Real-time hermeneutics: meaning-making in ludonarrative digital games

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Videogames consist of all kinds of things from code to story and signs to players.

“Videogames consist of all kinds of things from code to story and signs to players.”

• cites Mäyrä, Holopainen, & Jakobsson, 2012, p. 296 sourcePartly supported

  The Guest Editorial (p. 296) describes games as complex and multidimensional, spanning technology, art, and player experience. That supports the claim’s broad point, but our copy does not identify code, story, and signs as components of videogames. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Computing was quickly adopted for commercial purposes, and in 1955 the American Management Association was involved in developing the Top Management Decision Simulation, a learning tool for corporate executives.

“Computing was quickly adopted for commercial purposes, and in 1955 the American Management Association was involved in developing the Top Management Decision Simulation , a learning tool for corporate executives (Wiemer, 2011, p. 5).”

• cites Wiemer, 2011, p. 5 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

There is a danger of seeing games only through the lens of digital games.

“However, there is a danger of seeing games only through the lens of digital games (cf. Linderoth, 2011).”

• cites Linderoth, 2011 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The strength of approaches that borrow from narrative studies is in their ability to explain how concepts like metaphor apply to games.

“The strength of the approaches that borrow from narrative studies is in their ability to explain how concepts like the metaphor apply to games (Begy, 2011; Möring, 2012).”

• cites Begy, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Möring, 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and ‘Metaphor and Simulation in Game Studies’ discuss using metaphor to understand and analyze games, supporting that part of the claim. But the paper does not characterize these approaches as borrowing from narrative studies or identify that as their strength; it traces metaphor to rhetoric and examines limits of its application to games. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Games may be used to make some implicit rules more explicit by setting the games rules against or parallel to social rules and conventions.

“Games may also be used to make some implicit rules more explicit by setting the games rules against or parallel to social rules and conventions (Poremba, 2007, p. 772).”

• cites Poremba, 2007 sourcePartly supported

  In “Forbidden Games (and Others on the Brink)” (page unavailable in our copy), Poremba says games can draw out implicit social rules by putting them in conflict with implicit game rules. That supports setting rules against social conventions, but the passage does not establish that placing the rules in parallel has the same effect. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Processes lead to emergence, the birth of unseen combinations of things happening, based on the simple rules that were authored.

“This leads to emergence, the birth of unseen combinations of things happening, based on the simple rules that were authored (Dormans, 2011, p. 1).”

• cites Dormans, 2011 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Scholars with a more social scientific approach seem to see rules as something people follow, with computers doing something else.

“Scholars with a more social scientific approach seem to see rules as something people follow, with computers doing something else (e.g., Deterding, 2013, pp. 166-167; Mosca, 2011, p. 8).”

• cites Deterding, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mosca, 2011 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Game scholars seem conflicted on whether computers can be said to follow rules.

“Game scholars seem conflicted on whether computers can be said to follow rules.”

• cites Eskelinen, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Deterding, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mosca, 2011 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Player typologies can be geographic, demographic, psychographic, or behavioral.

“These might be geographic, demographic, psychographic or behavioral (Hamari & Tuunanen, 2014, p. 31).”

• cites Hamari & Tuunanen, 2014, p. 31 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some forms of role-playing aim for what has been called bleed.

“Some forms of role-playing aim for what has been called bleed (Montola, 2010, p. 2).”

• cites Montola, 2010, p. 2 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some player typologies are based on psychological theories of personality types applied to players.

“Some typologies are based on psychological theories of personality types that are applied to players (e.g., Bateman, Lowenhaupt, & Nacke, 2011).”

• cites Bateman, Lowenhaupt, & Nacke, 2011 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In addition to the spatial sense, the magic circle has at least two other meanings: the social framings of play and the playful mindset of the players.

“However, in addition to the spatial sense it has at least two other meanings as the social framings of play and the playful mindset of the players (Stenros, 2014, p. 173).”

• cites Stenros, 2014, p. 173 sourceSupported

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The magic circle is often understood in a spatial sense as the actual playground or playfield (e.g., boxing ring, basketball court, sumo ring).

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Warmelink and Siitonen (2011) find that studies discuss player communities with a variety of terms: guild, community, group, network, organization, team, raid, party, clan, and social formation or unit.

“Warmelink and Siitonen (2011, p. 9) review studies of player communities and find that they discuss player communities with a variety of terms: guild, community, group, network, organization, team, raid, party, clan and social formation or unit.”

• cites Warmelink and Siitonen, 2011, p. 9 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Research into player types did not stop with applications of Bartle's model.

“Fortunately, research into player types did not stop with applications of Bartle's model.”

• cites Hamari and Tuunanen, 2014 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Brink games play with the boundary by pitting implicit social rules against implicit or explicit game rules.

“In comparison, brink games play with the boundary by pitting implicit social rules against implicit or explicit game rules (Poremba, 2007, p. 772, 774).”

• cites Poremba, 2007, p. 772, 774 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The magic circle is a contested concept, leading some researchers to criticize it or deny its value as a concept.

“The magic circle is a contested concept, leading some researchers to criticize it or to deny its value altogether as a concept (Consalvo, 2009; cf. Juul, 2008).”

• cites Consalvo, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Juul, 2008Supported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Warmelink and Siitonen (2011) review studies of player communities.

“Warmelink and Siitonen (2011, p. 9) review studies of player communities and find that they discuss player communities with a variety of terms: guild, community, group, network, organization, team, raid, party, clan and social formation or unit.”

• cites Warmelink and Siitonen, 2011, p. 9 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The concept of the magic circle was popularized in game studies by Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman in their book Rules of Play (2004), where it received the form most game scholars are familiar with.

