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Cited by 364Seaweed-derived Bioactive CompoundsPolysaccharides Composition and ApplicationsPolysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls

Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification

Open access
Garcia-Vaquero, M., Rajauria, G., O'Doherty, J.V., Sweeney, T.·2017·Food Research International
DOI 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.11.016
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Abstract

Polysaccharides obtained from macroalgae have promising prospects and could contribute greatly to the future of a marine based bio-economy. Specifically, laminarin and fucoidan from brown macroalgae have a wide variety of potential industrial applications including functional foods and nutraceuticals, due to their broad range of biological activities. These beneficial biological activities are related to the chemical composition and structure of the macroalgal polysaccharides. The molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and sulphate content of these polysaccharides could be influenced by both macroalgal biology (i.e. variations in polysaccharide composition due to macroalgae species and their biological cycle) and different extraction/purification techniques employed to obtain polysaccharide enriched products (i.e. de-sulphation or fragmentation of sulphated polysaccharides). This review focuses on the extraction and purification methods for the macroalgal polysaccharides laminarin and fucoidan used in the recent literature. The application of innovative extraction technologies (such as ultrasound, microwave and enzyme-assisted extractions), as well as new purification techniques (i.e. membrane separation), are also discussed together with the challenges concerning molecule structure-function relationship and macroalgal variability.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review summarizes recent extraction and purification approaches for macroalgal polysaccharides, focusing on laminarin and fucoidan, including conventional solvent methods and innovative technologies such as ultrasound-, microwave-, and enzyme-assisted extraction. It also outlines biological activities and persistent challenges in standardization, structure-function understanding, and industrial scale-up.

Key findings

  • Macroalgae comprise more than 10,000 described species, and laminarin may constitute up to 35% of dried macroalgal biomass; laminarin and fucoidan show antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, antioxidant, antiviral, antitumour, antiproliferative, and immunostimulatory activities in in vitro and in vivo systems.
  • Extraction commonly uses water, ethanol, or dilute HCl, with CaCl₂ often applied to remove alginates; innovative UAE, MAE, and EAE can improve efficiency, though MAE fucoidan yields were similar to conventional techniques, and EAE is limited by enzyme cost.
  • Purification relies mainly on anion-exchange chromatography for fucoidan, size-exclusion chromatography for molecular-weight fractionation and desalting, affinity chromatography, and membrane filtration; a dye-affinity method using toluidine blue achieved higher purity than commercially available Sigma-Aldrich fucoidan (95%).
  • Optimization studies used response surface methodology, including Box-Behnken and central composite designs; one optimized single-step fucoidan extraction used 0.03 M HCl at 90°C for 4 hours, and MAE produced low-molecular-weight fucoidan products around 5–30 kDa.

Methods

  • Narrative review of recent literature on extraction and purification of macroalgal polysaccharides, with emphasis on laminarin and fucoidan.
  • Synthesizes reported methods and conditions in tables covering extraction, anion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, and in vitro/in vivo bioactivities; no primary experimental data are presented.
  • Discusses optimization strategies, including response surface methodology and specific extraction/purification parameters reported in the reviewed studies.

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: lack of standardized extraction methodologies has prevented official approval of polysaccharides or derived fractions for pharmaceutical, dermatological, nutraceutical, or other commercial applications; structure-function relationships and in vivo efficiency/bioavailability are poorly understood; UAE and EAE face high machinery, enzyme, and energy costs at large scale; membrane filtration is hindered by fouling; seasonal variation and macroalgal supply sustainability need further study.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not report a systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or quantitative meta-analysis.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.11.016

Cites

102 of 102 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 89 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    The absence of standardized extraction methodologies has blocked official approval of polysaccharides or their fractions for pharmaceutical, dermatological, nutraceutical or other commercial uses.

    “The lack of standardized extraction methodologies has prevented the approval of polysaccharides or their derived fractions to be officially approved for pharmaceutical, dermatological, nutraceutical or other commercial applications to date”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ale & Meyer, 2013 source

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  • Premisecitation

    Heat generated during MAE may damage heat-sensitive compounds.

    “However, the heat generated during the extraction process might cause damages to heatsensitive compounds”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Michalak & Chojnacka, 2014

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  • Premisecitation

    The chemical structure of macroalgal polysaccharides, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, sulphate content and position, is strongly related to their biological activity.

