Progress in understanding mood disorders: optogenetic dissection of neural circuits
Open accessAbstract
Major depression is characterized by a cluster of symptoms that includes hopelessness, low mood, feelings of worthlessness and inability to experience pleasure. The lifetime prevalence of major depression approaches 20%, yet current treatments are often inadequate both because of associated side effects and because they are ineffective for many people. In basic research, animal models are often used to study depression. Typically, experimental animals are exposed to acute or chronic stress to generate a variety of depression‐like symptoms. Despite its clinical importance, very little is known about the cellular and neural circuits that mediate these symptoms. Recent advances in circuit‐targeted approaches have provided new opportunities to study the neuropathology of mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. We review recent progress and highlight some studies that have begun tracing a functional neuronal circuit diagram that may prove essential in establishing novel treatment strategies in mood disorders. First, we shed light on the complexity of mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) responses to stress by discussing two recent studies reporting that optogenetic activation of midbrain DA neurons can induce or reverse depression‐related behaviors. Second, we describe the role of the lateral habenula circuitry in the pathophysiology of depression. Finally, we discuss how the prefrontal cortex controls limbic and neuromodulatory circuits in mood disorders.
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The PFC exerts top-down control over a variety of subcortical regions, and recent research has identified a number of circuits originating in the PFC that control behaviors relevant to the treatment of depression, anxiety, and addiction.
“The PFC is known to exert top-down control over a variety of subcortical regions, and recent research has identified a number of circuits originating in the PFC that control behaviors relevant to the treatment of depression, anxiety, and addiction (Figure 3) (56, 173).”
From Psychedelics and Other Psychoplastogens for Treating Mental Illness. (2021) · cites this paper as [173]
The section “Prefrontal control of limbic and neuromodulatory circuits in mood disorders” reports that stimulating specific mPFC projections to subcortical regions changes depression-related behavior. Figure 3 also identifies projections to several limbic regions. The copy discusses fear extinction and addiction elsewhere, but does not establish that identified PFC-originating circuits control behaviors relevant to treating all three conditions. Page numbers were not available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChronic stress models produce depressive-like behavior resembling human depression symptom domains and alter brain circuits in parallel with human imaging findings.
“These chronic stress models induce depressive-like behavioral states, resembling the symptom domains of human depression, and alter the putative underlying brain circuits in parallel with functional imaging findings in depressed humans [18,[37][38][39].”
From Plasticity of synapses and reward circuit function in the genesis and treatment of depression (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
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- Authors
- Lammel, S., Tye, K. M., & Warden, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tye, K. M.
- Venue
- Genes, Brain and Behavior
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-06-11
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 38-51
- ISSN
- 1601-183X (ISSN-L)
- 1601-1848
- OpenAlex
- W1539176877
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 176
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genes Brain & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, mood disorders, optogenetics, neural circuits, midbrain dopaminergic neurons, chronic stress, lateral habenula, prefrontal cortex, anxiety, depression-like behavior
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Dopamine, Humans, Nerve Net, Mood Disorders, Optogenetics, Connectome
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