“The concept of the magic circle was popularized in game studies by Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman in their influential book Rules of Play (2004), where it received the form most game scholars are familiar with (Stenros, 2014, p. 149).”

• cites Stenros, 2014 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hamari and Tuunanen (2014) synthesize their findings into five motivations or orientations: achievement, exploration, sociability, domination, and immersion.

“Hamari and Tuunanen (2014) review the field of player typologies and synthesize their findings into five motivations or orientations: achievement, exploration, sociability, domination and immersion.”

• cites Hamari and Tuunanen, 2014 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The hard-core/casual player distinction is based on the perceived difference between players who prefer games requiring more effort and skill and those who prefer easily approached and learned games.

“This distinction is based on the perceived difference between people who play games that require more effort and skill, and people who prefer games that are easily approached and learned (cf. Sotamaa, 2007, p. 459).”

• cites Sotamaa, 2007, p. 459 sourcePartly supported

  The Marketing segments section describes a hard-core/casual distinction based on game literacy, time and money spent playing, and familiarity with game conventions. It does not define the groups by a preference for games requiring skill versus games that are easy to approach and learn; a note in Further discussion also cautions that casual players should not be equated with players of casual games. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hamari and Tuunanen (2014) review the field of player typologies.

“Hamari and Tuunanen (2014) review the field of player typologies and synthesize their findings into five motivations or orientations: achievement, exploration, sociability, domination and immersion.”

• cites Hamari and Tuunanen, 2014 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Games differ from other media by being procedural, interactive systems that have some media-specific ways of meaning-making.

“games differ from other media by being procedural, interactive systems that have some media-specific ways of meaning-making (see e.g., Bogost, 2007; Kücklich, 2002; Wardrip-Fruin, 2009).”

• cites Bogost, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kücklich, 2002 sourceSupported
• cites Wardrip-Fruin, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hitchens and Drachen (2008) view the gamemaster as a central aspect of role-playing games.

“For example, in their excellent attempt to define role-playing games, Hitchens and Drachen (2008, p. 13) view the gamemaster as a central aspect of role-playing games.”

• cites Hitchens and Drachen (2008, p. 13) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some research in game studies uses the concept of fidelity in the same or similar sense as the author uses granularity.

“Some research in game studies uses the concept of fidelity in the same or similar sense than I use granularity (e.g., Breuer, 2010, p. 7; Möring, 2012, p. 2).”

• cites Breuer, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Möring, 2012 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This leads to different views on the things that are considered central to being a game, on different ways of including and excluding phenomena from the notion of games.

“This leads to different views on the things that are considered central to being a game, on different ways of including and excluding phenomena from the notion of games (cf. Juul, 2003, p. 39; Whitton, 2009, pp. 22-23).”

• cites Juul, 2003, p. 39 sourceSupported
• cites Whitton, 2009, pp. 22-23Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The story is there, but the player has to earn the right to witness the entirety of it by examining the environment with enough attention to detail.

“The story is there, but the player has to earn the right to witness the entirety of it by examining the environment with enough attention to detail (cf. Fernández-Vara, 2011, p. 6).”

• cites Fernández-Vara, 2011, p. 6 sourcePartly supported

  The Environmental Storytelling and Detective Work sections say players piece together a story by interpreting details in the game space and examining the environment. The Interpretation of Remains section adds that players may form different interpretations; it does not support the claim that sufficient attention lets a player witness the story in its entirety. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Weise describes a situation in Fallout 2 that shows the unique rhetorical effect of the rhetoric of failure.

“Weise (2003, pp. 10-11) describes such a situation in Fallout 2 , simultaneously showing the unique rhetorical effect this has:”

• cites Weise (2003, pp. 10-11) sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Fallout 2, the conversation with Vice-President Bird is a game that is impossible to win.

“The joke is that trying to have an intelligent conversation with Mr. Bird is itself a game… a game that's impossible to win.”

• cites Weise (2003, pp. 10-11) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Fallout 2, the fact that the player can only discover this via interacting with the Vice-President makes the social commentary unique to videogames.

“Of course, the fact that the player can only discover this via interacting with the Vice-President ads the finishing touch which makes this social commentary unique to videogames.”

• cites Weise (2003, pp. 10-11) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Role-playing games necessarily contain a structure of power rather than a game master.

“Analysis shows that rather than a game master, role-playing games necessarily contain a structure of power (Montola 2007).”

• cites Montola 2007 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Frasca performs an actual correspondence with the author to gather supporting extra-textual information.

“We immediately notice the exceptional means by which Frasca has gathered supporting extra-textual information: he performs an actual correspondence with the author.”

• cites Frasca (2003) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This functions as a supporting tool for Frasca's particular interest in understanding the essay directly, in Schleiermacher's terms.

“This functions as a supporting tool for his particular interest in understanding the essay not better than its author understands himself nor in relation to other phenomena but 'directly,' in Schleiermacher's terms.”

• cites Frasca (2003) sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction says Frasca aims to clarify misconceptions and contradictions in the ludology–narratology debate. Our copy does not describe a supporting tool for understanding the essay ‘directly’ or frame that approach in Schleiermacher’s terms (searched for those terms and the contrast with understanding an author better than himself). (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites SchleiermacherNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Counter-Strike: Source awards different amounts of damage from hits to the chest, arms, stomach, legs and head.

“For example, Counter-Strike: Source awards different amounts of damage from hits to the chest, arms, stomach, legs and head.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Alan Wake combines voice-over and dialogue with texts found in the environment.

“the horror mystery Alan Wake combines voice-over and dialogue with texts found in the environment.”

May combine two claims.

Civilization V removes the pollution feature, removing environmental considerations from the things the rulers of civilizations need to consider.