    “There is a marked relationship between the chemical structure of both macroalgal polysaccharides (i.e.molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, sulphate content and position) and their biological activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Kim, 2012

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    • cites Men'shova et al., 2012 source

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    • cites Skriptsova et al., 2011 source

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  • Premisecitation

    Extraction and purification processes, including solvent choice and conditions such as pH, time, temperature and pressure, can structurally modify macroalgal polysaccharides.

    “Furthermore, it was also observed that structural modifications to these molecules (i.e.molecular weight, degree of sulphation) can occur during the processes of extraction and purification; for instance, use of different extraction solvents and experimental conditions (such as pH, time, temperature and pressure)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ale, Mikkelsen, et al., 2011a

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    • cites Foley et al., 2011 source

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    • cites Hahn et al., 2012 source

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  • Premisecitation

    Alcohol pre-treatments remove lipids, proteins, phenols, mannitol and chlorophyll that contaminate target polysaccharides.

    “These alcohol treatments were applied to remove lipids (defatted), proteins (deproteinated) and phenols (dephenolated), but also mannitol and chlorophyll, compounds that are highly bound to the polysaccharides, contaminating the target compounds”
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    Premisecitation

    Innovative extraction technologies are more efficient in yield, time and cost and more environmentally friendly by lowering energy consumption.

    “Innovative or novel technologies have been used to develop extraction processes more efficient in terms of yield, time and cost and more environmentally friendly by lowering the energy consumption”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kadam, Tiwari, & O'Donnell, 2013

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    • cites Barba, Grimi, & Vorobiev, 2015

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    Premisecitation

    Slightly acidic HCl solutions have been used for macroalgal polysaccharide extraction.

    “Slightly acidic solutions, i.e. low molarity solutions of HCl have also been described”
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    • cites Anastyuk et al., 2012

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    • cites Dinesh et al., 2016 source

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    • cites Imbs et al., 2016 source

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    Premisecitation

    Laminarin is uncharged at neutral pH, stabilized by inter-chain hydrogen bonds, resistant to hydrolysis in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and classified as dietary fiber.

    “They are uncharged molecules at neutral pH which are stabilized by inter-chain hydrogen bonds, thus unable to hydrolyse in the upper gastrointestinal tract and are classified as dietary fibers”
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    • cites O'Sullivan et al., 2010 source

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    Premisenone given

    Solvent extraction of macroalgal polysaccharides typically uses pretreated dried or defatted biomass with various solvents at temperatures from room temperature to 120°C for several hours.

    “The extraction of macroalgal polysaccharides is typically performed using pretreated dried macroalgae or defatted biomass with different solvents at different temperatures ranging from room temperature to 120°C, for several hours.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    MAE uses microwaves to raise temperature and evaporate intracellular fluids, breaking cell walls and releasing intracellular compounds.

    “This extraction technology, a thermal based approach, uses microwaves causing temperature rise and water evaporation of intracellular fluids that leads to break down of the cell walls, thus release the intracellular compounds into the medium”
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    • cites Michalak & Chojnacka, 2014

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    Premisecitation

    Enzymes used in EAE are eco-friendly, non-toxic, food grade and suitable for large-scale operations.

    “Additionally, the enzymes used are eco-friendly, non-toxic, food grade and could be used in large scale operations”
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    • cites Michalak & Chojnacka, 2014

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Laminarins are energy reserve polysaccharides in macroalgal vacuoles and can make up to 35% of dried macroalgal biomass.

    “Laminarins are energy reserve polysaccharides present in reserve vacuoles inside the macroalgal cell and may constitute up to 35% of the dried weight of the macroalgal biomass”
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    • cites Kadam, Tiwari, et al., 2015

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    Premisecitation

    UAE is cost-effective compared with other novel extraction techniques, scalable, consumes low solvent, has high automation, and can be combined with other techniques.

    “UAE is cost-effective in comparison with other novel extraction techniques and has high possibilities to scale up to industry.Other advantages of UAE include low solvent consumption, high level of automation, and possibilities to combine this technique with others”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ibañez et al., 2012

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    • cites Michalak & Chojnacka, 2014

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    Premisecitation

    Laminarin and fucoidan are further purified using membrane filtration or chromatographic procedures.

