CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 57Health Literacy and Information AccessibilityService and Product InnovationHealth, Technology, Consumer Behavior

Improving the Theoretical Understanding Toward Patient-Driven Health Care Innovation Through Online Value Cocreation: Systematic Review

Open access
Rezaei Aghdam, Atae, Watson, Jason, Cliff, Cynthia, Miah, Shah Jahan·2020·Journal of Medical Internet Research
DOI 10.2196/16324PMC PMC7210492

Published version of a preprint

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background: Patient participation in the health care domain has surged dramatically through the availability of digital health platforms and online health communities (OHCs). Such patient-driven service innovation has both potential and challenges for health care organizations. Over the last 5 years, articles have surfaced that focus on value cocreation in health care services and the importance of engaging patients and other actors in service delivery. However, a theoretical understanding of how to use OHCs for this purpose is still underdeveloped within the health care service ecosystem. Objective: This paper aimed to introduce a theoretical discussion for better understanding of the potential of OHCs for health care organizations, in particular, for patient empowerment. Methods: This literature review study involved a comprehensive search using 12 electronic databases (EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, PubMed, Elton B Stephens Co [academic], Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Accelerated Information Sharing for Law Enforcement, Association for Computing Machinery, and Google Scholar) from 2013 to 2019. A total of 1388 studies were identified from the database search. After removing duplicates and applying inclusion criteria, we thematically analyzed 56 articles using the Braun and Clarke thematic analysis approach. Results: We identified a list of 5 salient themes: communication extension, improved health literacy for patients and health care organizations, communication transparency with patients, informational and social support for patients, and patient empowerment in self-management. The most frequent theme was communication extension, which covers 39% (22/56) of the literature. This theme reported that an extension of communication between patients, caregivers, and physicians and organizations led to new opportunities to create value with minimal time and cost restrictions. Improved health literacy and communication transparency with patients were the second and third most frequent themes, respectively, covering 26% (15/56) and 25% (14/56) of the literature, respectively. The frequency of these themes indicated that the use of OHCs to generate new knowledge from patients’ interactions helped health care organizations to customize treatment plans and establish transparent and effective communication between health care organizations and patients. Furthermore, of the 56 studies, 13 (23%) and 10 (17%) studies contended the opportunity of using OHCs in terms of informational and emotional support and empowering patients in their self-management of diseases. Conclusions: This review enables better understanding of the current state of the art of the online value cocreation and its potential for health care organizations. This study found that the opportunities for health care organizations through enhancement of patient participation and their cocreation of value in digital health platforms have been rapidly increasing. The identified gaps and opportunities in this study would identify avenues for future directions in modernized and more effective value-oriented health care informatics research.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This systematic review thematically analyzed 56 articles (2013-2019) to map how online health communities enable value cocreation for health care organizations. It identified five salient themes, led by communication extension (39%), improved health literacy (26%), and communication transparency (25%).

Key findings

  • Five themes emerged: communication extension (22/56, 39%), improved health literacy for patients and health care organizations (15/56, 26%), communication transparency with patients (14/56, 25%), informational and social support for patients (13/56, 23%), and patient empowerment in self-management (10/56, 17%).
  • Communication extension was the most frequent theme, covering 39% of the literature; it described extended communication among patients, caregivers, physicians, and organizations with minimal time and cost restrictions.
  • Improved health literacy and communication transparency were the second and third most frequent themes, respectively, covering 26% and 25% of the literature; these indicated that OHC interactions helped organizations customize treatment plans and establish transparent, effective communication with patients.
  • Informational and emotional support and patient empowerment in self-management were addressed by 13 (23%) and 10 (17%) of the 56 studies, respectively.

Methods

  • Systematic review guided by PRISMA, searching 12 electronic databases from 2013 to 2019; 1388 studies were identified, and after duplicate removal and inclusion criteria, 56 articles were thematically analyzed.
  • Eligibility required English-language, peer-reviewed articles published 2013-2019 focused on health care organizations’ role in online value cocreation and using quantitative or qualitative research on digital health platforms.
  • Thematic analysis followed Braun and Clarke’s six steps using NVivo 12; 112 initial codes were generated, refined through 10 themes and 41 miscellaneous codes, then 11 themes, and finally 5 themes. Intercoder percent agreement was 75% initially and 100% after discussion.