“Civilization V removes this feature, removing environmental considerations from the things the rulers of civilizations need to consider.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Dragon Age 2, because of the narrator's tendency to exaggerate, the player can easily mow through the hordes of attacking enemies in a cinematic fashion.

“Because of the narrator's tendency to exaggerate, the player can easily mow through the hordes of attacking enemies in a cinematic fashion.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Dragon Age 2, when the interrogator forces the narrator to stay closer to the truth, the player character's attacks become far less impressive.

“When the interrogator forces the narrator to stay closer to the truth, the player character's attacks become far less impressive.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

There has been a variety of ways of reading the statement that stories are just uninteresting ornaments or gift-wrappings to games, framing it in an assortment of ways.

“The conclusion reached was that there has been a variety of ways of reading this statement, framing it in an assortment of ways.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Dragon Age 2 begins with an unreliable narrator recounting to an interrogator of past events that the player simultaneously plays through.

“Dragon Age 2 begins with an unreliable narrator recounting to an interrogator of past events that the player simultaneously plays through.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Dragon Age 2, the game mechanic corroborates the narration by having the player character cause large amounts of damage with their attacks and by providing access to special attacks.

“The game mechanic corroborates the narration by having the player character cause large amounts of damage with their attacks and by providing access to special attacks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Civilization IV simulates pollution and its adverse effects on living in cities.

“the turn-based strategy game Civilization IV simulates pollution and its adverse effects on living in cities.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Dixit, players are free to choose any phrase to describe a card by focusing on details in the card, making allusions or using metaphors.

“The players are free to choose any phrase to describe a card by focusing on details in the card, making allusions or using metaphors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Dishonored, using the Heart is not necessary for completing the game but provides more background information about the people Corvo deals with.

“Knowing the secrets is not necessary for completing the game, but using the Heart gives out more background information about the people Corvo is dealing with.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Dishonored, the Heart is a mystical object that reveals secrets about people when pointed at them by Corvo.

“An example of this is the Heart in Dishonored. It is a mystical object, literally a detached heart that has the magical power to reveal secrets.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In King of Dragon Pass, narrative choices are presented as few options with the clan ring giving advice on what the player should choose.

“The narrative choices are presented as few options with the clan ring (chosen by the player) giving advice on what they think the player should choose (see FIGURE 5).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In King of Dragon Pass, gameplay consists of a combination of strategic choices and narrative choices.

“The game play consists of a combination of strategic choices (how much crops do I plant this year) and narrative choices (should the clan ring punish a young warrior for taking the law into his own hands).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Usually ludonarrative games are not contingent in the sense that the outcome might be anything at all, but that narrative might have several endings or the ending may consist of a combination of several things.

“Usually ludonarrative games are not contingent in the sense that the outcome might be anything at all, but that narrative might have several endings or the ending may consist of a combination of several things.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Games hide bits and pieces of narrative in journal entries, off-hand comments by nonplayer characters and dialogue options players may never choose.

“Games hide bits and pieces of narrative in journal entries, off-hand comments by nonplayer characters and dialogue options players may never choose.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The cards in Dixit have evocative and fantastic illustrations, making them a rich source for metaphoric interpretation.

“The cards have evocative and fantastic illustrations, making them a rich source for metaphoric interpretation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Often the player has to work in order to access the whole story.

“Often the player has to work in order to access the whole story.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Dishonored, some secrets revealed by the Heart help in understanding the choices the non-player characters make in the game narrative.

“Some of these secrets help in understanding the choices the non-player characters make in the game narrative.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In King of Dragon Pass, trying to lead the clan like a group of modern citizens leads to frustration and failure.

“Trying to lead the clan like a group of modern citizens will lead into frustration and failure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In most cases, the answer to how a narrative will turn out is preset before the first word is read or the first frame is seen, but in interactive works like ludonarrative games the answer remains contingent.

“In most cases, the answer to this question is preset before the first word is read or the first frame is seen, but in interactive works like ludonarrative games the answer remains contingent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

King of Dragon Pass is a narrative strategy game where the player controls a barbarian clan settling a new area.

“King of Dragon Pass is a narrative strategy game where you control a barbarian clan settling a new area.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Usually this is reserved for the bits of narrative that are not central to understanding the story, but give a wider or deeper understanding of what is going on.

“Usually this is reserved for the bits of narrative that are not central to understanding the story, but give a wider or deeper understanding of what is going on.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Spec Ops: The Line follows Captain Martin Walker's slow descent into depravity as a series of unavoidable and necessary steps.

“For example, the military shooter Spec Ops: The Line follows Captain Martin Walker's slow descent into depravity as a series of unavoidable and necessary steps.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In Spec Ops: The Line, Walker's statements of neutralizing an enemy turn into aggressive shouts, and violence becomes an end, not just the means.

“Walker's statements of neutralizing an enemy turn into aggressive shouts. Violence becomes an end, not just the means.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In September 12th, because of the delay between clicking and the missile hitting, and because the explosion is bigger than a terrorist, it is almost inevitable that the explosion kills more than just the intended target.

“Because there is a slight delay between clicking a mouse button and the missile hitting its target, and because the explosion is bigger than a terrorist, it is almost inevitable that the explosion kills more than just the intended target.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In Spec Ops: The Line, enemies attack in endless waves and must be killed in order to proceed.

“The enemies attack in endless waves and must be killed in order to proceed.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In September 12th, the player controls a targeting reticule that can launch missiles into a town containing civilians and armed figures identified as terrorists.

“Groups of civilians walk around in a town that also contains armed figures identified as terrorists (see FIGURE 7). The player controls a targeting reticule that can be used to launch missiles into the town.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In September 12th, any attempt to quell the flood of new terrorists created by the effects of the previous attack only ends up creating more terrorists.

