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Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a yeast of increasing medical relevance, particularly in critically ill patients. It is the second most isolated Candida species associated with invasive candidiasis (IC) behind C. albicans. The attributed higher incidence is primarily due to an increase in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) population, cancer, and diabetic patients. The elderly population and the frequent use of indwelling medical devices are also predisposing factors. This work aimed to review various virulence factors that facilitate the survival of pathogenic C. glabrata in IC. The available published research articles related to the pathogenicity of C. glabrata were retrieved and reviewed from four credible databases, mainly Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus. The articles highlighted many virulence factors associated with pathogenicity in C. glabrata, including adherence to susceptible host surfaces, evading host defences, replicative ageing, and producing hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., phospholipases, proteases, and haemolysins). The factors facilitate infection initiation. Other virulent factors include iron regulation and genetic mutations. Accordingly, biofilm production, tolerance to high-stress environments, resistance to neutrophil killings, and development of resistance to antifungal drugs, notably to fluconazole and other azole derivatives, were reported. The review provided evident pathogenic mechanisms and antifungal resistance associated with C. glabrata in ensuring its sustenance and survival.
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TL;DR
This review summarizes virulence and antifungal resistance mechanisms that enable *Candida glabrata* to colonize, evade host immunity, and survive therapy. It highlights adhesion, biofilm formation, stress adaptation, replicative ageing, iron acquisition, and azole/echinocandin resistance as key contributors to its clinical persistence.
Key findings
- *C. glabrata* is the second most frequently isolated *Candida* species in invasive candidiasis after *C. albicans*, accounting for approximately 15–25% of invasive clinical cases; invasive candidiasis due to *C. glabrata* has an estimated morbidity and mortality of approximately 40–60%.
- Virulence factors include hydrolytic enzymes (phospholipases, proteases, haemolysins), epithelial adhesin (EPA)-family adhesins, sparse yeast-cell biofilms, cell wall/chitin remodeling, iron acquisition, environmental stress adaptation, and replicative ageing; *C. glabrata* lacks hyphal formation and provokes a weaker host immune response than *C. albicans*.
- Resistance mechanisms include intrinsic and acquired fluconazole resistance, azole resistance via *ERG11* mutations, *PDR1* gain-of-function mutations, efflux pumps, aneuploidy, and mitochondrial dysfunction; echinocandin resistance is around 4% in *C. glabrata* and less than 1% in *C. albicans*, primarily through *FKS1* and *FKS2* hotspot mutations.
- Biofilm formation on medical devices contributes to drug tolerance, and the review states that an estimated 65% of all human infections are of biofilm aetiology.
Methods
- Narrative review of published research articles related to *C. glabrata* pathogenicity, retrieved from four credible databases: Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus.
- The paper synthesizes cited studies on virulence factors, host–pathogen interactions, and antifungal resistance mechanisms; it reports no primary experiments or new data.
- No systematic search dates, inclusion/exclusion criteria, or quality appraisal methods are described in the text.
Limitations
- The paper has no formal limitations section; it states that the exact azole resistance mechanism is not entirely clear, iron homeostasis mechanisms in *C. glabrata* remain unknown, it is unclear how *Candida* biofilm structure affects mucosal infection and host immunity, and acid stress tolerance has not been extensively investigated.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it lacks a systematic search strategy, quantitative synthesis, and formal risk-of-bias assessment.
- Evident from the text: many cited findings derive from in vitro assays or murine models, which may limit direct clinical generalizability.