Limitations

  • Stated by the paper: inclusion criteria limited results to English-language, published, peer-reviewed literature between 2013 and 2019, which might have excluded relevant literature.
  • Evident from the text: this is a descriptive literature review and thematic synthesis, not a primary empirical study, so it does not test causal relationships or outcomes.
  • Evident from the text: theme frequencies are counts of article coverage (n/56), not measures of effect size, strength, or quality of evidence.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2196/16324

Cites

102 of 102 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 85 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Of the 56 studies, 10 (17%) contended the opportunity of using OHCs for empowering patients in their self-management of diseases.

    “Furthermore, of the 56 studies, 13 (23%) and 10 (17%) studies contended the opportunity of using OHCs in terms of informational and emotional support and empowering patients in their self-management of diseases.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    OHCs offer a mechanism for value cocreation among stakeholders with minimal time and cost restriction.

    “In essence, communication extension brings the patients into focus, and OHCs offer a mechanism for value cocreation among stakeholders with minimal time and cost restriction [17,19,46,66-75].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [17] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Bronstein, J, 2014, Inform Res

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [46] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [66] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [67] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [68] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [69] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [70] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [71] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [72] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data

    Of the 56 studies, 13 (23%) contended the opportunity of using OHCs for informational and emotional support.

    “Furthermore, of the 56 studies, 13 (23%) and 10 (17%) studies contended the opportunity of using OHCs in terms of informational and emotional support and empowering patients in their self-management of diseases.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    OHCs provide an opportunity for stakeholders to extend their communication from traditional face-to-face scheduled consultations to effective interactions among patients, health care professionals, and health care organizations within digital health platforms.

    “OHCs provide an opportunity for stakeholders to extend their communication from traditional approach, which comprises few face-to-face scheduled consultations, to effective interactions among the patient, health care professionals, and health care organizations within digital health platforms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Communication transparency with patients was the third most frequent theme, covering 25% (14/56) of the reviewed literature.

    “Improved health literacy and communication transparency with patients were the second and third most frequent themes, respectively, covering 26% (15/56) and 25% (14/56) of the literature, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 33
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 25

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The review identified five salient themes: communication extension, improved health literacy for patients and health care organizations, communication transparency with patients, informational and social support for patients, and patient empowerment in self-management.

    “We identified a list of 5 salient themes: communication extension, improved health literacy for patients and health care organizations, communication transparency with patients, informational and social support for patients, and patient empowerment in self-management.”
    • Also stated in: § Themes · plain
      “Through performing the thematic analysis, we identified 5 main themes: communication extension, improve health literacy, communication transparency with patients, patient empowerment in self-management, and informational and social support for the patient.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    OHCs have a potential to connect members who would never have met each other because of geographical distance.

    “In fact, OHCs have a potential to connect members who would never have met each other because of geographical distance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    OHCs assist patients to produce health information by sharing their health experiences and cocreate value within these platforms.

    “OHCs assist patients to produce health information by sharing their health experiences and cocreate a value within these platforms [77].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] KuenneCAgarwalROnline Innovation Intermediaries as a Critical Bridge between Patients and Healthcare OrganizationsProceedings of the 12th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik2015WI'15March 4-6, 2015Osnabrück, Germany

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The new knowledge generated from patient interactions in OHCs assists health care organizations to customize treatment plans, offering some online treatment options especially for patients with a chronic disease.

    “The new knowledge generated from those patient interactions in OHCs assists health care organizations to customize treatment plans, offering some online treatment options especially for patients with a chronic disease [71].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    Health care organizations have started to recognize the significance of patient empowerment as a driver of patient-centered care.

    “health care organizations have started to recognize the significance of patient empowerment as a driver of patient-centered care.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The review identified salient themes: communication extension, improved health literacy for patients and health care organizations, communication transparency with patients, informational and social support for patients, and patient empowerment in self-management.

    “These themes were communication extension, improved health literacy for patients and health care organizations, communication transparency with patients, informational and social support for patients, and patient empowerment in self-management.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The frequency of the themes indicated that the use of OHCs to generate new knowledge from patients' interactions helped health care organizations to customize treatment plans and establish transparent and effective communication between health care organizations and patients.