“Any attempt to quell the flood of new terrorists created by the effects of the previous attack only ends up creating more terrorists.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In McDonald's Video Game, the player may start with noble intentions of running the business ethically, but must either compromise their morals or see the company fail.

“The player may start the game with noble intentions of running the business in an ethical manner, but they will need either to compromise their morals or see the company fail.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In Spec Ops: The Line, the loading screens contain standard textual summaries at the beginning, but by the end their tone has shifted.

“In the beginning of the game, the loading screens contain standard textual summaries of the events of the game, but by the end of the game, their tone has shifted.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Spec Ops: The Line, the loading screens use the meta-textual level to comment on the ethics of killing.

“The loading screens use the meta-textual level to comment on the ethics of killing:”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Spec Ops: The Line uses the standard mechanics of its genre and familiar tropes from cover-based shooting to endless waves of interchangeable enemies that seem to appear out of nowhere.

“It uses the standard mechanic of the games of its genre and a set of familiar tropes from cover-based shooting to endless waves of interchangeable enemies that seem to appear out of nowhere.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In McDonald's Video Game, in order to make the company profitable, it is necessary to employ tactics from an array of unethical means.

“In order to make the company profitable, it is necessary to employ tactics from an array of unethical means from media spinning and firing angry employees to giving growth hormones to the cows and clearing an indigenous tribe's village to make room for cattle and soy fields.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

McDonald's Video Game has the player in charge of McDonald's, controlling all aspects of the business from agricultural production and slaughtering of animals to food service and marketing.

“The anti-advergame McDonald's Video Game by Molleindustria has the player in charge of the fast-food chain McDonald's, controlling all aspects of the business from agricultural production and slaughtering of animals to food service and marketing (see FIGURE 6).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In September 12th, when other civilians happen upon the bodies of dead civilians, they mourn and turn into terrorists themselves.

“When other civilians happen upon the bodies of dead civilians, they bow down to mourn those that died - and turn into terrorists themselves.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In Spec Ops: The Line, Walker and his companions start out with tactical precision and the goal is self-defense, but eventually they become accustomed to the killing and finally revel in it.

“Walker and his companions start out with tactical precision and the goal is self-defense, but eventually they become accustomed to the killing and finally revel in it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The main character in Spec Ops: The Line is a standard American hero-soldier that commonly stars in military shooters.

“The main character is a standard American hero-soldier that commonly stars in the military shooters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Narrative digital games can use expressive means used in other media, for example borrowing the use of perspective from films.

“Lisäksi tutkimus osoittaa, miten tarinalliset digitaaliset pelit voivat käyttää muissa medioissa käytettyjä ilmaisukeinoja, esimerkiksi lainaten perspektiivin käytön elokuvista.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The study shows how games can express things that would be very challenging or impossible to express in other media.

“miten pelit voivat ilmaista asioita, joita olisi joko erittäin haastavaa tai mahdotonta ilmaista muissa medioissa.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

As long as a game can be played in a new way or in a new cultural context, interpretations of it can change.

“Niin kauan kuin peliä voidaan pelata uudella tavalla tai uudessa kulttuurisessa kontekstissa, siitä tehtävät tulkinnat voivat muuttua.”

May combine two claims.

Digital games with narrative elements are processual systems interpreted both during play and as part of the surrounding cultural context.

“Tutkimus osoittaa, että tarinallisia elementtejä sisältävät digitaaliset pelit ovat prosessuaalisia järjestelmiä joita tulkitaan sekä pelaamisen aikana että osana ympäröivää kulttuurista kontekstia.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Crogan's context, Eskelinen's essay is interpreted primarily as an anti-paratextual account.

“In this context Eskelinen's essay is interpreted primarily as an anti-paratextual account.”

• cites Crogan (2003)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ryan is interested first and foremost in the statement's negative position towards videogame narrativity.

“This time the interpreter, Marie-Laure Ryan (2006), is interested first and foremost in the statement's negative position towards videogame narrativity.”

• cites Ryan (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Järvinen interprets Eskelinen's figurative 'ornament' as an instance of applied ludology.

“Here we observe how Järvinen interprets Eskelinen's figurative 'ornament' as an instance of applied ludology.”

• cites Järvinen (2008)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In World of Warcraft, story components appear to play a more substantial role.

“In World of Warcraft story components appear to play a more substantial role.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Järvinen's interpretation, the metaphorical units 'ornament' and 'gift-wrapping' are disconnected from their evaluating context; the preceding adjective 'uninteresting' plays no role.

“In this case the metaphorical units 'ornament' and 'gift-wrapping' are disconnected from their evaluating context; the preceding adjective 'uninteresting' plays no role.”

• cites Järvinen (2008)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Crogan's interpretation takes into consideration the metaphors' value charge.

“Unlike in our previous case, this interpretation also takes into consideration the metaphors' value charge.”

• cites Crogan (2003)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ryan employs her interpretation to bring out ludology as a game theoretical school with an agenda that ignores narratological concerns.

“Ryan employs her interpretation to bring out ludology as a game theoretical school with an agenda that ignores narratological concerns.”

• cites Ryan (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Crogan interprets ornaments and wrappings not only as separate metaphorical units but also in relation to literal ornaments and wrappings that come with games.

“Here we see ornaments and wrappings interpreted not only as separate metaphorical units but also in relation to literal ornaments and wrappings that come with games.”

• cites Crogan (2003)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Ryan's interpretation has a strong bias on comparative psychological interpretation.

“What is of particular interests to us is Ryan's strong bias on comparative psychological interpretation.”

