ESPEN guideline on hospital nutrition

In the paper

“Review of eight RCTs (N=3518) concluded that there is insufficient power to confirm clinically”

What the sources say

• Disputed

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  cites [152] Garofalo, 2018, Dietary salt restriction in chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, Nutrients sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“However, the effects of snacks were not 430 analyzed separately and thus no specific conclusions were possible in this regard.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Commentary (page not supplied) says the effects of snacks and finger foods could not be separated from other intervention components. This supports the conclusion that those studies did not permit specific conclusions about the effects of snacks alone. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [16] Volkert, 2019, ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics, Clin Nutr source

In the paper

“simple 434 dietary interventions based on the food-based fortification or densification with protein or 435 energy of the standard diet could be considered in patients at risk of malnutrition because its 436 effect on the total amount of energy and protein intakes.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Conclusions directly recommend considering food-based fortification or densification for patients at risk of malnutrition because of its effects on calorie and protein intake. The Discussion likewise reports increased energy and protein intake, while cautioning that the studies were heterogeneous. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [25] Morilla-Herrera, 2016, Effectiveness of food-based fortification in older people. A systematic review and meta-analysis, JNHA source

In the paper

“In cancer patients who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition, nutritional therapy has been 462 shown to improve body weight and energy intake but not survival.”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The retrieved passages contain publication metadata rather than the guideline’s findings. Searches for survival, body weight, energy intake, and nutritional therapy found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed effects, so the claim cannot be verified from it. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  cites [12] Arends, 2017, ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients, Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Eight studies investigate the effect of dietary enrichment [25-32].”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Methods describe this paper as a systematic review assessing the effectiveness of nutritional enrichment, so it qualifies as one of the cited works investigating dietary enrichment. The Results say the review included seven studies; that is not a contradiction of the citing sentence’s count of eight separately cited works [25–32]. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [25] Morilla-Herrera, 2016, Effectiveness of food-based fortification in older people. A systematic review and meta-analysis, JNHA source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Kiss, 2014, The effect of nutrition intervention in lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy: a systematic review, Nutr Cancer source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Munk, 2014, Positive effect of protein-supplemented hospital food on protein intake in patients at nutritional risk: a randomised controlled trial, J Hum Nutr Diet source
• Supported

  The title identifies this paper as a randomized trial of protein-enriched regular foods, and the Abstract reports its investigation of their effect on protein intake. It therefore qualifies as one study of dietary enrichment among the eight cited; this source alone is not being asked to establish the count of eight. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites [28] Stelten, 2015, Protein-enriched 'regular products' and their effect on protein intake in acute hospitalized older adults; a randomized controlled trial, Clin Nutr source
• Supported

  The paper’s title identifies it as a randomized trial testing protein-enriched bread and readymade meals in older adults. It therefore qualifies as a study of dietary enrichment within the cited group; this citation alone is not being used to establish the total of eight studies. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [29] Ziylan, 2017, Protein-enriched bread and readymade meals increase community-dwelling older adults' protein intake in a double-blind randomized controlled trial, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Leslie, 2013, Improving the dietary intake of under nourished older people in residential care homes using an energy-enriching food approach: a cluster randomised controlled study, J Hum Nutr Diet source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Leedo, 2017, The effect of a home delivery meal service of energy- and protein-rich meals on quality of life in malnourished outpatients suffering from lung cancer: a randomized controlled trial, Nutr Cancer source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Cano-Torres, 2017, Impact of nutritional intervention on length of hospital stay and mortality among hospitalized patients with malnutrition: a clinical randomized controlled trial, J Am Coll Nutr source

In the paper

“There is very low-quality evidence regarding adverse effects; therefore whilst 491 some of these interventions are advocated at a national level, clinicians should recognize the 492 lack of clear evidence to support their role.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Authors' conclusions explicitly state that there is very low-quality evidence regarding adverse effects. The Implications for practice section also links that assessment to the caution that clinicians should recognise the lack of clear evidence supporting these interventions across different settings. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites [35] Baldwin, 2016, Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake in malnourished or nutritionally at-risk adults, Cochrane Database Syst Rev source