    “The frequency of these themes indicated that the use of OHCs to generate new knowledge from patients’ interactions helped health care organizations to customize treatment plans and establish transparent and effective communication between health care organizations and patients.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The frequency with which a theme appears in the reviewed literature indicates its importance or opportunity for health care organizations.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    OHCs can contribute to unleashing the provision of health care services and facilitate resource exchange and peer-to-peer social support.

    “In this regard, OHCs can contribute to unleashing the provision of health care services and facilitate resource exchange and peer-to-peer social support.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Health care organizations need to educate patients on their innovation, and patients need to educate health care organizations in the context of their everyday use of innovation.

    “Health care organizations need to educate patients on their innovation that they are planning to offer to patients, and patients need to educate health care organizations in the context of their everyday use of innovation [71].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The complexity of digital services, which involve different goals of interaction among different actors, demands a more granular view of value cocreation in online communities.

    “Therefore, the complexity of digital services, which involve different goals of interaction among different actors, demands a more granular view of value cocreation in online communities [60].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [60] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Health care organizations could receive valuable experience-based health information from patients, saving organizational resources.

    “In return, health care organizations could receive valuable experience-based health information from patients, saving organizational resources [32].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Health care organizations experience barriers regarding privacy, confidentiality, reputation management, and the dissemination of inaccurate health information.

    “Health care organizations also experience barriers regarding privacy, confidentiality, reputation management, and the dissemination of inaccurate health information [55-57].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [55] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [56] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Through creating value by working with health care organizations, a patient can likely raise their feelings about the existential quality of life, improve the attainment of life goals, and support and reduce their psychological and physical distress.

    “Through creating value by working with health care organizations, a patient can likely raise their feelings about the existential quality of life, improve the attainment of life goals, and support and reduce their psychological and physical distress [10].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Over the last 5 years, the number of articles that focus on value cocreation in health care services has increased, highlighting the significance of collaboration and cocreation of value within the health care service ecosystem between patients and health care providers.

    “Over the last 5 years, the number of articles that focus on value cocreation in the health care services has increased, highlighting the significance of the collaboration and cocreation of value within the health care service ecosystem between the patients and health care providers [19,20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] Bronstein, J, 2014, Inform Res

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] DoddsSLSemantic Scholar20152020-02-17Massey UniversityConsumer Value and Value Co-Creation in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Health Services: A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marketinghttps://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/aca0/a9d513c3e16905ace29081e01ced3d59b65f.pdf?_ga=2.239037376.1106761467.1581948404-1679671381.1567599385

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Many health care organizations are rapidly recognizing the importance of OHCs as a significant platform of complementary service to improve the total quality of health care services.

    “To date, many health care organizations are rapidly recognizing the importance of OHCs as a significant platform of complementary service to improve the total quality of health care services [53].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Trust can serve as a significant mechanism in reducing the uncertainty and complexity of exchange and enhancing the credibility of online health information.

    “Trust can serve as a significant mechanism in reducing the uncertainty and complexity of exchange and enhancing the credibility of online health information [70].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [70] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    OHCs can provide peer health knowledge, emotional support, and improve self-care for patients with chronic diseases, especially lifestyle-related diseases such as cancer, obesity or type 2 diabetes.

    “OHCs can provide peer health knowledge, emotional support, and improve self-care for patients with chronic diseases, especially for lifestyle-related diseases such as cancer, obesity or type 2 diabetes [11].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Many health care providers worry about broadcasting misinformation and its negative influence on patients' health decisions.

    “Many health care providers worry about broadcasting misinformation and its negative influence on patients’ health decisions [54,58,59].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [54] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [58] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [59] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    OHCs provide opportunities for stakeholders such as patients, physicians, caregivers, and health care organizations to access and share health information as well as contribute to the value cocreation process, diminish geographical barriers, and provide informational, social, and emotional support.

    “OHCs provide opportunities for stakeholders such as patients, physicians, caregivers, and health care organizations to access and share health information as well as contribute to the value cocreation process, diminish geographical barriers, and provide informational, social, and emotional support [38,39].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [38] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Information technology can nurture better health care along with cost reduction and develop service innovation.