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In the paper
“In contrast, biofilms of C. glabrata and C. tropicalis do not possess such persister cells [13,43].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.3. Biofilm Formation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Galocha, M., Pais, P., Cavalheiro, M., Pereira, D., Viana, R., and Teixeira, M.C. (2019). Divergent approaches to virulence in C. Albicans and C. Glabrata: Two sides of the same coin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20. source
- Not checked yetcites [43] Arendrup, 2017, Multidrug-Resistant Candida: Epidemiology, Molecular Mechanisms, and Treatment, J. Infect. Dis. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Recent evidence indicates that most IC caused by C. glabrata is associated with biofilm growth [42].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.3. Biofilm Formation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Sardi, 2013, Candida species: Current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options, J. Med. Microbiol. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Fungal biofilms show properties different from planktonic (free-living) populations, including a higher antifungal resistance level [39].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.3. Biofilm Formation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Pierce, 2008, A simple and reproducible 96-well plate-based method for the formation of fungal biofilms and its application to antifungal susceptibility testing, Nat. Protoc. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Al-Dhaheri and Douglas [46] found that the presence of persister cells in biofilms is mainly responsible for biofilm resistance.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.3. Biofilm Formation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Douglas, 2008, Absence of Amphotericin B-Tolerant Persister Cells in Biofilms of Some Candida Species, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“C. glabrata is exceptional from this rule because the cell wall is associated with serine protease, Cwp1 (ORF: CBS138)—a gelatinolytic enzyme [24].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.1. Enzyme Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Bochenska, 2018, Extracellular proteinases of Candida species pathogenic yeasts, Mol. Oral Microbiol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“A significant virulence factor of C. glabrata is its ability to adhere firmly to many different substrates [3].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.2. Adhesin Cell-Like Protein
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Timmermans, B., De Las Peñas, A., Castaño, I., and Van Dijck, P. (2018). Adhesins in Candida glabrata. J. Fungi, 4. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“All these frameworks are operational in C. glabrata except for the receptor-interceded haem uptake [9].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.5. Novel Hybrid Iron Regulation and Acquisition Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Kumar, K., Askari, F., Sahu, M.S., and Kaur, R. (2019). Candida glabrata: A Lot More Than Meets the Eye. Microorganisms, 7. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Thus, it is an essential pathogenic mechanism for its survival [40] (Figure 2).”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.3. Biofilm Formation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Santos, 2017, Candida auris: Emergence and Epidemiology of a Highly Pathogenic Yeast, Clin. Biomed. Res. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Candida glabrata does not possess normal Sap genes in its genome [32].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.1. Enzyme Secretion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Ramos, 2016, First description of Candida nivariensis in Brazil: Antifungal susceptibility profile and potential virulence attributes, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Chitin is essential for fungal biological functions, including cell division, septa formation, hyphal growth, and virulence [47].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.4. Presence of a Stable Cell Wall
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Charlet, 2018, Remodeling of the Candida glabrata cell wall in the gastrointestinal tract affects the gut microbiota and the immune response, Sci. Rep. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 36
- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Candida glabrata has well-characterised genes, including ACE2 (CgACE2), a transcription factor that serves as a negative regulator of virulence.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.4. Presence of a Stable Cell Wall
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It accounts for approximately 15–25% of invasive clinical cases [8,11,12].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Kounatidis, 2018, A Host-Pathogen Interaction Screen Identifies ada2 as a Mediator of Candida glabrata Defenses against Reactive Oxygen Species, G3 Genes Genomes Genet. source
- Not checked yetcites [11] McCarty, 2016, Invasive Candidiasis, Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Pfaller, 2007, Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: A Persistent Public Health Problem, Clin. Microbiol. Rev. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is the second most isolated Candida species associated with invasive candidiasis (IC) behind C. albicans.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These adhesins facilitate C. glabrata attachment to host epithelial cells and assist in macrophage entry [25].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.2. Adhesin Cell-Like Protein
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] 2018, Deletion of ADA2 Increases Antifungal Drug Susceptibility and Virulence in Candida glabrata, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both mutants have enhanced virulence.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.4. Presence of a Stable Cell Wall
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Candida glabrata lacks yeast-to-hyphae switching, it grows only in the yeast form, contrary to the virulent switch of C. albicans.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.2. Adhesin Cell-Like Protein
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Invasive candidiasis due to C. glabrata causes substantial morbidity and mortality of approximately 40–60%, perhaps due to the inherent low susceptibility of C. glabrata to the most commonly used azoles [3].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Timmermans, B., De Las Peñas, A., Castaño, I., and Van Dijck, P. (2018). Adhesins in Candida glabrata. J. Fungi, 4. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Galocha et al. [13] viewed that the pathogenicity of C. glabrata appears to be independent of the morphology of the yeast as this species is incapable of hyphae formation.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Galocha, M., Pais, P., Cavalheiro, M., Pereira, D., Viana, R., and Teixeira, M.C. (2019). Divergent approaches to virulence in C. Albicans and C. Glabrata: Two sides of the same coin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The evolved (Evo) strain is another hyper-virulent C. glabrata strain with a single nucleotide mutation in the chitin synthase gene CHS2.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.4. Presence of a Stable Cell Wall
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Candida glabrata requires iron as an essential micronutrient for its growth during infection.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.5. Novel Hybrid Iron Regulation and Acquisition Strategies
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Arendrup and Patterson [43] argued that C. glabrata developed acquired resistance to antifungal drugs through prolonged exposure.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Arendrup, 2017, Multidrug-Resistant Candida: Epidemiology, Molecular Mechanisms, and Treatment, J. Infect. Dis. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Contrary to the view of Yan et al. [66] that overexpression of the transcription factor CgCrz1p enhances viability, cellular biomass, and pyruvate yields at a low pH.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.6. Adaptation to Various Environmental Conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Yan, 2016, Crz1p Regulates pH Homeostasis in Candida glabrata by Altering Membrane Lipid Composition, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, the findings reported the necessity of isocitrate lyase (ICL1), the glyoxylate cycle gene for acetate utilisation, ethanol, and oleic acid, and partly required for the utilisation of lactate in C. glabrata.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.6. Adaptation to Various Environmental Conditions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Candida glabrata lacks hyphal formation and phagosomal extrusions to escape the phagocytic cells attack contrary to C. albicans [68,69].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.6. Adaptation to Various Environmental Conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Yih, C.S., Than, L., and Lung, T. (2012). Candida glabrata: Niche adaptation and mechanisms of survival. Updates in Medical Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.