In the paper

“There is good evidence that 463 nutritional support improves intake and weight, and some aspects of quality of life under 464 radiotherapy [12].”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The available indexed passages identify the guideline but contain bibliographic metadata rather than its recommendations or evidence review. Searches for radiotherapy, nutritional support, intake, weight, and quality of life found no passage addressing the claimed effects, so the claim cannot be verified from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  cites [12] Arends, 2017, ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients, Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Particular attention must be taken into account for the older people, 602 because they consider that dietary interventions are less valuable than medical treatment, and 603 therefore did not perceive eating poorly as a problem [46].”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Introduction discusses possible reasons for inadequate dietary intake, including reduced appetite and difficulties preparing meals. The Discussion addresses nutritional assessment and clinical evaluation. Neither section reports older people's views on dietary interventions versus medical treatment or whether they perceive poor eating as a problem; searches for those attitudes found no supporting passage. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  cites [46] Engelheart, 2015, Dietary intake of energy, nutrients and water in elderly people living at home or in nursing home, J Nutr Health Aging sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The respect of religious freedom has long been considered a basic civil right [63].”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Cultural Competence and Priorities for Healthcare Accommodation sections discuss respect for Muslim patients’ beliefs and requests for religious accommodations. Neither those passages nor searches for religious freedom and civil rights address whether religious freedom has long been considered a basic civil right. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  cites [63] Padela, 2012, Religious values and healthcare accommodations: voices from the American muslim community, J Gen Intern Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Hiesmayr performed a large one-day cross-sectional survey on food 557 intake in hospitalized patients (N=16,290), which showed that eating ¼ meal gave an adjusted 558 hazard ratio of 2.10 of dying [39]. Eating nothing has a HR of 3.20.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [39] Hiesmayr, 2009, Decreased food intake is a risk factor for mortality in hospitalised patients: the NutritionDay survey 2006, Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Levels of 1.2-1.5 g/kg BW/day have been suggested for older 511 persons with acute or chronic illness [37, 38] and up to 2.0 g/kg BW/day in case of severe 512 illness, injury, or malnutrition [37].”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Key PROT-AGE recommendations state that most older adults with acute or chronic disease need 1.2–1.5 g/kg body weight per day, and that those with severe illness, injury, or marked malnutrition may need as much as 2.0 g/kg per day. This directly supports the cited suggestion. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [37] Bauer, 2013, Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
• Partly supported

  The Abstract recommends 1.2–1.5 g/kg body weight/day for older people who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition because of acute or chronic illness. It recommends even higher intake for severe illness or injury, but does not specify 2.0 g/kg/day or extend that higher recommendation to malnutrition alone. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [38] Deutz, 2014, Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group, Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“of frailty and sarcopenia is higher in people with diabetes”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Discussion and Findings report increased risks of vascular disease in people with diabetes, not frailty or sarcopenia. Searches for frailty, sarcopenia, and acute or chronic illness found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [176] The Emerging Risk Factors, 2010, Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“unnecessary measures in most patients (potassium supplementation, prevention of”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [168] Liu, 2013, A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy, Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“kidney disease, however, reduced blood pressure considerably and consistently reduced”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Sodium and Water Restriction and Trials on Sodium Restriction sections discuss salt restriction for ascites in cirrhosis, not blood pressure or proteinuria in people with chronic kidney disease. Searches for those outcomes and that population found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  cites [154] Moore, 2003, The management of ascites in cirrhosis: report on the consensus conference of the International Ascites Club, Hepatology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“assigned to a low-sodium diet and fluid restriction showed worse neurohormonal profiles”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [151] Hummel, 2016, Dietary sodium restriction in heart failure: a recommendation worth its salt? ∗, JACC (J Am Coll Cardiol): Heart Fail sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“carbohydrate counting can improve glycemic control, quality of life, and general well-being”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [170] Bell, 2014, Efficacy of carbohydrate counting in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [171] Schmidt, 2014, Effects of advanced carbohydrate counting in patients with Type 1 diabetes: a systematic review, Diabet Med source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [172] Souto, 2014, Impact of advanced and basic carbohydrate counting methods on metabolic control in patients with type 1 diabetes, Nutrition source
• ?Could not verify