    “Laminarin and fucoidan were further purified from the extract using different techniques such as membrane filtration or chromatographic procedures”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ale, Mikkelsen, et al., 2011a

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    • cites Cong et al., 2016 source

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    • cites Cong et al., 2014

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    Premisecitation

    UAE is a non-thermal technique in which sound waves cause cavitation that disrupts cell walls, reduces particle size and enhances solvent contact with target compounds.

    “UAE is a non-thermal extraction technique wherein sound waves migrating through a medium, inducing pressure variations and cavitations that grow and collapse, transforming the sound waves into mechanical energy, which disrupts the cell walls, reduce the particle size and enhance the contact between the solvents and the targeted compounds”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Michalak & Chojnacka, 2014

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    • cites Ying et al., 2011 source

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    Premisecitation

    Laminarin is composed of 1,3-linked β-D-glucose residues with β-(1,6) branching that affects water solubility.

    “Laminarin was described as 1,3-linked β-dglucose residues with different degrees of branching at β-(1,6) that influence the water solubility of the molecules”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rioux, Turgeon, & Beaulieu, 2010

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fucoidan has a backbone of (1→3)-linked α-l-fucopyranosyl or alternating (1→3)- and (1→4)-linked α-l-fucopyranosyl residues, with possible sulphated galactofucan backbones and substitutions.

    “Fucoidan or fucose-containing sulphated polysaccharides have a backbone of (1→3)-linked α-l-fucopyranosyl or alternating (1→3)-and (1→4)-linked α-lfucopyranosyl residues, but also include sulphated galactofucans with backbones built of (1→6)-β-d-galacto-and/or (1→2)-β-d-mannopyranosyl units with fucose or fucooligosaccharide branching, and/or glucuronic acid, xylose or glucose substitutions”
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    • cites Ale, Mikkelsen, & Meyer, 2011b

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    Premisecitation

    Fucoidans are integral to brown macroalgal cell walls and intercellular spaces, protecting against desiccation at low tide.

    “Fucoidans are an integral part of the cell walls and intercellular spaces in brown macroalgae, playing a crucial role in the protection of the macroalgae against the effects of desiccation when the biomass is exposed at low tide”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ale, Mikkelsen, et al., 2011b

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    • cites Senthilkumar et al., 2013 source

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    Premisecitation

    SEC allows fractionation of laminarins and fucoidans by molecular weight and can desalt purified compounds.

    “The application of SEC allows fractionation of the laminarins and fucoidans according to their molecular weights.Furthermore, it can also help in desalting the purified compounds from the high salt concentrations”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hahn et al., 2012 source

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    Premisecitation

    In vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides is mainly determined by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays.

    “The in vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides have been determined mainly by 1,1diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays amongst others”
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    • cites Huang et al., 2016 source

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    Premisecitation

    Membrane filtration applications are hindered by excessive fouling, high energy inputs and frequent cleaning or replacement.

    “However, their widespread applications have been hindered due to excessive membrane fouling (which could result in reduced performance), high energy inputs and frequent membrane cleaning or replacement”
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    • cites Marcati et al., 2014 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    AEC is commonly used to purify sulphated polysaccharides because fucoidans have high anionic charges from sulphate ester groups.

    “Fucoidans exhibit high anionic charges, even at low pH values, due to the sulphate ester groups linked to the carbohydrate backbone.Thus, AEC is one of the most common purification techniques used under different experimental conditions (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fucose-binding lectins can purify fucoidan from crude solutions, but sulphate content may block fucose units and interfere.

    “In the case of polysaccharides, fucose-binding lectins were used effectively to purify fucoidan from crude solutions; however problems could arise if the sulphate content of the polysaccharide blocks the fucose units that interact with the lectins”
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    • cites Hahn et al., 2016 source

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    Premisecitation

    Fucoidan fractions with high total sugars, fucose and uronic acids show increased radical scavenging activity, while highly sulphated molecules show high FRAP antioxidant activity.

    “Fucoidan fractions containing high levels of total sugars, fucose, and uronic acids showed increased radical scavenging activity while molecules with high degree of sulphation showed high FRAP antioxidant activity”
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    • cites Hifney et al., 2016 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    AEC is widely used for purification due to high performance and resolution, relatively low average cost, large sample handling capacity and automation.