• cites Ryan (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Mass Effect 2 and Tomb Raider both use an opposite technique in their introductions: they are played from an external perspective, but show parts of the introductory cinematic from an internal perspective.

“Both Mass Effect 2 (BioWare, 2010) and Tomb Raider (Crystal Dynamics, 2013) use an opposite technique in their introduction.”

• Also stated in: § 4.1 Focalization · plain

  “But both games show parts of the introductory cinematic from an internal perspective, with the camera situated where the character ' s eyes would be.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For Ryan, the word 'ornament' is secondary as she pursues to understand the claim not so much as a grammatical proposition but as a general view in relation to the tradition of narratology.

“For her the word 'ornament' is secondary as she pursues to understand the claim not so much as a grammatical proposition but as a general view in relation to the tradition of narratology, a field to which she has contributed from the 1970s.”

• cites Ryan (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Understanding Super Mario Bros. as a game has very little to do with its story components.

“It soon becomes clear to us that understanding Mario as a game has very little to do with its story components.”

• Also stated in: § Philosophically Hermeneutic Notes on Eskelinen · plain

  “we both consider that story potential insignificant for understanding the artifact as a game”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For Crogan, the reference functions as a rival statement.

“For Crogan to whom the manual is an important component of the game at his hand, Microsoft Flight Simulator 2 (Microsoft 1984), the reference functions as a rival statement.”

• cites Crogan (2003)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The grammatical interpretation of 'ornament' and other words are only one part in Järvinen's overall hermeneutic interpretation of the essay.

“We understand that the grammatical interpretation of 'ornament' and other words are only one part in Järvinen's overall hermeneutic interpretation of the essay.”

• cites Järvinen (2008)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Fallout: New Vegas, if the player chooses the optional hardcore mode, the player character must eat, drink and sleep, and it is necessary to pay attention to basic human needs to complete the game.

“If the player chooses the optional hardcore mode in Fallout: New Vegas, the player character must eat, drink and sleep.”

• Also stated in: § 4.3 Granularity · plain

  “With this option enabled, it is necessary to pay attention to the basic human needs of the character in order to complete the game.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both teller-characters and reflector-characters can be used in several modalities in video games.

“Both types of characters can also be used in several modalities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Fallout: New Vegas simulates radiation, and exposure to radiation has harmful effects on the player character's body that will slowly harm and eventually kill them.

“Exposure to radiation has harmful effects on the player character ' s body that will slowly harm and eventually kill them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Video games can use both teller-characters and reflector-characters in ways similar to literature.

“It seems that video games can use both teller-characters and reflectorcharacters in ways similar to literature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A journal in a game can be diegetic, extradiegetic, or combine aspects of both.

“A journal can be diegetic (internal to the game world), extradiegetic (external to the game world) or combine aspects of both, for example by chronicling the events of the story and providing instructions for the player.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Written text in games can be present as written dialogue, which may or may not be voice-acted, and vice versa.

“It can be present as written dialogue, which may or may not be also voice-acted, and vice versa.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A teller-character in a game could break the fourth wall by pointing at things, gesturing, or making faces at the player.

“Additionally, a teller-character could for example break the fourth wall by pointing at things, gesturing, or making faces at the player.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Narration in games can also be done using a voice, for example with a voice-over.

“Narration in games can also be done using a voice, for example with a voice-over.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is common especially in role-playing games to have an in-game journal that catalogues both the past events and the future goals of the player character.

“It is common especially in role-playing games to have an in-game-journal that catalogues both the past events and the future goals of the player character (e.g. Skyrim [Bethesda Game Studios, 2011]).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In embodied focalization, the character is usually created as a tabula rasa, a blank slate for the player to identify with and to fill out as the game progresses.

“This is usually because that character is created as a tabula rasa, a blank slate for the player to identify with and to fill out as the game progresses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Video games make use of both teller-characters and reflector-characters.

“Video games make use of both teller-characters and reflector-characters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

While pollution is simulated in Civilization IV, it is absent from Civilization V.

“While pollution is simulated in Civilization IV, it is absent from Civilization V.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Written text in games may also be present in the form of journals or similar texts that provide direct access to either a character's thoughts or story events.

“Written text may also be present in the form of journals or similar texts that provide direct access to either a character ' s thoughts or story events.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The modality in games most similar to literature is written text, which is present in most games.

“The modality in games most similar to literature is the written text, which is present in most games.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Voice-over narration in games can be used either by teller-characters or reflector-characters, depending on whether the character is simply verbalizing their thoughts for themselves or for the benefit of the player.

“This form of explicit narration can be used either by teller-characters or reflector-characters, depending on whether the character is simply verbalizing their thoughts for themselves or for the benefit of the player.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It is possible to break what is seemingly logical or possible within the game world and produce different kinds of impossible narrators.

“It is also possible to break what is seemingly logical or possible within the game world and produce different kinds of impossible narrators.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Written dialogue is common enough to be a feature of almost any game with discernible characters, and even of many games with no characters.

“This is common enough to be a feature of almost any game with discernible characters, and even of many games with no characters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Skyrim and Fallout: New Vegas simulate how the human body handles nutrition and rest in a similar manner, but with small differences.

“Skyrim and Fallout: New Vegas (Obsidian Entertainment, 2010) simulate how the human body handles nutrition and rest in a similar manner, but with small differences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Teller-characters and reflector-characters can use text, but games also offer other means to convey their meanings.

“Teller-characters and reflectorcharacters can use text, but games also offer other means to convey their meanings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A common way for games to convey meanings is by using spoken language.

“A common way of doing this is by using spoken language.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

It is not necessary for the narrating character in a game to be the protagonist, or even a character the player plays.