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [173] Bataille, 2017, Haemodialysis patients with diabetes eat less than those without: a plea for a permissive diet, Nephrology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Both diets were equally tolerable and did not cause flares in disease”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Participants and Study design and data collection sections describe follow-up of patients receiving corticosteroids, not a comparison of standard and low-glycemic diets. Searches for the diets, tolerability, and disease flares found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [162] Fardet, 2007, Corticosteroid-induced lipodystrophy is associated with features of the metabolic syndrome, Rheumatology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet are”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (Summary of main results; page unavailable) reports lower systolic blood pressure with sodium reduction, particularly in hypertensive study populations. The paper mentions DASH 2001 but does not report that the DASH diet lowers blood pressure more than sodium reduction; it instead questions that study’s control diet. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [157] Graudal, 2017, Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride, Cochrane Database Syst Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes have about a twofold increased risk of developing”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The guideline’s section on identifying the cause of gastroparesis reports its incidence in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes versus controls, not cardiovascular disease risk. Searches for a twofold cardiovascular risk and for cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [177] Camilleri, 2013, Clinical guideline: management of gastroparesis, Am J Gastroenterol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“there was no clear association between overall diet quality”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The section on timing and type of oral nutrition (page unavailable) discusses diets used during treatment of acute pancreatitis, not overall diet quality as a predictor of later pancreatitis. Searches for a Swedish cohort, non-gallstone pancreatitis, and recurrent or progressive disease found no passage addressing the claimed association. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [204] Lodewijkx, 2016, Nutrition in acute pancreatitis: a critical review, Expet Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“there was no difference in feeding tolerance comparing immediately full”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [202] Meng, 2011, Three initial diets for management of mild acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis, World J Gastroenterol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“early oral feeding, with the subjective feeling of hunger, is safe,”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page not provided) reports that early enteral nutrition shortened hospital stay in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. It does not establish that hunger-guided early oral feeding is safe or feasible in patients with mild acute pancreatitis. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [193] Zhang, 2019, Early enteral nutrition versus delayed enteral nutrition in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis, Medicine sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“the non-liquid soft or solid diet did not”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [203] Oskarsson, 2017, Overall diet quality and risk of recurrence and progression of non-gallstone-related acute pancreatitis: a prospective cohort study, Eur J Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“a diet with adapted texture, or distal (post-stenosis)”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [190] Barbon, 2015, Efficacy of thickened liquids for eliminating aspiration in head and neck cancer: a systematic review, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“In initial stages of dysphagia, adequate”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [15] Burgos, 2018, ESPEN guideline clinical nutrition in neurology, Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Could not verify

  The guideline’s commentary on Crohn’s disease strictures recommends soft foods or nutritious fluids for intestinal obstruction, not for dysphagia. Its nutrition-route commentary says enteral feeding should be considered when a patient cannot swallow safely. Neither passage addresses whether modified food consistencies and swallowing techniques maintain adequate intake in early dysphagia (searched: dysphagia, soft or semi-liquid consistencies, swallowing techniques). (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [189] Forbes, 2017, ESPEN guideline: clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease, Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“xanthan gum seems to be better than starch”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Kim, 2017, Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk in gluten-free followers without celiac disease in the United States: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey 2009-2014, Dig Dis Sci source
• Partly supported