- Not checked yetcites [69] Roetzer, 2010, Autophagy supports Candida glabrata survival during phagocytosis, Cell. Microbiol. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately more than 140 alterations in the ERG11 target gene have been described.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a well-known fact that both C. krusei and some C. glabrata have intrinsic resistance to fluconazole.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lactate-grown C. glabrata cells, for example, resist killing by macrophages and have developed distinct tactics for intracellular survival killing and escaping phagocytosis [41].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.6. Adaptation to Various Environmental Conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Mota, 2015, Candida glabrata susceptibility to antifungals and phagocytosis is modulated by acetate, Front. Microbiol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Torres et al. [91] viewed that aneuploidy causes a transcriptional response that results in gene expression in chromosomes.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] Torres, 2007, Effects of Aneuploidy on Cellular Physiology and Cell Division in Haploid Yeast, Science source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aged cells exhibit different lipid composition that leads to the emergence of azole resistance.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.7. Replicative Ageing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Candida glabrata grows optimally at 37 °C and, therefore, thrives best in the human host and can grow at 42 °C under heat-stressed conditions [18,57].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.6. Adaptation to Various Environmental Conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] 2016, The birth of a deadly yeast: Tracing the evolutionary emergence of virulence traits in Candida gla-brata, FEMS Yeast Res.
- Not checked yetcites [57] Roetzer, 2008, Candida glabrata environmental stress response involves Saccharomyces cerevisiae Msn2/4 orthologous transcription factors, Mol. Microbiol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, Jensen et al. [82] supported the view that prolonged administration of antifungal drugs for treatment and prevention is the primary cause of the emergence of resistant strains.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] Jensen, 2016, Posttreatment Antifungal Resistance among Colonizing Candida Isolates in Candidemia Patients: Results from a Systematic Multicenter Study, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The former was azole sensitive, while the latter was azole-resistant.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Ferrari, 2011, Loss of mitochondrial functions associated with azole resistance in Candida glabrata results in enhanced virulence in mice, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Candida glabrata possesses numerous resistance mechanisms to fluconazole, including fluctuation of gene regulation, genetic mutations, and cross-resistance among azole derivatives [86].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Gohar, 2017, Expression patterns of ABC transporter genes in fluconazole-resistant Candida glabrata, Mycopathologia source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Considering the role of dimorphism as a factor for pathogenicity in some Candida species, C. glabrata is exceptional; it does not germinate into hyphae yet is virulent [73].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.6. Adaptation to Various Environmental Conditions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Benito, 2017, Yeast community in traditional Portuguese Serpa cheese by culture-dependent and -independent DNA approaches, Int. J. Food Microbiol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The in vivo study by Bhattacharya et al. [76] viewed that the neutrophils cells in the host selectively kill younger cells, leaving the old yeast cells to accumulate.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.7. Replicative Ageing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Bhattacharya, 2018, Enhanced Efflux Pump Activity in Old Candida glabrata Cells, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Mutations in ERG11 and PDR1 can mediate azole resistance; daughter cells will inherit the mutations and persist [76].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Bhattacharya, 2018, Enhanced Efflux Pump Activity in Old Candida glabrata Cells, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, C. glabrata shows a unique immune system evasion mechanism and survives after cellular engulfment despite the antifungal presence.