“It is not necessary for the narrating character to be the protagonist, or even a character the player plays.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Huizinga studied how culture is constituted by play and found forms of it in all kinds of cultural formations, ranging from sports and war to art and law.

“Huizinga sets it upon himself to study how culture is constituted by play, and manages to find forms of it in all kinds of cultural formations, ranging from sports and war to art and law.”

• cites Huizinga, 1938/1949Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Schiller criticizes Kant for not taking the aesthetic experience seriously enough and argues that taste is a necessary condition for building morality.

“Friedrich Schiller criticizes Kant for not taking the aesthetic experience seriously enough and argues that taste is a necessary condition for building morality (Guyer, 2008).”

• cites Guyer, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Not all forms of play have been around for an equally long time.

“However, not all of its forms have been around for an equally long time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Caillois separated the forms of play on a continuum ranging from paidia to ludus, where paidia is playful and unstructured and ludus is structured and constrained by rules.

“Caillois also separated the forms of play on a continuum ranging from paidia to ludus, where paidia is playful and unstructured and ludus is structured and constrained by rules.”

• cites Caillois, 1960/2001, 1961Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Digital games did not spring from the genius of the first developers.

“It is sometimes easy to forget that digital games did not spring from the genius of the first developers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Caillois's theory of play is rather normative in parts, labelling as corrupted the parts of play he does not appreciate or approve.

“This makes his theory of play rather normative in parts, labelling as corrupted the parts of play he does not appreciate or approve (cf. Caillois, 1961, pp. 43-56).”

• cites Caillois, 1961, pp. 43-56Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Huizinga remarks that play necessarily precedes culture as humans are not the only playing animals.

“Huizinga also remarks that play necessarily precedes culture as humans are not the only playing animals.”

• cites Huizinga, 1938/1949Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Play is seen as being necessary but lacking independent value; it is conceived of as 'merely play'.

“In other words, play is seen as being necessary but lacking independent value; it is conceived of as 'merely play' (Riezler, 1941, p. 505).”

• cites Riezler, 1941, p. 505Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Play and games are not just one thing but a broad array of related things.

“Play and games are not just one thing but a broad array of related things (cf. Paper 2).”

• cites Paper 2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Caillois divided forms of play into agon, alea, mimicry and ilinx, or competition, chance, make-believe and vertigo.

“He expands Huizinga's terminology and builds a more comprehensive framework for analyzing play, perhaps most importantly by dividing forms of play into agon, alea, mimicry and ilinx, or competition, chance, make-believe and vertigo, respectively.”

• cites Caillois, 1960/2001, 1961Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Digital games did not spring from nothing, but came to fruition following earlier cultural forms and through gradual technological advances.

“Or it might focus on the cultural forerunners of games that show how digital games did not spring from nothing, but came to fruition following earlier cultural forms and through gradual technological advances (Huhtamo, 2005).”

• cites Huhtamo, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Digital games have both mechanical and cultural precedents.

“They have both mechanical and cultural precedents.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Play in general is a persistent phenomenon.

“As was stated above, play in general is a persistent phenomenon.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Caillois saw drug-use as a corruption of ilinx and superstition as a corruption of alea.

“For example, he saw drug-use as a corruption of ilinx and superstition as a corruption of alea.”

• cites Caillois, 1960/2001, 1961Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Game studies, or more controversially ludology, began to take shape with the recognition of games as a distinct form of expression.

“With this recognition game studies, or more controversially, ludology, began to take shape (Frasca, 1999).”

• cites Frasca, 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Games have become normal.

“As Jesper Juul (2009, p. 8) argues, games have become normal.”

• cites Juul, 2009, p. 8Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many play-forms are unsuitable for children.

“And counter to the dominant view of play as something that children do, many of them are unsuitable for children.”

May combine two claims.

The result of interpretation of ludonarrative games is neither predetermined by the game designer nor fixed during gameplay, but potentially open for endless reinterpretation as players interact with the game in new ways and as the cultural context changes.

“The result of this interpretation is neither predetermined by the game designer nor fixed during gameplay, but potentially open for endless reinterpretation as players interact with the game in new ways and as the cultural context changes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Understanding games is important for understanding contemporary culture in general.

“Understanding games is therefore important for understanding the contemporary culture in general”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The most successful media products of our time are videogames, at least by commercial standards.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There already exists a generation that has grown up with games as a central form of culture.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Games have become entertainment colossi rivaling cinema as a form of entertainment and have become a part of mainstream culture.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The list of play forms includes play-forms that many would consider games.

“Not surprisingly, the list also includes play-forms that many would consider games.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Caillois analyzed several cultural forms as degenerations of play.

“However, Caillois also analyzed several cultural forms as degenerations of play.”

• cites Caillois, 1960/2001, 1961Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In order to convey meaning, ludonarrative games can borrow expressive tools from other media, for example by using perspective in the way it is used in cinema.

“In order to convey meaning, ludonarrative games can borrow expressive tools from other media, for example by using perspective in the way it is used in cinema.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The phenomena of play and games are broad and it is hard to cover all of the necessary ground.

“While this list is probably lacking in many respects, it shows how broad the phenomena of play and games are and how hard it is to cover all of the necessary ground.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Even the realm of the sacred is pervaded by play because rituals have an element of play to them.

“Even the realm of sacred is pervaded by play for rituals have an element of play to them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The line of research from Huizinga and Caillois leaves out many other approaches to play and games that scholars do not consider compatible with or relevant to modern day game studies.

“While many of the concepts still used in game studies (e.g., the magic circle) originate in this line of research, this of course leaves out many other approaches to play and games that scholars do not consider as compatible with or relevant to modern day game studies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Poker is a combination of both competition and chance.

