The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 76 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Specific dietary and other lifestyle behaviors may affect the success of the straightforward-sounding strategy "eat less and exercise more" for preventing long-term weight gain. METHODS: We performed prospective investigations involving three separate cohorts that included 120,877 U.S. women and men who were free of chronic diseases and not obese at baseline, with follow-up periods from 1986 to 2006, 1991 to 2003, and 1986 to 2006. The relationships between changes in lifestyle factors and weight change were evaluated at 4-year intervals, with multivariable adjustments made for age, baseline body-mass index for each period, and all lifestyle factors simultaneously. Cohort-specific and sex-specific results were similar and were pooled with the use of an inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis. RESULTS: Within each 4-year period, participants gained an average of 3.35 lb (5th to 95th percentile, -4.1 to 12.4). On the basis of increased daily servings of individual dietary components, 4-year weight change was most strongly associated with the intake of potato chips (1.69 lb), potatoes (1.28 lb), sugar-sweetened beverages (1.00 lb), unprocessed red meats (0.95 lb), and processed meats (0.93 lb) and was inversely associated with the intake of vegetables (-0.22 lb), whole grains (-0.37 lb), fruits (-0.49 lb), nuts (-0.57 lb), and yogurt (-0.82 lb) (P≤0.005 for each comparison). Aggregate dietary changes were associated with substantial differences in weight change (3.93 lb across quintiles of dietary change). Other lifestyle factors were also independently associated with weight change (P<0.001), including physical activity (-1.76 lb across quintiles); alcohol use (0.41 lb per drink per day), smoking (new quitters, 5.17 lb; former smokers, 0.14 lb), sleep (more weight gain with <6 or >8 hours of sleep), and television watching (0.31 lb per hour per day). CONCLUSIONS: Specific dietary and lifestyle factors are independently associated with long-term weight gain, with a substantial aggregate effect and implications for strategies to prevent obesity. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
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“yogurt (−0.82 lb)”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Increases in time spent watching television (per hour per day) were independently associated with weight gain (0.31 lb, P<0.001).”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OTHER LIFESTYLE FACTORS AND WEIGHT CHANGES
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In the paper
“french fries (3.35 lb)”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY CHANGES AND WEIGHT CHANGES
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In the paper
“unprocessed red meats (0.95 lb)”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Aggregate dietary changes were associated with substantial differences in weight change (3.93 lb across quintiles of dietary change).”
- Also stated in: § RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY CHANGES AND WEIGHT CHANGES · plain
“with a 3.93-lb greater weight gain across quintiles (Table 3).”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Subsequent weight gain for former smokers was small (0.14 lb per 4-year period).”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OTHER LIFESTYLE FACTORS AND WEIGHT CHANGES
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In the paper
“whole grains (−0.37 lb)”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > RESULTS
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“After multivariable adjustment, nearly every dietary factor was independently related to weight change (Table 2).”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY CHANGES AND WEIGHT CHANGES
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In the paper
“processed meats (0.93 lb)”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > RESULTS
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“Findings were similar, in direction and magnitude, for men and women and across the three cohorts (Fig. 1).”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY CHANGES AND WEIGHT CHANGES
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 29
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“As compared with participants in the top decile, participants in each lower decile of dietary change had greater weight gain, in a dose-dependent fashion.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > ADDITIONAL ANALYSES
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In the paper
“Findings for all lifestyle factors were generally similar in analyses stratified according to age or baseline body-mass index”
- Also stated in: § ADDITIONAL ANALYSES · plain
“although the magnitude of associated weight change was generally larger among overweight persons”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > ADDITIONAL ANALYSES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § ADDITIONAL ANALYSES · plain
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In the paper
“heterogeneity was evident with respect to both the beverage type and the size and direction of changes in use”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OTHER LIFESTYLE FACTORS AND WEIGHT CHANGES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sweets and desserts (0.41 lb per serving per day)”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY CHANGES AND WEIGHT CHANGES
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In the paper
“Average long-term weight gain in nonobese populations is gradual — in the cohorts we studied, about 0.8 lb per year”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
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- Rests on an assumption: Weight gain often occurs gradually over decades, about 1 lb per year.