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.6. Adaptation to Various Environmental Conditions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the findings of Srivastava et al. [50] that the high-affinity reductive iron uptake system is necessary for metabolism in the presence of alternate carbon sources and for growth under both in vitro and in vivo iron-limiting conditions.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 2. Candida glabrata Virulence Factors > 2.5. Novel Hybrid Iron Regulation and Acquisition Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Srivastava, 2014, A systematic analysis reveals an essential role for high-affinity iron uptake system, haemolysin and CFEM domain-containing protein in iron homoeostasis and virulence in Candida glabrata, Biochem. J. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More specifically, the free nitrogen atom of the azole ring binds an iron atom within the enzyme haem group. Thus, it prevents oxygen activation and causes demethylation of lanosterol that inhibits the ergosterol biosynthesis process.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Duplications increase the level of drug resistance, as ABC transporters are implicated in pleiotropic drug resistance.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, Sasso et al. [103] reported increasing isolation of echinocandin C. glabrata-resistant strains, significantly associated with FKS1 and FKS2 gene mutations.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Sasso, 2017, Rapid emergence of FKS mutations in Candida glabrata isolates in a peritoneal candidiasis, Med. Mycol. Case Rep. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is used in the pharmacotherapy of life-threatening fungal infections [107].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Rodrigues, 2016, Candida glabrata’s recurrent infections: Biofilm formation during Amphotericin B treatment, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Echinocandins are recommended as first-line therapy for non-neutropenic patients associated with C. albicans and C. glabrata in suspected severe IC conditions [100].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] Wanjare, 2016, Caspofungin MIC Distribution amongst Commonly Isolated Candida Species in a Tertiary Care Centre—An Indian Experience, J. Clin. Diagn. Res.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“All isolates were highly susceptible to anidulafungin except C. glabrata with 10% resistance.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] Aslani, 2018, Identification of uncommon oral yeasts from cancer patients by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, BMC Infect. Dis. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Amphotericin B (AmB) is a fungicidal polyene and has shown promising activity against many Candida species.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Rodrigues, 2016, Candida glabrata’s recurrent infections: Biofilm formation during Amphotericin B treatment, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Echinocandins exist according to the international guidelines in three available types (caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin).”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Yeoh, 2018, Echinocandins for management of invasive candidiasis in patients with liver disease and liver transplantation, Infect. Drug Resist. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The findings attributed lower resistance of C. glabrata with biofilms against amphotericin and not about the low biofilm content of the isolates tested.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] Tay, 2014, Occurrence and Characterization of Candida nivariensis from a Culture Collection of Candida glabrata Clinical Isolates in Malaysia, Mycopathologia source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They differ based on the route of metabolism, half-life, and safety [102].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Yeoh, 2018, Echinocandins for management of invasive candidiasis in patients with liver disease and liver transplantation, Infect. Drug Resist. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is because both human and fungal cells’ biomembranes are the primary targets of the AmB. Thus, impairing the physiological processes that take place in the membranes, particularly adenocarcinoma cells [108].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Grela, 2018, Imaging of human cells exposed to an antifungal antibiotic amphotericin B reveals the mechanisms associated with the drug toxicity and cell defence, Sci. Rep. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The prevalence of echinocandin resistance among Candida strains remains low, with around 4% observed in C. glabrata and less than 1% in C. albicans [103].”
