The DOI matches its Crossref record; 789 of the 799 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 27 of the 126 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review
Open accessAbstract
Researchers have wondered how the brain creates emotions since the early days of psychological science. With a surge of studies in affective neuroscience in recent decades, scientists are poised to answer this question. In this target article, we present a meta-analytic summary of the neuroimaging literature on human emotion. We compare the locationist approach (i.e., the hypothesis that discrete emotion categories consistently and specifically correspond to distinct brain regions) with the psychological constructionist approach (i.e., the hypothesis that discrete emotion categories are constructed of more general brain networks not specific to those categories) to better understand the brain basis of emotion. We review both locationist and psychological constructionist hypotheses of brain-emotion correspondence and report meta-analytic findings bearing on these hypotheses. Overall, we found little evidence that discrete emotion categories can be consistently and specifically localized to distinct brain regions. Instead, we found evidence that is consistent with a psychological constructionist approach to the mind: A set of interacting brain regions commonly involved in basic psychological operations of both an emotional and non-emotional nature are active during emotion experience and perception across a range of discrete emotion categories.
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Claims the paper makes
72 Own result · 58 Own interpretation · 25 No full text of the sources · 13 Sources not found · 12 Not checked yet · 8 Partly supported · 6 Supported · 6 Supported so far · 5 No basis given · 4 Own method · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A functioning peripheral nervous system is not necessary for a person to experience a core affective state (e.g., Critchley et al. 2001) as long as they have some prior experiences to provide them with central nervous system representations of bodily states.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Critchley et al. 2001 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that people with acquired peripheral autonomic failure may avoid major emotional deficits partly because established representations can reduce dependence on direct peripheral feedback. But the study concerns autonomic failure, not loss of a functioning peripheral nervous system altogether; it also identifies intact non-autonomic sensory pathways and other bodily responses as reasons emotional deficits may be limited. Prior experience alone is therefore not established as sufficient. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The ACC-sadness hypothesis, similarly to the OFC-anger hypothesis, derives support from prior meta-analyses of the neuroimaging literature (e.g., Murphy et al. 2003; Phan et al. 2002).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Murphy et al. 2003 source
In “A General Role for Anterior Cingulate and Medial Prefrontal Cortices in Emotion,” the meta-analysis reports that the rostral supracallosal ACC was among the regions most consistently activated in studies targeting sadness. It also cautions that this activity was not specific to sadness; it appeared for happiness and other emotions too. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Phan et al. 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These anatomical connections can explain why the aMCC is part of an intrinsic brain network that shows increased activity when stimuli in the environment are personally salient (Seeley et al. 2007).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Seeley et al. 2007 source
The ICA section places the dorsal anterior cingulate/paracingulate cortex in the intrinsic salience network. The Introduction says the dACC and frontoinsula respond to personal salience, and the Functional significance section says these regions coactivate in response to varied forms of salience. The anatomical explanation is the citing authors’ framing, rather than a separate finding attributed to Seeley et al. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In locationist accounts, language is thought to be epiphenomenal to discrete emotion (Ekman & Cordano, in press), although recent behavioral studies show that categorical perception of discrete emotion is supported by language (Fugate et al. 2010; Roberson & Davidoff 2000; Roberson et al. 2007).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.6. Anterior temporal lobe and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Fugate et al. 2010 source
The Discussion reports that participants who learned chimpanzee expression categories with verbal labels showed an overall categorical-perception advantage, whereas those who learned without labels did not. This supports the attributed claim that language supports categorical perception of emotion. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites Roberson & Davidoff 2000 source
Experiment 5 tested facial expressions depicting happiness, fear, and anger. Its Discussion reports that verbal interference completely removed the cross-category recognition advantage, supporting the claim that language contributes to categorical perception of these emotional expressions. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites Roberson et al. 2007 source
The Abstract reports that verbal interference removed categorical perception of facial expressions under specified experimental conditions. It also describes a model in which a verbal emotion label activates category knowledge, supporting the claim that language contributes to categorical perception of emotional expressions. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Even rats do many things within a single emotion category: in the face of a threat, rats can freeze (e.g., LeDoux et al. 1990), flee (Vazdarjanova & McGaugh 1998), or engage in “defensive treading,” in which they kick bedding in the direction of a known threat (Reynolds & Berridge 2002; 2003; 2008).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.8. The periaqueducal gray