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In the paper
“Other lifestyle behaviors were also independently related to weight change (Table 3), with similar findings in men and women and across the three cohorts.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OTHER LIFESTYLE FACTORS AND WEIGHT CHANGES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“less weight gain occurred with decreased consumption of potato chips, processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages, potatoes, or trans fat”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY CHANGES AND WEIGHT CHANGES
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In the paper
“All results were also similar when we evaluated relative (percent) weight changes rather than absolute weight changes (not shown).”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > ADDITIONAL ANALYSES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Changes in diet and physical activity were independently associated with weight gain (Fig. 2).”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > ADDITIONAL ANALYSES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“refined grains (0.39 lb per serving per day)”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY CHANGES AND WEIGHT CHANGES
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In the paper
“boiled, baked, or mashed potatoes (0.57 lb)”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY CHANGES AND WEIGHT CHANGES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
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In the paper
“Consumption of 100%-fruit juice was associated with weight gains of smaller magnitude”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
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In the paper
“Aggregate dietary changes accounted for substantial differences in weight gain, with additional contributions from changes in physical activity and television watching”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
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In the paper
“Our long-term prospective evaluation provides evidence that both the duration of television viewing and changes in the duration of viewing influence weight gain in adults.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
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In the paper
“However, in contrast to prevalent behaviors, changes in these behaviors were generally not strongly correlated (r< 0.05), which suggests that different behaviors are often changed relatively independently, thus minimizing potential confounding.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Our long-term follow-up data confirm prior observations that smoking cessation results in weight gain initially but in little weight change thereafter.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a finding that may have been related to undiagnosed chronic disease.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OTHER LIFESTYLE FACTORS AND WEIGHT CHANGES
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that multiple lifestyle changes were independently associated with long-term weight gain, including changes in the consumption of specific foods and beverages, physical activity, alcohol use, television watching, and smoking habits.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Different lifestyle behaviors have often been evaluated separately, limiting relative comparisons or quantification of combined effects.
- Rests on an assumption: Changes in behavior over time are more relevant than current behaviors for long-term weight gain and prevention.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a finding that may have been related to cohort-specific differences in sex and age at baseline.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS AND WEIGHT GAIN
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but evaluation of this category was limited by its rarity in these populations (accounting for <0.1% of person-years).”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OTHER LIFESTYLE FACTORS AND WEIGHT CHANGES
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In the paper
“Findings across cohorts were pooled by means of inverse-variance–weighted, random-effects meta-analyses.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
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In the paper
“Weight-loss trials1–3 have typically enrolled obese or overweight persons who attempted substantial short-term weight loss on specialized diets, thus limiting the generalizability of the findings to nonobese populations and to the factors that determine long-term, gradual weight gain.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
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In the paper
“It is also possible that there is an unmeasured confounding factor that tracks with yogurt consumption (e.g., people who change their yogurt consumption may have other weight-influencing behaviors that were not measured by our instruments).”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, weight change is the best population metric of energy imbalance and at least partly captures energy intake after adjustment for determinants of expenditure (e.g., age, body-mass index, and physical activity).”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Weight stability requires a balance between calories consumed and calories expended.
