G. L., Liu, Y., Rentschler, L. G., Hanna, B. S., Arnold, P. D., & Gehring, W. J. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01711-4 · Cited by 4
Affective evaluation of errors and neural error processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Balzus, L., Jüres, F., Kathmann, N., & Klawohn, J. (2023) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsad022 · Cited by 4
“Several theories have been proposed, many interpreting the ERN as a component signaling the need for behavioral adjustment and recruitment of cognitive control to prevent future errors (Botvinick et al., 2001; Holroyd and Coles, 2002).”
BackgroundError Awareness Can Occur in the Absence of an Error‐Related Negativity
Dumsky, J., Maier, M. E., Di Gregorio, F., & Steinhauser, M. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70128 · Cited by 4
Zanolie, K., & Crone, E. A. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108020 · Cited by 4
Vahedi, J., Bahic, A., Chaliani, I., Schilbach, L., Ciupka‐Schön, B., Bellebaum, C., Pietrowsky, R., & Peterburs, J. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70142 · Cited by 3
Hanna, G., Liu, Y., Rentschler, L., Hanna, B., Arnold, P., & Gehring, W. (2024) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3943784/v1 · Cited by 4
Chmiel, J., & Kładna, A. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15155994
Hanna, G. L., Liu, Y., Hanna, B. S., Arnold, P. D., & Gehring, W. J. (2026) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70403
“The ERN has been described as a neural marker of error monitoring processes (Falkenstein et al. 1991; Gehring et al. 1993), reinforcement learning (Holroyd and Coles 2002), error-related distress (Bartholow et al. 2005), and the motivational significance of errors (Hajcak et al. 2005).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Holroyd, Clay B.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 2002-10
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 679-709
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2135572147
- Semantic Scholar
- a497b6f27fa708805f5dab7b7470509e72deb8b2
- Cited by
- 4,027
- References
- 280
- Citations by year
- 2026: 125 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 145 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 193 · 2020: 188 · 2019: 188 · 2018: 220 · 2017: 219 · 2016: 218 · 2015: 246 · 2014: 244 · 2013: 219 · 2012: 204
- FWCI
- 30.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh041445-13, 5f31mh011530-04)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH41445, MH11530)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- error processing, error-related negativity, reinforcement learning, dopamine, anterior cingulate cortex, negative reinforcement, adaptive behavior, event-related potentials, reaction time task, computational modeling
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Brain Mapping, Dopamine, Humans, Models, Neurological, Motor Cortex, Probability Learning, Reinforcement, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