“Poker, for example, is a combination of both competition and chance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

German idealism ends up rescuing play in an effort to argue against Kant's conception of ethics.

“However, in an effort to argue against Kant's conception of ethics, German idealism ends up rescuing play.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For Schiller, play is not something wasteful done just for rest and relaxation, but an essential part of being a human.

“Here play is not something wasteful done just for rest and relaxation, but an essential part of being a human.”

• cites Schiller, 1794/1985, p. 107Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These forms of play coexist and a game may include several, or all, of them.

“These forms of play coexist and a game may include several, or all, of them.”

• cites Caillois, 1960/2001, 1961Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The tendency to juxtapose play in opposition to work continues in the Christian tradition and is emphasized by the birth of Protestantism, which sees work as an important virtue of the pious person.

“This tendency continues in the Christian tradition and is emphasized by the birth of Protestantism, which sees work as an important virtue of the pious person (Sutton-Smith, 1997, pp. 201202).”

• cites Sutton-Smith, 1997, pp. 201202Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Games contain unique ways of expressing things that would be hard to convey in other media.

“It is shown how meaning can be used as a game mechanic, and how games contain unique ways of expressing things that would be hard to convey in other media.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many concepts still used in game studies, such as the magic circle, originate in the line of research from Huizinga and Caillois.

“While many of the concepts still used in game studies (e.g., the magic circle) originate in this line of research, this of course leaves out many other approaches to play and games that scholars do not consider as compatible with or relevant to modern day game studies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Games have always been central to culture.

“games have always been central to culture (cf. Huizinga, 1938/1949; Myers, 2006, p. 49).”

• cites Huizinga, 1938/1949Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Myers, 2006, p. 49Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Caillois's view, games would end up on the ludus-end of the spectrum.

“In his view, games would end up on the ludus-end of the spectrum.”

• cites Caillois, 1960/2001, 1961Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

The good Christian has no time for play, for there is much work that needs to be done before salvation is earned.

“The good Christian has no time for play, for there is much work that needs to be done before salvation is earned (Snow, 1993, pp. 12-13).”

• cites Snow, 1993, pp. 12-13Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The tendency to juxtapose play in opposition to work, valuing play only as a respite from work, can already be noticed in Aristotle.

“Here one can already notice the tendency to juxtapose play in opposition to work, valuing play only as a respite from work.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sutton-Smith compiled a list of 189 different forms of play.

“Sutton-Smith (1997, pp. 4-5) shows just how many by compiling a list of 189 different forms of play, ranging from Dungeons & Dragons and daydreams to dancing and getting laid (see TABLE 1).”

• cites Sutton-Smith, 1997, pp. 4-5Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The line of thought reaching from Huizinga and Caillois to modern day is the basis for the way scholars in game studies often portray the history of their field.

“The line of thought reaching from Huizinga and Caillois to modern day is the basis for the way scholars in game studies often portray the history of their field.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Schiller elevates play to an important role in his aesthetic thinking.

“While doing so, Schiller elevates play to an important role in his aesthetic thinking.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Many play-forms are not simply a frivolous waste of time but significant forms of culture or social life.

“Of note is also the amount of play-forms that are not simply a frivolous waste of time but significant forms of culture or social life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The proceduralist approach is most likely influential because it addresses qualities only present in games and shows how procedural systems can create meaning.

“This approach is most likely influential because it addresses qualities only present in games and shows how procedural systems can create meaning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The next year the development of the immensely influential Multi-User Dungeon (MUD) began.

“The next year the development of the immensely influential Multi-User Dungeon (MUD) began.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When arcade game machines later appeared, they followed the pattern established by earlier machines.

“When arcade game machines later appeared, they followed the pattern established by these earlier machines.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

MUD followed the path laid out by Adventure, but the addition of multiple players made it a precursor of future multiplayer games, like MMORPG.

“It followed the path laid out by Adventure , but the addition of multiple players made it a precursor of future multiplayer games, like Massively Multiplayer Online Role-playing Games (MMORPG).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Arcade machines were only rarely placed in locations meant for children; an arcade machine in a penny arcade or bar was for the entertainment of adults, even if that did little to keep children from playing with them.

“They were only rarely placed in locations meant for children. An arcade machine in a penny arcade or in a bar was for the entertainment of adults, even if that did little to keep children from playing with them (Huhtamo, 2005, p. 10).”

• cites Huhtamo, 2005, p. 10Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A substantial amount of Nintendo's marketing was targeted at children.

“A substantial amount of Nintendo's marketing was targeted at children.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The main body of videogame manufacturing moved to Japan, with Nintendo, Sega and later Sony producing and publishing successful home consoles.

“The main body of videogame manufacturing moved to Japan, with Nintendo, Sega and later Sony producing and publishing successful home consoles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Zork, programmed at the MIT in 1977, continued in the footprints of Adventure.

“One of the games to continue in the footprints of Adventure is Zork , programmed at the MIT in 1977 (Montfort, 2005, p. 97).”

• cites Montfort, 2005, p. 97Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Home computers, like Commodore 64, Atari 400/800 and Apple II, ran games that were ported from arcade machines, but also completely new ones that were developed especially for these platforms.

“Home computers, like Commodore 64, Atari 400/800 and Apple II, ran games that were ported from arcade machines, but also completely new ones that were developed especially for these platforms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The platform a game runs on (home console, personal computer, or arcade machine) can make all the difference because these machines have different affordances that affect how the game actualizes on that platform.

“Sometimes it makes all the difference whether the game is run on a home console, a personal computer or an arcade machine. These machines have different affordances that affect the way the game actualizes on that particular platform.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

El Ajedrecista was an automaton capable of playing a limited form of chess against a human opponent.

“It was an automaton, capable of playing a limited form of chess against a human opponent.”