In the paper
“possibly because these beverages may be consumed in smaller servings than are sugar-sweetened beverages or in different patterns (i.e., single rather than multiple servings).33”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we censored data for participants after they reached 65 years of age or if they received a diagnosis of chronic pulmonary, renal, or liver disease or of cancer other than nonmelanoma skin cancer (3 to 4% of participants); data were censored 6 years before diagnosis to account for preclinical disease.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Age-related loss of lean muscle mass can confound associations of lifestyle with weight gain at older ages.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate absolute physical activity levels at the start of each 4-year period rather than changes during the period, data among participants who never smoked, and data stratified according to age and baseline body-mass index.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher fiber content and slower digestion of these foods would augment satiety, and their increased consumption would also displace other, more highly processed foods in the diet, providing plausible biologic mechanisms whereby persons who eat more fruits, nuts, vegetables, and whole grains would gain less weight over time.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these relationships must be mediated by changes in energy intake, energy expenditure, or both.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Weight stability requires a balance between calories consumed and calories expended.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Physical activity should also influence long-term weight gain, but evidence to support this expectation has been surprisingly inconsistent.11–14”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Potential mechanisms for these findings are unclear; intriguing evidence suggests that changes in colonic bacteria might influence weight gain.31”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eating more or less of any one food or beverage may change the total amount of energy consumed, but the magnitude of associated weight gain varied for specific foods and beverages.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences in weight gain seen for specific foods and beverages could relate to varying portion sizes, patterns of eating, effects on satiety, or displacement of other foods or beverages.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Short-term controlled trials suggest that liquids are less satiating than solid foods, increasing the total amount of energy consumed.38”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas weight changes associated with any single lifestyle factor were relatively modest in our three cohorts, in the aggregate, changes in diet and physical activity accounted for large differences in weight gain.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total energy intake, biologic factors (e.g., blood pressure), and medications were not included as covariables because such factors could be mediators (in causal pathways) or direct correlates of mediators of the effects of lifestyle on weight gain.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In a previous analysis of alcohol consumption in relation to weight change in the NHS II cohort over a period of 8 years, the smallest weight gain was seen among women who remained moderate drinkers.36”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multivariable models were used to adjust for age, baseline body-mass index in each 4-year period, and all lifestyle factors simultaneously.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets, and processed foods may make it harder to do so, whereas the consumption of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables might make it easier.4–10”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Ello-Martin JA, 2005, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Wolff E, 2008, Medscape J Med
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Liu S, 2003, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total energy intake is not well estimated from dietary questionnaires, nor does it reflect energy balance, which is necessarily codetermined by energy expenditure.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Findings have been inconsistent in prior studies of alcohol use and weight gain.34–37”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Television watching appears to encourage snacking during viewing and also influences food choices both during viewing and at other times.46–52”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that future policies and research efforts to prevent obesity should consider food structure and processing as potentially relevant dietary metrics.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“As seen in prior analyses of sugar-sweetened beverages,33 changes in lifestyle may be most relevant for weight gain.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, the duration of television viewing and of sleep may influence energy consumption, energy expenditure, or both.15–19”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because these effects are probably mediated by changes in diet and physical activity, and may also be mediated by changes in sleep”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“between 1965 and 2002, U.S. beverage consumption increased from 11.8 to 21.0% of all calories consumed — 222 more kilocalories per person per day — with sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol accounting for 60% and 32% of the increase, respectively.39”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Prior analyses of HPFS data showed associations similar to ours for the overall categories of whole-fat and low-fat dairy products,40 but subtypes (e.g., milk, cheese, and butter) were not evaluated independently.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Rajpathak SN, 2006, Am J Clin Nutr source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Limited short-term studies of dairy foods and satiety or weight change have had inconsistent results.44,45”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lifestyle changes were self-selected, and residual confounding from other lifestyle behaviors is possible.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The typical portion size of a specific food or beverage may therefore partly mediate its effects on weight gain (i.e., both average portion sizes and biologic effects).”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among Swedish women, higher intakes of whole milk and cheese were inversely associated with weight gain; as in our study, significant associations with weight gain were not seen for other dairy foods.41”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Rosell M, 2006, Am J Clin Nutr source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although dietary questionnaires specified portion sizes, residual, unmeasured differences in portion sizes among participants might account for additional independent effects on energy balance.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In several long-term studies, inverse associations between dairy consumption and the risk of insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, or diabetes were observed,42,43 but potential mediating effects on weight change were not evaluated.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] source
- Not checked yetcites [43]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“thus highlighting specific lifestyle changes that might be prioritized in obesity-prevention strategies.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A person’s weight change could lead to changes in lifestyle rather than vice versa. Such reverse causation would generally underestimate true effects.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and it seems plausible that the biologic effects of many lifestyle factors would be qualitatively similar in other populations.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As is the case with any biologic finding or medical intervention, our results represent the average population effect, and intraindividual variations exist.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“active smokers are at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes than are former smokers.54”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Office on Smoking and Health National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Women and smoking: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, March 2001.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This means that unintended weight gain occurs easily but also that modest, sustained changes in lifestyle could mitigate or reverse such an energy imbalance.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, the ranges of dietary intakes were broad and overlapped with national estimates.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Weight stability requires a balance between calories consumed and calories expended.