  The Results sections on palatability and rheology report that patients preferred gum-based drinks and that xanthan gum maintains viscosity more consistently than modified starch. But the Results section on swallowing assessment says the two agents showed no major or significant difference in swallowing safety, so the paper does not establish that xanthan gum is better overall. Page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [191] Newman, 2016, Effect of bolus viscosity on the safety and efficacy of swallowing and the kinematics of the swallow response in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia: white paper by the European society for swallowing disorders (ESSD), Dysphagia sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“an early oral diet is”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract reports that patients recovering from elective colorectal or abdominal vascular surgery could resume oral intake as tolerated and reached a normal diet in a median of two days in the free-diet group. The Discussion also reports earlier tolerance of solid food. The paper does not study severe acute pancreatitis or recommend soft food or using abdominal and postprandial pain to guide diet advancement. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [206] Han-Geurts, 2007, Randomized clinical trial of the impact of early enteral feeding on postoperative ileus and recovery, Br J Surg sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Early 1603 recovery of intestinal function and an improvement of quality of life were the main advantages 1604 [215].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results section (page unavailable) reports better global quality of life for some patients receiving percutaneous gastrostomy than for those receiving nasogastric feeding. Our copy does not report early recovery of intestinal function as an advantage, and the cited paper is a systematic review, not itself an RCT. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [215] Wang, 2014, Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review, J Radiat Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“provides better nutrition”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Section 4.0 (Management Following Endoscopy; page unavailable) recommends allowing haemodynamically stable patients to drink and start a light diet 4–6 hours after endoscopy. But this source is a guideline, not the RCT described in the claim, and the passage reports neither a comparison with delayed feeding nor a nutritional benefit. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [225] 2002, Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage: guidelines, Gut sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“cautious interpretation must be taken due to substantial heterogeneity and low-1599 quality evidence [214].”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Study Design section identifies this paper as a single-center randomized trial, while the Discussion’s Limitations section discusses restrictions of that trial. Searches for a Cochrane review, substantial heterogeneity, and low-quality evidence found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed caution; no page numbers were available. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [214] Sun, 2018, Early oral feeding following McKeown minimally invasive esophagectomy: an open-label, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial, Ann Surg sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“An RCT showed that early feeding with a regular solid diet in patients after successful variceal 1656 ligation for esophageal varices is safe”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Section 4.0 (page unavailable) recommends a light diet for patients who are haemodynamically stable 4–6 hours after endoscopy and says prolonged fasting is unnecessary. It does not report an RCT comparing early regular solid food with delayed feeding after variceal ligation; section 3.4.1 says variceal banding is described elsewhere. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites [225] 2002, Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage: guidelines, Gut sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“At the hospital, 1715 malnutrition is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, length of stay, and costs [112].”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Conclusion (page unavailable) links high morbidity and mortality to refeeding syndrome in malnourished patients, not to hospital malnutrition generally. Searches for malnutrition-related mortality, morbidity, length of stay, and costs found no passage in our copy establishing the claimed associations; the matching references alone do not establish them. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [112] Friedli, 2018, Management and prevention of refeeding syndrome in medical inpatients: an evidence-based and consensus-supported algorithm, Nutrition sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“reduced 1745 food intake is defined as food intake equal to or less than 50% of energy requirements over one 1746 week, or any reduction in food intake for more than two weeks.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Section 3.6 identifies reduced food intake as a GLIM etiologic criterion and says the group sought practical thresholds. The passages available from our copy do not state the claimed ≤50% threshold or the one- and two-week durations; searches for those terms did not recover them. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [8] Cederholm, 2019, GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition - a consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community, Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“To assess food intake, the GLIM advocated the use of semi-quantitative methods [8]”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Section 3.6 treats reduced food intake as a GLIM criterion and discusses thresholds for assessing its impairment. It does not advocate semi-quantitative methods for assessing intake; a search for that term found no such recommendation in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites [8] Cederholm, 2019, GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition - a consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community, Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The assessment of food energy intake has long been considered a key part of the nutritional 1720 assessment [8, 106, 235].”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Table 1 surveys established malnutrition screening and assessment approaches and lists reduced food intake as a criterion in several of them. The paper also treats reduced intake as an etiologic criterion for malnutrition, supporting the broad statement that assessing intake has long been important to nutritional assessment. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [8] Cederholm, 2019, GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition - a consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community, Clin Nutr source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [106] Porter, 2017, Protected Mealtimes in hospitals and nutritional intake: systematic review and meta-analyses, Int J Nurs Stud source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [235] Schindler, 2016, To eat or not to eat? Indicators for reduced food intake in 91,245 patients hospitalized on nutritionDays 2006–2014 in 56 countries worldwide: a descriptive analysis, Am J Clin Nutr source

In the paper

“During the second voting, all recommendations except 132 for eleven of them received an agreement higher than 90%.”