What the sources say
- Supportedcites LeDoux et al. 1990 source
The LeDoux et al. citation is attached specifically to rats freezing, not to fleeing or defensive treading. The results section reports that sham-lesioned rats froze during most of the conditioned stimulus, and the Figure 7 caption (p. 1063) describes freezing as a measure of fear conditioning. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites Vazdarjanova & McGaugh 1998 source
The citation is attached to the claim that rats can flee. In the Results (page unavailable), rats previously given footshocks in a maze arm entered that arm during a later test but quickly escaped. This supports the cited example of flight from a learned threat, though the test involved no immediate shock. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Partly supportedcites Reynolds & Berridge 2002 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “GABAergic defensive treading, affect, and fear” section describes rats kicking sand toward targets and building protective mounds, and compares this with natural responses to threats. But it says the treading observed in this study was directed at parts of the chamber in the absence of actual threats, so it does not establish the claim’s specific description of bedding kicked toward a known threat. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Portions of the intrinsic networks for “personal salience” (e.g., Seeley et al. 2007) and “executive control” (e.g., Corbetta & Shulman 2002; Seeley et al. 2007) appear anatomically similar to brain regions that we observed within our meta-analyses as well.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 6. Conclusion > 6.1. Alternate interpretations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Seeley et al. 2007 source
The Abstract identifies a salience network anchored in the dorsal anterior cingulate and orbital frontoinsular cortices, and an executive-control network linking dorsolateral frontal and parietal cortices. Seeley et al. thus supports the cited identification and anatomy of the networks; the comparison with the citing authors’ meta-analyses is their own observation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Corbetta & Shulman 2002 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“There is well-documented evidence for the anatomical circuitry underlying specific actions such as vocalizations (Jürgens 2009), maternal behavior (e.g., pup retrieval, grooming, nest building, and nursing; Numan 2007), freezing (Fanselow & Poulos 2005), startle (Davis et al. 2008; Lang et al. 2000), attack (Blanchard & Blanchard 2003) and appetitive behavior (Berridge & Kringelbach 2008; Shultz 2”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 6. Conclusion > 6.1. Alternate interpretations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jürgens 2009 source
- Supportedcites Numan 2007 source
The citation to Numan (2007) is attached to maternal behavior, not the other actions listed. The section on virgin sensitization identifies pup retrieval, grooming, nest building, and nursing as components of maternal behavior in rats; the medial preoptic area section reports evidence linking neural circuitry to those behaviors. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fanselow & Poulos 2005 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Different discrete emotion categories are not distinguished by distinct patterns of peripheral physiology (Cacioppo et al. 2000; Mauss & Robinson 2009), facial muscle movements (Cacioppo et al. 2000; Russell, Bachorowski & Fernandez-Dols 2003), vocal acoustics (Bachorowski & Owren 1995; Barrett 2006a; Russell, Bachorowski & Fernandez-Dols 2003) or by subcortical circuits in the mammalian brain (”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 6. Conclusion > 6.1. Alternate interpretations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cacioppo et al. 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Mauss & Robinson 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Autonomic Measures of Emotion summary says that evidence for distinct autonomic signatures of discrete emotions has not fared well. But the same section reports that a small set of measures reliably distinguished particular emotion pairs and leaves open whether combinations of measures might show specificity. The claim's categorical wording therefore goes beyond the review. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“an instance of disgust that occurs when watching others eat repulsive food involves a different brain state than an instance of disgust that occurs when watching surgical operations (Harrison et al. 2010).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 6. Conclusion > 6.2. Future directions in the search for the brain basis of emotion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Harrison et al. 2010 source
The Materials and Methods (Stimuli and behavioral data analysis; page not provided) identify the two videos as actors eating repulsive food and clips of surgical operations. The Results (Neural correlations of experienced disgust; page not provided) report different patterns of brain activation for the two types of disgust. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, we found evidence that is consistent with a psychological constructionist approach to the mind: a set of interacting brain regions commonly involved in basic psychological operations of both an emotional and non-emotional nature are active during emotion experience and perception across a range of discrete emotion categories.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 32
- It may state two separate claims as one. 47
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Executive attention is the fourth operation that is particular to our psychological constructionist approach (Barrett 2009a; Barrett et al. 2004).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barrett 2009a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Barrett et al. 2004 source