    “Information technology can nurture better health care along with cost reduction and develop service innovation [35,36].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [35] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Value cocreation is viewed as an appropriate customer-centric mechanism for health care organizations in which value is created with customers rather than for customers.

    “More recently, cocreation is viewed as an appropriate customer-centric mechanism for health care organizations in which value is created with customers rather than for customers [7,8].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    OHCs provide opportunities for members to cocreate value ubiquitously along with providing members with online informational and emotional support.

    “The findings showed that OHCs provide opportunities for members to cocreate value ubiquitously along with providing members with online informational and emotional support.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] AghdamARWatsonJZiaimatinHOnline Value Co-Creation in the Healthcare Service Ecosystem: A ReviewProceedings of the 2018 Australasian Conference on Information Systems2018ACIS'18Dec 3-5, 2018Sydney source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    OHCs can be an effective tool for knowledge sharing and peer education and have the potential to impact patients' health literacy.

    “OHCs can be an effective tool for knowledge sharing and peer education, and it has the potential to impact patients’ health literacy [46,71].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [46] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [71] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The more effort patients put into value cocreation activities, the more likely they are to continue with the health care provider, to return to the health care provider when they need treatment in the future, and to recommend the provider to others.

    “Research showed that the more effort patients put into value cocreation activities, the more likely they are to continue with the health care provider, to return to the health care provider when they need treatment in the future, and to recommend the provider to others [44].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    OHC users with chronic diseases become more knowledgeable, feel better socially supported, and have improved behavioral and clinical outcomes compared with nonusers.

    “For instance, OHC users with chronic diseases become more knowledgeable, feel better socially supported, and have improved behavioral and clinical outcomes compared with nonusers [18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    During the first meeting, the percent agreement was 75%, and after the second meeting, the overall results were 100%.

    “During the first meeting, the percent agreement was 75%, and after the second meeting, that is, discussion on the essence of the themes, the general consensus was achieved and the overall results were 100%, making us confident about the reliability of our literature review.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The review was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines.

    “It was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Paper selection based on inclusion criteria, paper coding, and theme identification were conducted in duplicate by two members of the research team independently to ensure the accuracy of the findings.

    “Paper selection process based on the inclusion criteria, paper codding, and theme identification were conducted in duplicate by two members of the research team independently to ensure the accuracy of the findings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This generated knowledge enhances members' and organizations' health literacy, helping patients in the decision-making process regarding health care services.

    “This generated knowledge enhances members’ and organizations’ health literacy, helping patients in the decision-making process regarding health care services.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Existing OHCs can assist researchers and health care organizations not only by identifying the benefits and potential but also by facilitating value cocreation in the health care service ecosystem.

    “Here, we argue that existing OHCs can assist researchers and health care organizations not only by identifying the benefits and potential but also by facilitating value cocreation in the health care service ecosystem.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Positive feedback increases patient motivation and signals that the health care organization approves and welcomes patients' activities in the health care domain.

    “These types of feedback increase the patient’s motivation and serve as a signal that the health care organization approves and welcomes patients’ activities in the health care domain [88].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [88] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Self-management is where health care organizations can enhance patient participation, supporting patients in controlling their lives.

    “Self-management is where health care organizations can enhance patient participation, supporting patients in controlling their lives [82].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Helping patients with chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes or asthma to self-manage their condition leads to enhanced quality of care and decreases cost and inappropriate use of health care resources.

    “Helping patients with chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes or asthma to self-manage their condition leads to enhanced quality of care and decreases cost and inappropriate use of health care resources [82].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    OHCs are the major source of informational, social, and emotional support for people with health problems, and members interact with other stakeholders to seek, receive, and provide these types of support.

    “OHCs are the major source of informational, social, and emotional support for people with health problems, and members of such communities interact with other stakeholders to seek, receive, and provide different types of supports (informational, social, and emotional) [4,70,82].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [4] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [70] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [82] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    OHCs likely improve the well-being of individuals and society as a whole because they provide access to information and coordinated social interaction.