“Since weight stability requires a balance between calories consumed and calories expended”
The paper relies on this without support.
Weight gain often occurs gradually over decades, about 1 lb per year.
“weight gain often occurs gradually over decades (about 1 lb per year)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Different lifestyle behaviors have often been evaluated separately, limiting relative comparisons or quantification of combined effects.
“Different lifestyle behaviors have often been evaluated separately, thus limiting relative comparisons or the quantification of combined effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Changes in behavior over time are more relevant than current behaviors for long-term weight gain and prevention.
“most studies of long-term weight gain have evaluated current behaviors, but changes in behavior over time may be more relevant in terms of both their biologic effects on long-term weight gain and their translation into prevention strategies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Age-related loss of lean muscle mass can confound associations of lifestyle with weight gain at older ages.
“given possible confounding due to age-related loss of lean muscle mass”
The paper relies on this without support.
Persons may achieve a new steady-state weight within months after a change in regular physical activity, diet, or other lifestyle habits.
“Persons may achieve a new steady-state weight within months after a change in regular physical activity, diet, or other lifestyle habits”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many prior studies of television watching and obesity have been cross-sectional, limiting the ability to make inferences about which came first.
“Many prior studies of television watching and obesity have been cross-sectional, limiting the ability to make inferences about which came first.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Large cohort studies as well as limited interventional studies have linked the consumption of fermented foods with weight maintenance and decreased diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease risks (Mozaffarian et al., 2011; Díaz-López et al., 2016; Gille et al., 2018).”
From Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status (2021) · cites this paper as Mozaffarian et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“A long-term study of patients with type 1 DM that began in 1966 showed that over 30 years of follow-up, overall risk of mortality associated with type 1 DM was 7 times greater than that of the general population.”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [68]
In the citing paper
“During the course of study, the incremental mortality risk associated with type 1 DM declined from 9.3 to 5.6 times that of nondiabetic control subjects.68”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [68]
In the citing paper
“Females had a 13.2-fold incremental mortality risk compared with a 5.0-fold increased risk in males.”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [68]
In the citing paper
“Of the 28 longitudinal studies that examined the impact of short sleep on obesity risk in children and adults, 22 reported that short sleep is associated with an increased risk of weight gain or development of obesity and/or increased fat mass a few years later”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [105]
In the citing paper
“fast foods such as potato chips, processed meats, sugar sweetened beverages all predicted long term weight gain in large prospective cohorts of US men and women”
From Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity (2018) · cites this paper as Mozaffarian, Hao, Rimm, Willett, & Hu, 2011
In the citing paper
“An average American adult currently gains only ~1 lb (0.45 kg) per year,28”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Both Mediterranean and DASH diet patterns improve a range of risk factors, reduce long-term weight gain, and are consistently associated with lower risk of clinical events.19, 21, 27-29”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Longitudinal studies suggest no harms of whole-fat milk for obesity, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease in adults;28, 29, 51, 57, 58”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“For example, lower sleep duration and altered circadian rhythms predict greater weight gain and obesity, alter hunger and food preferences, and influence leptin, ghrelin, insulin, and gut-peptide concentrations.28, 67”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“For example, lower sleep duration and altered circadian rhythms predict greater weight gain and obesity, alter hunger and food preferences, and influence leptin, ghrelin, insulin, and gut-peptide concentrations.28, 67”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Several other lifestyle factors appear to interact with diet to influence adiposity. These include TV watching, sleep duration, circadian alignment, and possibly maternal-fetal (e.g., placental) influences.28, 41, 67-70”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The gut microbiome also appears increasingly important; e.g., probiotics in yogurt appear to interact with microbiota to reduce weight gain.28, 29, 51-54”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Conversely, increased fruits, nonstarchy vegetables, nuts, yogurt, fish, and whole grains each appear to protect against chronic weight gain: the more these foods are consumed, the less the average weight gain.28, 29, 51, 55”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“For long-term weight gain, food rich in refined grains, starches, and sugar appear to be primary culprits.28, 29”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Other conventional metrics – e.g., total fat, energy density, even added