The paper’s “Executive Attention and Control” discussion describes attention control as a mechanism for managing the activation of representations. Calling it the fourth operation in “our psychological constructionist approach” is the citing authors’ own framing, not a claim attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Importantly, executive attention need not be volitional or effortful and can operate well before subjective experience is generated (Barrett et al. 2004).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Barrett et al. 2004 source
The passage labeled Abstract (page not provided) says attention control need not involve a feeling of conscious deliberation or choice and can operate at early perceptual stages, well before subjective experience is generated. The passage headed “On the Preconscious Nature of Control” also distinguishes controlled processing from the subjective experience of control or will. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Consistent with the idea that the OFC unites internal and external sensory information, the lateral OFC and the medial OFC have been linked to associative learning (Rolls et al. 1994; 1996) decision making (e.g., Bechara et al. 1996; 2000; Koenigs et al. 2007) and reversal learning, in which the reward values associated with choice options are reversed and animals must learn the current reward”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.3. The orbitofrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Rolls et al. 1994 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper links the orbitofrontal cortex to learning associations between sensory stimuli and rewards, and the Discussion reports impaired reversal of those associations after ventral frontal damage. It does not distinguish lateral from medial orbitofrontal cortex, so it does not establish the claim for both subdivisions. The decision-making citations in the citing sentence point to other works, not Rolls et al. (1994). (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bechara et al. 1996 source
- Supportedcites Chudasama & Robbins 2003 source
The Introduction (page unavailable) links orbitofrontal cortex to associative learning, decision-making tasks, and reversal learning. It also describes distinct roles for medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in learning a new stimulus–reward association and inhibiting a previously rewarded response during reversal. This supports the citing sentence’s broad claim that these regions have been linked to those functions. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This set of brain regions has also been called the “episodic memory network” (e.g., Vincent et al. 2006) or the “default network” (e.g., Raichle et al. 2001) and is active when people recall the past (e.g., Buckner & Carroll 2007; Schacter et al. 2007; see McDermott et al. 2009 for a meta-analysis), imagine the future (e.g., Addis et al. 2007; see Hassabis & Maguire 2009; Moulton & Kosslyn 2009;”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vincent et al. 2006 source
- Supportedcites Raichle et al. 2001 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Buckner & Carroll 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In fact, even infants routinely use the phonological form of words to make conceptual inferences about novel objects that share little perceptual similarity (Dewar & Xu 2009; Ferry et al. 2010; Xu 2002) and we believe that adults do the same thing.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dewar & Xu 2009 source
- Partly supportedcites Ferry et al. 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report that 3- and 4-month-olds hearing labeling phrases showed evidence of object categorization, whereas those hearing tones did not. But the Discussion (page unavailable) suggests that speech may promote attention and says the relevant auditory features remain unknown; it does not establish that infants use words’ phonological form to infer a shared category for objects with little perceptual similarity. The statement about adults is the citing authors’ belief, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites Xu 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Finally, pACC is implicated in pain, perhaps because it supports the feeling of “suffering” (cf. Vogt 2005).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Vogt 2005 source
The paper’s conclusion identifies unpleasantness as the aspect of pain processing mediated by pACC. Its discussion of nociceptive responses also reports increased pACC activity when pain unpleasantness was manipulated, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged description of a role in the feeling of suffering. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The ATL supports language as a heteromodal association area involved in the representation of concepts (Lambon Ralph et al. 2009; Pobric et al. 2007; Rogers et al. 2004) and the right ATL has been implicated in the representation of abstract social concepts (e.g., Zahn et al. 2009).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.6. Anterior temporal lobe and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lambon Ralph et al. 2009 source
The Introduction describes the ATLs as forming amodal semantic representations through connections with areas processing different modalities. The General Discussion identifies the ATL as a critical part of the semantic language network. The separate claim about right-ATL representation of abstract social concepts is attributed to Zahn et al., not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Pobric et al. 2007 source
The paper describes the anterior temporal lobes as supporting amodal concept representations across verbal and nonverbal modalities, consistent with the clause citing Pobric et al. The separate claim about right-ATL representation of abstract social concepts cites Zahn et al., not Pobric et al. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites Zahn et al. 2009 source