• cites Montfort, 2005, p. 76Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Randell, 1982 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The text-based game allowed people from different locations to play together, making MUD the first online multiplayer game and a basis for a genre of games called simply MUDs.

“The text-based game allowed people from different locations to play together, making MUD the first online multiplayer game and a basis for a genre of games called simply MUDs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The online version of MUD was created in 1980.

“The online version was created in 1980 (Wolf, 2012, p. 217).”

• cites Wolf, 2012, p. 217Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One of the important predecessors of videogames is the slot machine, and the penny arcades they were often found in.

“One of the important predecessors of videogames is the slot machine, and the penny arcades they were often found in (Huhtamo, 2005, p. 4).”

• cites Huhtamo, 2005, p. 4Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Many researchers from different fields would benefit from a consistent account of the structures of meaning in games.

“Researchers from different fields have different interests, but many would benefit from a consistent account of the structures of meaning in games.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pac-Man was only fairly successful in Japan but extremely successful in the United States, becoming a cultural icon in both gaming and popular culture.

“It was only fairly successful in Japan but extremely successful in the United States, becoming a cultural icon in both gaming and popular culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Atari was not the first to reach the home console markets; Magnavox accomplished that with their home console Odyssey in 1972.

“Atari was however not the first to reach the home console markets. That was accomplished by Magnavox with their home console Odyssey in 1972.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Computer Space was an important event in two ways: it continued the tradition of the slot machine and it moved videogames from the realm of research and technology to the realm of commercial entertainment.

“It was an important event in two ways: it continued the tradition of the slot machine and it moved videogames from the realm of research and technology to the realm of commercial entertainment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

OXO or Noughts and Crosses was a computer game using a cathode-ray tube for graphics, created in 1952 by a doctoral student of Cambridge University, and it ran on EDSAC, which was also the opponent in the game.

“Another computer game using a cathode-ray tube for graphics was called OXO or alternatively Noughts and Crosses , following the traditional version of the game. It was created in 1952 by a doctoral student of Cambridge University. It ran on the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), which was also the opponent in the game.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Odyssey came with six cartridges, cards, dice and scoreboards, showing how the console was placed in the same continuum with board games.

“In addition to six cartridges, it came with cards, dice and scoreboards, showing how the console was placed in the same continuum with board games.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The disagreements and struggles with self-identification in game studies are a normal part of an academic discipline trying to define itself.

“It might even be that the disagreements and struggles with self-identification are a normal part of an academic discipline trying to define itself (Lowood, 2006).”

• cites Lowood, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Slot machines and penny arcades formed the cultural assumption on what it is like to interact with game machines: place a coin and be entertained for a minute or two.

“They formed the cultural assumption on what it is like to interact with game machines: place a coin and be entertained for a minute or two.”

• cites Huhtamo, 2005, p. 4Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Cathode-ray tube amusement device was an early example of a graphical electronic game, a plan for a missile simulator from 1947, which was never realized.

“An early example of a graphical electronic game was the Cathode-ray tube amusement device , a plan for a missile simulator from 1947, which was unfortunately never realized (Wolf, 2012, pp. 1-2).”

• cites Wolf, 2012, pp. 1-2Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The year 1977 saw big changes for games: it was the year of the first videogame industry crash with only Atari, Coleco and Magnavox remaining on the market.

“The year 1977 saw big changes for games. It was the year of the first videogame industry crash with only Atari, Coleco and Magnavox remaining on the market (Wolf, 2012, p. 80).”

• cites Wolf, 2012, p. 80Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Nintendo had already managed to penetrate the North American market through Midway with Donkey Kong in 1981, but the development of the NES secured them a permanent foothold across the ocean.

“Nintendo had already managed to penetrate the North American market through Midway with Donkey Kong in 1981,, but the development of the NES secured them a permanent foothold across the ocean (Malliet & de Meyer, 2005, p. 29).”

• cites Malliet & de Meyer, 2005, p. 29Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The first version of El Ajedrecista used a mechanical arm to move the pieces, but a later version used magnets underneath the board, making it seem as if the pieces were moving on their own.

“The first version used a mechanical arm to move the pieces, but some years later Torres made a version of the game that used magnets underneath the board, making it seem as if the pieces were moving on their own.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The public outcry made Death Race a precedent in later discussions regarding videogame-related violence, but it also helped to fuel the game's sales.

“The public outcry made the game a precedent in later discussions regarding videogame-related violence, but it also helped to fuel the game's sales.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some approaches borrow tools and concepts from narratology and literary studies and emphasize that games do not just contain meaning; they also contain texts and tell stories.

“Some approaches borrow tools and concepts from other fields of research such as narratology and literary studies (Aarseth, 2012; Calleja, 2013; Simons, 2006). These approaches emphasize that games do not just contain meaning; they also contain texts and tell stories.”

• cites Aarseth, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Calleja, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Simons, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Playing in different cultures presumes different things about the nature of play, the role of play in life, and what is appropriate to simulate or represent in games.

“Playing in different cultures presumes different things about the nature of play, the role of play in life and what is appropriate to simulate or represent in games.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mechanical games were followed by electronic games, which used analog technology to achieve similar purposes.

“Mechanical games were followed by electronic games, which used analog technology to achieve similar purposes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first videogame to cause widespread media panic was Death Race, published in 1976.

“While earlier videogames had shared the notoriety of arcades, the first videogame to cause widespread media panic was Death Race , published in 1976 (Kocurek, 2012).”

• cites Kocurek, 2012Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Zork is the most well-known and successful textual adventure game, despite being only an incremental advancement over earlier games such as Adventure.

“It is the most well-known and successful textual adventure game, despite being only an incremental advancement over earlier games such as Adventure .”