    “The high performance and resolution showed by AEC, together with its relatively low average cost, large sample handling capacity and automation made this technique one of the most widely used liquid chromatography technique for purification”
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    • cites Acikara, 2013

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    Premisecitation

    AEC can separate fucoidan fractions based on degree of sulphation, with highly sulphated fractions requiring higher salt concentrations to elute.

    “Different fucoidan fractions could be further separated by AEC based on the degree of sulphation of the molecules.In general, highly sulphated fucoidan fractions showed stronger interactions with the resins, which require higher salt concentrations to elute these compounds.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hahn et al., 2012 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    IEC separates charged molecules by adsorption onto immobilized ion exchange groups of opposite charge and elution by changing buffer concentration or pH.

    “The separation of the compounds achieved with IEC is based on the adsorption of charged solute molecules on to immobilized ion exchange groups of opposite charge and its elution by changing the concentration or pH of the running buffer”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    Optimum pH for common EAE enzymes ranges from 3.8 to 8 and temperature from 40 to 60°C.

    “Jeon et al. (2011) has described the optimum conditions of pH (ranging from 3.8 to 8) and temperature (from 40 to 60°C) for enzymes such as amyloglucosidase (AMG), agarase, alcalase, carragenanase, cellucast, cellulose protamex, kojizyme, neutrase, termamyl, ultraflo, umamizyme, xylanase and viscozyme which are most commonly used in EAE.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jeon et al., 2011

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    Premisecitation

    Macroalgal polysaccharides display antiinflammatory, immunostimulatory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antipeptic, antiadhesive, antiproliferative, antiapoptosis and antitumour properties.

    “Macroalgal polysaccharides display a wide range of biological properties including antiinflammatory, immunostimulatory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antipeptic, antiadhesive, antiproliferative, antiapoptosis and antitumour properties”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Aspridou et al., 2014

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    • cites Dore et al., 2013 source

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    • cites Huang et al., 2016 source

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    Premisecitation

    Affinity chromatography purifies compounds based on reversible interaction with a specific ligand coupled to a matrix.

    “Affinity chromatography is based on the reversible interaction between the molecules and a specific ligand coupled to a chromatography matrix, enabling the purification of different compounds on the basis of its biological function or individual chemical structure”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dunlap, 2013

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Low molecular weight fucoidan from Alaria angusta has antiproliferative effects against HT 29 and T-47D cell lines, and a laminarin fraction has antiproliferative effects against HT 29 cell lines.

    “Low molecular weight fucoidan fraction from Alaria angusta showed antiproliferative effects against HT 29 and T-47D cell lines, while laminarin fraction showed antiproliferative effects against HT 29 cell lines”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Menshova et al., 2015 source

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    Premisecitation

    Traditional one-variable-at-a-time optimization is time- and cost-consuming and does not account for interactive effects among variables.

    “This optimization technique is time-and cost-consuming and does not include the interactive effects among the variables studied”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bezerra et al., 2008 source

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    • cites Roselló-Soto et al., 2015 source

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    Premisecitation

    Fucoidan fractions from Sargassum fusiforme show potent antiangiogenic activities that could be useful in cancer therapy.

    “Also, fucoidan fractions from Sargassum fusiforme showed potent antiangiogenic activities that could be useful in cancer therapy”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cong et al., 2016 source

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    Premisecitation

    Protease enzymes have been used to isolate fucoidan with anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects from Sargassum vulgare, followed by acetone precipitation.

    “The use of protease enzymes was described for the isolation of fucoidan with anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects from Sargassum vulgare biomass followed by solvent precipitation with acetone”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dore et al., 2013 source

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    Premisecitation

    Fucoidan supplementation in pigs reduced Enterobacteriaceae counts and improved faecal consistency by inhibiting attachment of certain bacteria in the porcine gastrointestinal tract.

    “The animals receiving fucoidan showed a reduction in Enterobacteriaceae counts and improved faecal consistency due to the ability of fucoidan to inhibit the attachment of certain bacterial species in the porcine gastrointestinal tract”
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    • cites Walsh et al., 2013 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Dye affinity chromatography, anion-exchange chromatography (AEC), and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) can achieve high polysaccharide purity and isolate fractions of laminarin or fucoidan that differ in chemical structure and biological properties.