In the paper

“Of those below 90%, ten received 133 an agreement >75%, one an agreement > 50%.”

In the paper

“The final guideline comprises 56 134 recommendations.”

In the paper

“Twenty-nine 123 recommendations reached an agreement >90%, 22 recommendations reached an agreement of 124 >75–90%, and six recommendations an agreement ≤75%.”

In the paper

“Qualitative studies took 676 account of patients' perception of meals [57, 58] or motivation to eat [59].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Johns, 2010, Improving the provision of meals in hospital. The patients' viewpoint, Appetite source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Sorensen, 2012, Food for patients at nutritional risk: a model of food sensory quality to promote intake, Clin Nutr source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Stroebele, 2004, Effect of ambience on food intake and food choice, Nutrition source

In the paper

“No RCTs are investigating the optimal 1634 dietary management of patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding.”

In the paper

“The grading system of the 99 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) was used to grade the literature [6].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [6] 2014

In the paper

“The literature search was performed separately for each PICO question in May 2019 by using 144 the Pubmed and Cochrane databases with the search terms presented in Table 4.”

In the paper

“energy enriched food was shown to increase energy 446 intake and slow chronic weight loss.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Leslie, 2013, Improving the dietary intake of under nourished older people in residential care homes using an energy-enriching food approach: a cluster randomised controlled study, J Hum Nutr Diet source

In the paper

“One means to improve protein and energy delivery and to 447 reach the nutritional targets to hospitalized patients could be to promote six-meal services (three 448 main meals + three snacks; or six small protein-rich meals per day) as the standard hospital 449 food service.”

In the paper

“The present guideline was developed according to the standard operating procedure for 90 ESPEN guidelines [4].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Bischoff, 2015, Standard operating procedures for ESPEN guidelines and consensus papers, Clin Nutr source

In the paper

“a literature search was performed to identify suitable meta-96 analyses, systematic reviews, and primary studies”

In the paper

“The guideline was developed by an expert group of seven physicians 91 and four dietitians.”

In the paper

“dietary counseling improves energy and protein intake during chemotherapy, but has no 439 benefit to other outcomes during chemotherapy.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Kiss, 2014, The effect of nutrition intervention in lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy: a systematic review, Nutr Cancer source

In the paper

“Existing 145 guidelines were also considered.”

In the paper

“To support the recommendations and the assigned grades of 135 recommendation, the ESPEN guideline office created evidence tables of relevant meta-136 analyses, systematic reviews, and (randomized) controlled trials.”

In the paper

“The good practice points (GPP) are based on experts' opinions due to the lack 116 of studies, for which the choice of wording was not restricted.”

In the paper

“therapeutic diets should only be used if medically indicated, since they 395 increase the risk for malnutrition.”

In the paper

“units who adopt these meals on wheels distribution have to be aware of the 664 nutritional risk due to possible smaller portions served [53, 54].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] Ofei, 2015, Effect of meal portion size choice on plate waste generation among patients with different nutritional status. An investigation using Dietary Intake Monitoring System (DIMS), Appetite source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [54] 2017

In the paper

“Rattray et al performed an observational study in 110 566 patients, and showed that patients are provided 75% of estimated needs, and consume less than 567 required (~50%) [43].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] Rattray, 2017, Comparing nutritional requirements, provision and intakes among patients prescribed therapeutic diets in hospital: an observational study, Nutrition source

In the paper

“Engelheart et al. showed that 609 the length of fasting of the elderly was significantly shorter in the self-managing elderly than 610 in a nursing home with frail, emphasizing the impact of staff organizations on overnight fasting 611 [47].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [47] Correa-Arruda, 2018

In the paper

“Health institutions strive”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Draper, 2019, Front cover: vegan and animal meal composition and timing influence glucose and lipid related postprandial metabolic profiles, Mol Nutr Food Res source

In the paper

“oral nutritional interventions are effective at increasing 469 nutritional intake and improving some aspects of quality of life in patients with cancer who are 470 malnourished or are at nutritional risk but do not appear to improve mortality [31].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Leedo, 2017, The effect of a home delivery meal service of energy- and protein-rich meals on quality of life in malnourished outpatients suffering from lung cancer: a randomized controlled trial, Nutr Cancer source