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms · plain
“Shields et al. [105] reported low echinocandin resistance, around 4% for C. glabrata and less than 1% for C. albicans.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Sasso, 2017, Rapid emergence of FKS mutations in Candida glabrata isolates in a peritoneal candidiasis, Med. Mycol. Case Rep. source
- Not checked yetcites [105] Shields, 2016, Rate of FKS Mutations among Consecutive Candida Isolates Causing Bloodstream Infection, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms · plain
In the paper
“Intrinsic resistance to echinocandins is rare and primarily only observed in Candida parapsilosis [103].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Sasso, 2017, Rapid emergence of FKS mutations in Candida glabrata isolates in a peritoneal candidiasis, Med. Mycol. Case Rep. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Echinocandins were launched in the early 2000s and became the first-line treatment following the emergence of C. glabrata with reduced susceptibility to fluconazole Colombo et al. [101].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] Colombo, 2017, Emerging multidrug-resistant Candida species, Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the clinical laboratory standard institute (CLSI) M27-A2, the interpretative breakpoints for fluconazole for in vitro testing of Candida species using broth microdilution method is ≤8 µg mL−1 for susceptible (S), 16–32 µg ml−1 for susceptible-dose dependent (S-DD), and ≥64 µg mL−1 for resistant (R) [99].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Wayne, P. (2017). Clinical and laboratory standards institute: Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. Approved Standard, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These findings agreed with the view of Larkin et al. [98] that newer azoles, such as posaconazole and voriconazole, replaced fluconazole in prophylaxis routines and have raised similar concerns about resistance and drug-drug interactions as observed in azoles.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Larkin, 2018, Biofilms and beyond: Expanding echinocandin utility, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One major setback of echinocandins oral administration is the inadequate bioavailability, and therefore, it is often given intravenously [104].”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] Walker, 2009, Methods in Molecular Biology. TM Series Editor, Life Sci.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The study of Aslani et al. [111] reported that 39% of yeast strains from cancer patients showed higher MIC values to AmB, with MIC90 values of 4 μg/mL.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] Shokohi, 2018, Candida infanticola and Candida spencermartinsiae yeasts: Possible emerging species in cancer patients, Microb. Pathog. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, Candida species possess many virulence factors, including secretion of hydrolytic enzymes host cell wall adherence, and biofilm formation.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 4. Conclusions and Way Forward
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Candida glabrata cells become engulfed in the macrophages. They quickly adopt other mechanisms of survival by undergoing massive division and release upon rupture.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 4. Conclusions and Way Forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This underlines the capacity of Candida cells to rapidly adjust to external aggressions. Thus, this suggests why patients undergoing AmB therapy may still manifest resilient Candida infections.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Rodrigues, 2016, Candida glabrata’s recurrent infections: Biofilm formation during Amphotericin B treatment, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The alteration of host interaction factors facilitates opportunistic harmless commensal Candida species to become potentially life-threatening human pathogens.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 4. Conclusions and Way Forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In contrast, Rodrigues et al. [107] viewed that C. glabrata can produce biofilms in the presence of AmB therapeutic concentrations due to the high concentrations of carbohydrate and β-1,3 glucan on the biofilm matrices.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 3. Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Candida glabrata > 3.1. Types of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Rodrigues, 2016, Candida glabrata’s recurrent infections: Biofilm formation during Amphotericin B treatment, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, acquired and intrinsic resistance to fluconazole and rapid resistance development to a few available antifungal drugs are of significant clinical concern.”
§ Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival > 4. Conclusions and Way Forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The mechanisms of biofilm resistance include elevated cellular density, exopolymeric protective effect, differential upregulation of resistance genes and efflux pumps, and a subpopulation within the biofilm community.
“The resistance development due to biofilm is complex and multifactorial; among the assumed mechanisms are (i) the elevated cellular density within the biofilm, (ii) the exopolymeric protective effect of the biofilm, (iii) differential upregulation of genes linked to resistance and those encoding efflux pumps, and (iv) the presence of a subpopulation within the biofilm community.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The four databases Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus cover the relevant published research on C. glabrata pathogenicity.
“The available published research articles related to the pathogenicity of C. glabrata were retrieved and reviewed from four credible databases, mainly Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In the C. glabrata genome, drug efflux is primarily mediated by ATP-binding cassette transporters, particularly through the C. glabrata sensitivity to 4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide (CgSNQ2) and C. glabrata Drug Resistance 1 and 2 (CgCDR1 and CgCDR2) genes (Hassan et al., 2021).”
From Uncovering the connection between tunicamycin-induced respiratory deficiency and reduced fluconazole tolerance in Candida glabrata (2025) · cites this paper as Hassan et al., 2021
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hassan, Y., Chew, S. Y., & Than, L. T. L.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Putra Malaysia (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Than, Leslie Thian Lung
- Venue
- Journal of Fungi
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-08-17
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 667
- ISSN
- 2309-608X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8398317
- OpenAlex
- W3194477778
- Semantic Scholar
- 11389a27e141b112f6c043a2bb401fd6354cb150
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 2.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Fungi (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Universiti Putra Malaysia (GP-IPS/2018/9612400)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Yeasts and Rust Fungi Studies
- Keywords
- Candida glabrata, invasive candidiasis, virulence factors, antifungal resistance, fluconazole resistance, azole resistance, biofilm formation, host defense evasion, iron regulation, hydrolytic enzymes, phospholipase, proteolytic enzymes, hemolysin, critically ill patients
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