sugar– may also not reliably identify how specific foods influence weight gain.28, 29, 51”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“For example, lower sleep duration and altered circadian rhythms predict greater weight gain and obesity, alter hunger and food preferences, and influence leptin, ghrelin, insulin, and gut-peptide concentrations.28, 67”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Greater hours spent TV watching also independently increase obesity and weight gain;28, 68”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Among those that have, higher intake of potatoes, including boiled and baked potatoes, is prospectively linked to incidence of diabetes”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“in contrast to nonstarchy vegetables which are associated with protection against weight gain and diabetes.28, 55, 146, 147”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“while potatoes, corn, and peas are linked to greater long-term weight gain”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“In longitudinal studies among adults, neither low-fat nor whole-fat milk are appreciably related to chronic weight gain.28, 29, 51”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Yogurt appears protective against long-term weight gain,28, 29, 51 although when sugar-sweetened, approximately half the benefit appears lost.29”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Per serving, SSBs associate with greater long-term weight gain than nearly any other dietary factor.28”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Based on long-term observational studies and intermediate-duration (e.g., 2 year) clinical trials,28, 256 these appear to be better alternatives than sugar for people who consume large quantities of SSBs.”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Although 100% fruit juice and SSBs have similar sugar content, the former is linked to relatively less long-term weight gain.28”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“For long-term weight maintenance, the fat content of foods is a poor metric for differentiating protective vs. harmful effects.28, 29, 51”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Other lifestyle behaviors such as television watching and sleep also influence patterns of food consumption.28, 71, 72, 389”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“In a pooled analysis of Nurses’ Health (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) data, a one SSB serving/day increment is associated with a 1-kg weight gain over a four-year period (126), possibly due to incomplete compensation for this energy at other meals.”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“since dietary intake is associated with weight gain [175].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [175]
In the citing paper
“Differences in dietary intake could partly explain the association between short sleep duration and weight gain since dietary intake is associated with weight gain [175].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [175]
In the citing paper
“Those who are obese tend to show clustering of behaviors predisposing to higher BP including not only disturbed energy balance but less healthy diets with higher salt intake, less fruit and vegetable intake, less low-fat dairy products and increased saturated fat intake, 99,105 sedentary behaviors, and in many communities high alcohol consumption.”
From Obesity‐Related Hypertension: Pathogenesis, Cardiovascular Risk, and Treatment: A Position Paper of The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension (2013) · cites this paper as [105]
In the citing paper
“In a longitudinal analysis, 105 weight gain in US adults was positively associated with small changes that included increased consumption of sugars, starches, refined grains, and processed foods as well as increased alcohol intake, time spent watching television, and decreased physical activity; weight change related inversely to consumption of fruit and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and yogurt.”
From Obesity‐Related Hypertension: Pathogenesis, Cardiovascular Risk, and Treatment: A Position Paper of The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension (2013) · cites this paper as [105]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mozaffarian, D., Hao, T., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2011-06-23
- Volume
- 364
- Issue
- 25
- Pages
- 2392-2404
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC3151731
- OpenAlex
- W2160517070
- Cited by
- 2,527
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 132 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 189 · 2019: 192 · 2018: 176 · 2017: 186 · 2016: 199 · 2015: 200 · 2014: 226 · 2013: 180 · 2012: 151
- FWCI
- 28.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Searle Scholars Program
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL60712, R01HL060712, R01HL035464, HL35464, HL085710, R01HL085710)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA095589, CA95589, CA-87969, CA-55075, P01CA087969, CA50385, P01CA055075, R01CA050385)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, P30DK046200, R01DK056690, DK58845, P30DK040561, DK46200.)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- weight gain prevention, dietary change, lifestyle factors, potato chips, sugar-sweetened beverages, red and processed meat, vegetable consumption, whole grains, fruit and vegetable intake, nuts, yogurt, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, sleep duration, television viewing, obesity prevention, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Sleep, Smoking, Cohort Studies, Weight Gain, Health Behavior, Exercise, Multivariate Analysis
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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