In the paper

“Dietary requirements related to religions are heterogeneous, 711 and further variability is due to variations in a single religion depending upon the country of 712 origin [62].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Hodge, 2015, Respecting religious freedoms and protecting the public's health, Publ Health Rep source

In the paper

“Pulse 483 feeding had a clinically relevant effect on lean mass in malnourished and at-risk hospitalized 484 elderly patients.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Bouillanne, 2013, Impact of protein pulse feeding on lean mass in malnourished and at-risk hospitalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial, Clin Nutr source

In the paper

“Results suggest dietary advice decreases hospital stay 481 but not mortality.”

In the paper

“Kosher, Halal, vegetarian, or other diets should be provided by 714 hospitals, even if these diets have nowadays no medical rationale [64].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Laïcité, 2016, Un guide pour la gestion du fait religieux dans les hôpitaux, Histoire, monde et cultures religieuses

In the paper

“The prevention of malnutrition or its worsening implies the coverage of at least 80% of 591 estimated energy and protein needs.”

In the paper

“the enrichment of the diet or counseling aiming to increase energy and 488 protein intake positively affects energy intake and body weight, but effects on hard outcomes 489 as reduced morbidity and mortality and increased functional capacity are rare.”

In the paper

“Some units experienced the trolley meal 662 system as a strategy to adapt the meal with the patient's desires [52] and to minimize food 663 waste.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Ofei, 2014, How practice contributes to trolley food waste. A qualitative study among staff involved in serving meals to hospital patients, Appetite source

In the paper

“There is no evidence that every hospitalized patient should receive more 572 micronutrients. This is the same for salt intake and fatty acid composition.”

In the paper

“Munk et al showed that protein enriched meals gave a significantly higher 568 protein intake (not energy intake) (the relative risk was 2.20 [44]).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Söderström, 2013, Mealtime habits and meal provision are associated with malnutrition among elderly patients admitted to hospital, Clin Nutr source

In the paper

“Snack consumption could enhance patient 594 satisfaction and thus contribute to an overall increase in the consumption of food.”

In the paper

“Every patient should be 715 able to follow the precepts of his religion (meditation, presence of a minister of his religion, 716 food, freedom of action and expression, etc.) [65].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Draper, 2019, Front cover: vegan and animal meal composition and timing influence glucose and lipid related postprandial metabolic profiles, Mol Nutr Food Res source

In the paper

“In the study by Munk, the range is extended to 2.0 g/kg BW during 515 illness [27].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Munk, 2014, Positive effect of protein-supplemented hospital food on protein intake in patients at nutritional risk: a randomised controlled trial, J Hum Nutr Diet source

In the paper

“sodium reduction from an average high”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [158] Paterna, 2009, Medium term effects of different dosage of diuretic, sodium, and fluid administration on neurohormonal and clinical outcome in patients with recently compensated heart failure, Am J Cardiol source

In the paper

“the combination of a normal-sodium diet with high”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [160] Fardet, 2009, Effet à court terme des apports sodés sur la pression artérielle des patients recevant une corticothérapie systémique : étude prospective, randomisée, croisée, Rev Med Interne source

In the paper

“highlighted the difficulties and the”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [166] Miggiano, 2004, [Diet and chronic corticosteroid therapy], Clin Ter

In the paper

“Patients would benefit from eating together with conviviality and caregivers could pay more 668 attention to patients with assisted meals if needed (following recommendations of the French 669 National Food Council [55] and of the National Nutrition Council and Finnish Institute for 670 Health and Welfare [56], autonomous patients should stop keeping in their rooms for”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] 2020, Meal situation from the client's perspective. In: Nutrition Council and Finnish Institute for health and Welfare
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Stanga, 2003, Hospital food: a survey of patients' perceptions, Clin Nutr source

In the paper

“The hospital staff is facing a complex situation to 710 satisfy the patients' expectations.”

In the paper

“Increasing ambulatory hospitalization may accelerate the shift towards this 675 new organization.”