    “Recent use of dye affinity chromatography techniques and widely used AEC and SEC showed important results not only to achieve high purity levels of polysaccharides but also to isolate and collect different fractions of either laminarin or fucoidan with different chemical structure and biological properties.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ale, Mikkelsen, et al. (2011a) optimized a single-step fucoidan extraction from Sargassum sp. using a central composite design with molarity, temperature, and time as factors, and concluded that 0.03 M HCl at 90°C for 4 hours gave the highest fucoidan yield.

    “Ale, Mikkelsen, et al. (2011a) optimized one step process of fucoidan extraction from Sargassum sp. using a central composite design.”
    • Also stated in: § Imbs et al. (2016) · plain
      “The authors concluded that one single step of extraction with 0.03M HCl at 90°C for 4 hours showed optimum results in terms of high fucoidan yield”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ale, Mikkelsen, et al. (2011a)

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32 of 32

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The effect of microwaves on the structural properties and bioactivity of fucoidan is unknown.

    “However, effect of the microwaves on the structural properties and bioactivity of fucoidan is still unknown.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The in vivo efficiency and bioavailability of laminarin and fucoidan are not completely explored.

    “Though both laminarin and fucoidan have shown multiple biological activities in in vitro systems, their efficiency and bioavailability in in vivo model is not completely explored.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The role of chemical structure of macroalgal polysaccharides in their biological activities in vitro and in vivo is poorly understood.

    “The role of the chemical structure of macroalgal polysaccharides and their biological activities in vitro and in vivo is poorly understood to date.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The chemical structure of macroalgal polysaccharides varies with macroalgal species, environment, geographical location, and extraction/purification conditions such as temperature and time.

    “It is known that the chemical structure of the macroalgal polysaccharides varied according to factors affecting the macroalgal biomass (i.e.macroalgae species, environment and geographical location) as well as conditions during the extraction and purification of the polysaccharides (i.e.temperature, time).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Macroalgae is a renewable biomass that can be used for sustainable polysaccharide production.

    “In general, macroalgae is considered a renewable biomass which can be utilized for sustainable polysaccharide production.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The majority of macroalgae currently sold in the European market comes from wild harvest.

    “Due to the fact that the majority of macroalgae currently commercialized in the European market is wild harvested biomass”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Biological parameters of macroalgae can affect the chemical structure of their polysaccharides.

    “The chemical structure of the polysaccharides could also be affected by parameters related with the biology of macroalgae.”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Algae are a good source of dietary fibers because of non-digestible polysaccharides in the algal cell wall, which possess antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antiviral, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities due to fucoidan and laminarin.

    “Algae are considered as a good source of dietary fibers because of the presence of non-digestible polysaccharides in the algal cell wall (Figure 3) [11]. It has been shown that they possess activities, like antioxidant [12], hypoglycemic [13], antiviral [14,15], antitumor [16], and anti-inflammatory due to the presence of fucoidan and laminarin [17].”

    From Overview on the Application of Modern Methods for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Macroalgae (2018) · cites this paper as [17]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • SEC columns attributed to Imbs et al. (2010) differ from Table 3

    Minor

    The text lists Imbs et al. (2010) among studies using connected TSK G4000 and G3000 columns, but Table 3 lists Shodex Asahipak columns for that study.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 103 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Dunlap, 2013, Vol. 42
  2. Janson, 2012, Vol. 151

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Garcia-Vaquero, M., Rajauria, G., O'Doherty, J. V., & Sweeney, T.
Affiliations
University College Dublin (IE)
ORCID
Venue
Food Research International
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-09
Volume
99
Issue
Pt 3
Pages
1011-1020
ISSN
0963-9969 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.foodres.2016.11.016
OpenAlex
W2557114065
Semantic Scholar
9b69b6430a03f9dc2b38b3651adacae1f206a6ba
Cited by
364
References
103
Citations by year
2026: 28 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 6
FWCI
23.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Food Research International (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Repository UCD (University College Dublin) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
Science Foundation Ireland (14/IA/2548)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
Keywords
laminarin, fucoidan, brown macroalgae, polysaccharide extraction, polysaccharide purification, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, enzymatic extraction, membrane separation, desulphation, sulfated polysaccharides, structure-function relationship, nutraceuticals, functional foods
MeSH terms
Diffusion of Innovation, Food Additives, Food Handling, Glucans, Polysaccharides, Seaweed

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-07.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-07.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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