    “Due to the nature of OHCs that provides access to information and coordinated social interaction, they constitute an alternative solution for patients’ needs, such that they likely improve the well-being of individuals and society as a whole [86].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [86] Ramaswamy, V, 2014, The Co-Creation Paradigm source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Productive collaboration with multiple stakeholders improves resources, competencies, and capabilities, which fosters values in the cocreation process.

    “In essence, productive collaboration with multiple stakeholders improves the resource, competencies, and capabilities, which fosters values in the cocreation process [85,90].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [85] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By monitoring user-generated content within the community, organizations can gain a deeper and better understanding of members' needs and co-innovate and coproduce health services with customers.

    “For example, by monitoring the user-generated content within the community, organizations can gain a deeper and better understanding of members’ needs and finally co-innovate and coproduce health services with customers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationnone given

    The health care domain can be conceived as a cocreating service system based on the engagement of health care organizations and patients, caregivers, and health care professionals.

    “The health care domain can be conceived as a cocreating service system based on the engagement of health care organizations and patients, caregivers, and health care professionals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Digital platforms are one of the most prevalent sources of interaction and online value cocreation.

    “In this regard, digital platform is one of the most prevalent sources of interaction and online value cocreation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The review employed a rigorous and extensive search strategy to identify the most relevant outlets.

    “It employed a rigorous and extensive search strategy to identify the most relevant outlets.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although numerous businesses have started to harness the advance potential of online communities by utilizing them as an online environment for customer co-innovation and value cocreation, health care organizations are lagging behind.

    “Although numerous businesses have started to harness the advance potential of online communities by utilizing them as an online environment for customer co-innovation and value cocreation, health care organizations are lagging behind [29,61].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [29] Nambisan, S, 2008, MIT Sloan Manag Rev

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [61] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The two reviewers agreed with each other on the final pool of articles.

    “The two reviewers agreed with each other on the final pool of articles: 281 were identified to be eligible for inclusion in this review.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Two scholars separately reviewed the abstracts of each paper and determined relevance using the inclusion criteria.

    “Two scholars separately reviewed the abstracts of each paper and determined if the paper was relevant using the following inclusion criteria”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    OHCs provide opportunities for stakeholders such as patients, physicians, caregivers, and health care organizations to access and share health information, contribute to value cocreation, diminish geographical barriers, and provide informational, social, and emotional support.

    “OHCs provide opportunities for stakeholders such as patients, physicians, caregivers, and health care organizations to access and share health information as well as contribute to the value cocreation process, diminish geographical barriers, and provide informational, social, and emotional support [38,39].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [38] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The thematic analysis followed the 6 steps of coding proposed by Braun and Clarke.

    “To answer the research question, we conducted a thematic analysis following the 6 steps of coding proposed by Braun and Clarke [64] to explore the major themes regarding the potential of online value cocreation for health care organizations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The review employed the PRISMA checklist to guide the systematic review of relevant peer-reviewed literature.

    “We employed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist to guide our systematic review of relevant peer-reviewed literature [63].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Health care organizations can extend a better understanding of various types of consumer value cocreation that is enabled by OHCs.

    “Hence, health care organizations can extend a better understanding of various types of consumer value cocreation that is enabled by OHCs [10].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    OHCs have immense potential to facilitate value cocreation among actors in the health care ecosystem and provide an additional mechanism for obtaining informational and emotional support.

    “In this context, OHCs have immense potential to facilitate the process of value cocreation among actors in the health care ecosystem as well as provide an additional mechanism for obtaining informational and emotional support.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    These restrictions might have led to an exclusion of relevant literature.

    “Hence, these restrictions might have led to an exclusion of relevant literature.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Engagement in health care service innovation enables health care organizations to be more proactive and to establish and support effective approaches for online value cocreation.

    “Engagement in health care service innovation enables health care organizations to be more proactive, establishing and supporting effective approaches for online value cocreation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The inclusion criteria limited the review results to only English-language articles and published, peer-reviewed literature between 2013 and 2019.

    “Our inclusion criteria limited our review results to only English-language articles and published, peer-reviewed literature between 2013 and 2019.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The study employed percent agreement as the method of intercoder reliability checking.

    “In terms of testing the trustworthiness of the findings, we employed percent agreement as our method of intercoder reliability checking [69].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Health care organizations perceive OHCs as a tool for extending communication from the traditional power balance between health care professionals and patients to online interaction among all stakeholders, empowering patients in self-management, supporting patients informationally and socially, and establishing transparent communication with patients.