In the paper

“The group consuming the normal-sodium diet (120 mmol sodium) showed the best results, with”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [159] Aliti, 2013, Aggressive fluid and sodium restriction in acute decompensated heart failure, JAMA Internal Medicine source

In the paper

“provision of a low residue diet rather than a clear liquid diet after colorectal surgery”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [148] McMurray, 2012, Eur Heart J source

In the paper

“sodium restriction <2500 mg/day had a”

In the paper

“The refeeding regimen may also be gradually progressed from a clear liquid diet”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [201] Lariño-Noia, 2014, Early and/or immediately full caloric diet versus standard refeeding in mild acute pancreatitis: a randomized open-label trial, Pancreatology source

In the paper

“specifically the Mediterranean and dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)‐style diets,”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [175] Morley, 2014, Frailty, sarcopenia and diabetes, J Am Med Dir Assoc source

In the paper

“appropriate dietary advice tailored to the stage of kidney disease should be given concerning”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [180] Beck, 2018, Systematic review and evidence based recommendations on texture modified foods and thickened liquids for adults (above 17 years) with oropharyngeal dysphagia - an updated clinical guideline, Clin Nutr source

In the paper

“texture-modified food might look”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [182] Leder, 2009, An epidemiologic study on aging and dysphagia in the acute care hospitalized population: 2000-2007, Gerontology source

In the paper

“muscles are different from somatic muscles as they receive continuous stimulation from the”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [184] Carrión, 2015, Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a prevalent risk factor for malnutrition in a cohort of older patients admitted with an acute disease to a general hospital, Clin Nutr source

In the paper

“recommending up to 40% of energy from fat - mostly unsaturated fat.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [175] Morley, 2014, Frailty, sarcopenia and diabetes, J Am Med Dir Assoc source

In the paper

“dietary recommendations rely on measures that optimize gastric emptying. These are low-fat,”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [178] Fontana, 1996, Jejunostomy tube placement in refractory diabetic gastroparesis: a retrospective review, Am J Gastroenterol

In the paper

“the exact proportion of energy that should be derived”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [175] Morley, 2014, Frailty, sarcopenia and diabetes, J Am Med Dir Assoc source

In the paper

“EN is beneficial and early oral feeding with hospital food is not recommended”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [205] Tenner, 2013, American College of gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis, Am J Gastroenterol source

In the paper

“the overall incidence of dysphagia in traumatic and non-traumatic cervical”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [187] Smithard, 1996, Complications and outcome after acute stroke, Stroke source

In the paper

“oral refeeding with a soft diet in patients with mild”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [198] Jacobson, 2007, A prospective, randomized trial of clear liquids versus low-fat solid diet as the initial meal in mild acute pancreatitis, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol source

In the paper

“pureed diets usually have a low energy density, indicating that a greater”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [182] Leder, 2009, An epidemiologic study on aging and dysphagia in the acute care hospitalized population: 2000-2007, Gerontology source

In the paper

“There is no convincing evidence for”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [175] Morley, 2014, Frailty, sarcopenia and diabetes, J Am Med Dir Assoc source

In the paper

“a feeding jejunostomy tube, which bypasses the affected stomach,”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [179] National Clinical Guideline, 2014

In the paper

“and there was no 1610 difference in risk of anastomotic leak, pneumonia, readmission rate, and mortality [217].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [217] Tweed, 2019, Safety and efficacy of early oral feeding for enhanced recovery following gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a systematic review, Surg Oncol source

In the paper

“Early resumption of oral intake”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [207] Lassen, 2008, Allowing normal food at will after major upper gastrointestinal surgery does not increase morbidity, Ann Surg source

In the paper

“Usually, a liquid diet is 1652 initiated immediately, and subsequently, a soft diet is given [194].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [194] Rajkumar, 2012, Clear liquid diet vs soft diet as the initial meal in patients with mild acute pancreatitis, Nutr Clin Pract source

In the paper

“In an RCT including 100 patients early feeding starting 1647 on day one shortened the hospital stay”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [224] Sidhu, 2019, Early feeding after esophageal variceal band ligation in cirrhotics is safe: randomized controlled trial, Dig Endosc source