    “Accordingly, we believe health care organizations perceive OHCs as a tool for extending the communication from the traditional power balanced between health care professionals and patients to online interaction among all stakeholders within the health care service ecosystem, empowering patients in their self-management of diseases by cocreating social and emotional value within OHCs, informationa”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    To foster the implementation of an effective service ecosystem, health care organizations should be able to empower both patients and health care professionals to allow them to actively participate in value cocreation processes in digital platforms such as OHCs.

    “Our findings reveal that to foster the implementation of an effective service ecosystem, health care organizations should be able to empower both patients and health care professionals to allow them to actively participate in value cocreation processes in digital platforms such as OHCs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
54 of 54

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The frequency with which a theme appears in the reviewed literature indicates its importance or opportunity for health care organizations.

    “The frequency of these themes indicated that the use of OHCs to generate new knowledge from patients’ interactions helped health care organizations to customize treatment plans and establish transparent and effective communication between health care organizations and patients.”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Since then, the FDA has cleared more mobile medical apps, including those that help diagnose autism spectrum disorder: Cognoa's Canvas Dx and EarliTec's EarliPoint Evaluation.

    “Since then, the FDA has cleared more mobile medical apps, including those that help diagnose autism spectrum disorder: (a) Cognoa's Canvas Dx is a software that uses a machine learning (ML) algorithm to receive input from parents or caregivers, video analysts, and HCPs to help clinicians evaluate a patient's risk of the disorder, and (b) EarliTec's EarliPoint Evaluation is a device that uses AI to”

    From Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [58]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Braun and Clarke citation points to the PRISMA paper

    Minor

    The methods attribute the thematic-analysis steps to Braun and Clarke [64], but reference 64 is the PRISMA statement. Braun and Clarke's thematic-analysis paper is reference 65.

  • PRISMA citation points to a different review

    Minor

    The text attributes the PRISMA checklist to reference 63, but reference 63 is a paper on types of literature reviews. The PRISMA statement appears at reference 64.

  • Improved health literacy percentage should round to 27%

    Minor

    Fifteen of 56 articles is 26.79%, which rounds to 27%, not the reported 26%.

    Reported 26 · recomputed 26.785714

  • Figure 1 attribution cites the wrong authors

    Minor

    Figure 1 is said to be adapted from Nili et al [63], but reference 63 lists Paré and colleagues; Nili and colleagues appear at reference 66.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Bronstein, J, 2014, Inform Res, 19, -
  2. DoddsSLSemantic Scholar20152020-02-17Massey UniversityConsumer Value and Value Co-Creation in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Health Services: A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marketinghttps://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/aca0/a9d513c3e16905ace29081e01ced3d59b65f.pdf?_ga=2.239037376.1106761467.1581948404-1679671381.1567599385
  3. Nambisan, S, 2008, MIT Sloan Manag Rev, 49, 53
  4. Parrish, ES, 2015, J Behav Stud Bus, 8, 1
  5. AgarwalNSohCYeowAValue Co-creation in Service Ecosystems: A Member PerspectiveProceedings of the Thirty Seventh International Conference on Information Systems2016ICS'16December 11-14, 2016Dublin

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Rezaei Aghdam, A., Watson, J., Cliff, C., & Miah, S. J.
Affiliations
  • Queensland University of Technology (AU)
  • Victoria University (AU)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Medical Internet Research
Publisher
JMIR Publications Inc.
Published
2020-04-24
Volume
22
Issue
4
Pages
e16324
ISSN
1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2196/16324
PMC
PMC7210492
OpenAlex
W2994748867
Semantic Scholar
6335b9d4f411548662f0b90e7de9b23a6669cef8
Cited by
57
References
102
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3
FWCI
0.78
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Service and Product Innovation
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Health, Technology, Consumer Behavior
Keywords
health communities, value co-creation, patient empowerment, health literacy, transparent communication, patient-physician communication, social support, self-management, digital health platforms, health care organization, patient participation, emotional support, information support, patient engagement, patient-centered care
MeSH terms
Health Services, Humans, Patient Participation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review