In the paper

“In a recent RCT in 1592 colorectal cancer surgery patients, early oral feeding was demonstrated to be safe and effective, 1593 with a shortened hospital stay as the primary benefit [212].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [212] Lucha, 2005, The economic impact of early enteral feeding in gastrointestinal surgery: a prospective survey of 51 consecutive patients, Am Surg source

In the paper

“but decreases hospital length of stay [194].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [194] Rajkumar, 2012, Clear liquid diet vs soft diet as the initial meal in patients with mild acute pancreatitis, Nutr Clin Pract source

In the paper

“In the absence of demonstrated benefits, there is no need of starving or restricted diet after an 1672 uncomplicated procedure.”

In the paper

“It appears that early EN (within 24-48 h after 1590 surgery) has a positive effect on length of stay and no negative effect on complications.”

In the paper

“An early normal hospital diet is feasible and safe after colorectal surgery.”

In the paper

“Patients with clean-1643 based ulcers or nonbleeding Mallory-Weiss tears may be refed early with the regular hospital 1644 diet and discharged home immediately after stabilization [222].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [222] de Lédinghen, 1998, [When should patients with bleeding peptic ulcer resume oral intake? A randomized controlled study], Gastroenterol Clin Biol

In the paper

“Nowadays, the French-Speaking Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism 1763 (SFNCM) recommended the use of a 10-point analog visual scale for malnutrition screening in 1764 oncology patients [242].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [242]

In the paper

“Another semi-quantitative way of assessing food intake could be the use of a 10-point analog 1755 visual scale for food intake [239].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [239] Buzby, 1988, A randomized clinical trial of total parenteral nutrition in malnourished surgical patients: the rationale and impact of previous clinical trials and pilot study on protocol design, Am J Clin Nutr source

In the paper

“Moreover, the 10-point visual analog scale 1760 for food intake could help to identify hospitalized patients at risk of malnutrition with 81% of 1761 those with a score <7 were at high nutritional risk [239] according to the Nutritional Risk Index 1762 (NRI) [241].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [239] Buzby, 1988, A randomized clinical trial of total parenteral nutrition in malnourished surgical patients: the rationale and impact of previous clinical trials and pilot study on protocol design, Am J Clin Nutr source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [241] Thibault, 2012, Comment évaluer l'état et le risque nutritionnels? Quelle stratégie d'intervention?

In the paper

“Malnutrition affects 30–50% of adult patients admitted to hospitals [233, 234].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [233] Baker, 1982, Nutritional assessment: a comparison of clinical judgement and objective measurements, N Engl J Med source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [234] Kuppinger, 2012, Nutritional screening for risk prediction in patients scheduled for abdominal operations, Br J Surg source

In the paper

“In 2009, the use of 10-point analog scales was proposed to 1756 assess food intake in both in- and out-patients”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [239] Buzby, 1988, A randomized clinical trial of total parenteral nutrition in malnourished surgical patients: the rationale and impact of previous clinical trials and pilot study on protocol design, Am J Clin Nutr source

In the paper

“These methods could be helpful to timely identify the patients who need the effort to 1775 be focussed on the best optimized nutritional care, without any delay in nutritional care 1776 decision.”

In the paper

“The Simple Evaluation of Food Intake (SEFI®) (www.sefi-1765 nutrition.com, Knoë, le Kremlin Bicêtre, France) (ex-EPA) is approved by SFNCM to assess 1766 food intake [243].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [243]

In the paper

“as it is feasible, easy to use, and extremely well 1757 correlated with daily energy intake assessed by the 3-day dietary record, especially in 1758 malnourished patients [239].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [239] Buzby, 1988, A randomized clinical trial of total parenteral nutrition in malnourished surgical patients: the rationale and impact of previous clinical trials and pilot study on protocol design, Am J Clin Nutr source

In the paper

“To assess food intake, in 1769 the setting of hospital malnutrition screening, the use of semi-quantitative methods represents 1770 a gain of time when the 3-day dietary record takes several days, is often not accurate enough, 1771 and thus is responsible for a delay in malnutrition diagnosis and management.”