The citation to Zahn et al. (2009) is attached to the right-ATL claim, not the preceding language claim. The Conclusions state that superior anterior temporal lobe regions represent abstract social concepts, and the Results identify an effect in the right superior anterior temporal lobe. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The pACC and sACC have known affective function and are thought to instantiate the visceromotor responses observed during classical conditioning, pain, and affective behaviors (Devinksy et al. 1995; Vogt 2005).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Devinksy et al. 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Vogt 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s discussion of ACC subregions links sACC to autonomic function and classical conditioning, and links both sACC and pACC to affective activity. But it distinguishes their roles in pain: visceral nociceptive activity is associated mainly with pACC, which it says is not an autonomic integrative center like sACC. It therefore does not support attributing the same visceromotor role across classical conditioning, pain, and affective behavior to both subregions. (LLM, conf=0.87)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Consistent with this functional connectivity, bilateral DLPFC is known to be involved in working memory (e.g., Champod & Petrides 2007; Constantinidis et al. 2002) and in the goal-directed control of attention (e.g., Rainer et al. 1998; see Miller 2000).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.7. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Champod & Petrides 2007 source
Champod and Petrides is cited for the working-memory part of the sentence; the attention-control part has separate citations. The Results report increased activity in the middorsolateral prefrontal cortex during working-memory tasks and state that this activity was bilateral. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Constantinidis et al. 2002 source
- Not matchedcites Rainer et al. 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“means that these regions are not specific to emotion per se, and are also involved in constituting other cognitive and perceptual events”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 6. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Grezes & Decety 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Svoboda et al. 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 describes an autobiographical-memory network involving emotional and perceptual processes alongside domain-general processes such as attention and working memory. Section 3.6 also reports that emotional-memory studies share a network with standard autobiographical-memory studies. The paper does not establish the claimed overlap with meta-analyses of other task domains, and it describes some additional activations as emotion-specific. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krain et al. 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“the “default network” that is active when a person is not probed by an external stimulus in fMRI experiments (Buckner & Vincent 2007; Raichle et al. 2001) is not only important to constructing representations of the past and the future, but also for constructing representations of emotion experience and perception in the moment.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 6. Conclusion > 6.1. Alternate interpretations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Buckner & Vincent 2007 source
- Supportedcites Raichle et al. 2001 source
The citation is attached to the identification of the default network as active when a person is not engaged by an external task, not to the citing authors’ later claim about constructing emotion representations. In “A default mode of brain function,” the paper describes a resting baseline and areas whose activity decreases during goal-directed behavior. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not find evidence for functional specificity with respect to any emotion category in our analyses (i.e., every region that was activated for one emotion category was activated for at least one other category).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 4. Meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on emotion > 4.1. Analysis strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our χ2 analysis revealed that only four of the voxels identified in the density analysis showed functional selectivity for instances of disgust perception (Table 2), however, and increased activity in the right insula was not specific to instances of disgust perception (Fig. 6).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.2. The anterior insula
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As compared to other brain regions, two voxels in the left anterior insula also had more consistent increases in activation during instances of anger experience than during the experience of any other emotion (Table 1; only one voxel showed functional selectivity, see Table 2).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.2. The anterior insula
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increased activity in the sACC was marginally (p < 0.09) likely when participants were evaluating their feelings, again consistent with this area's role as a visceromotor regulation site.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“χ2 analyses revealed that a subset of the voxels identified in the density analysis were functionally selective for instances of disgust perception (Table 2), although they were not specific to instances of disgust (Fig. S3).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.6. Anterior temporal lobe and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our density analyses revealed that as compared to voxels within other brain regions, voxels within the right VLPFC had more consistent increases during instances of disgust perception than during the perception of any other emotion category; these findings were confirmed with a logistic regression (Table 1; Table S6).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.6. Anterior temporal lobe and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our χ2 analyses indicated that some of these voxels were functionally selective to instances of anger perception (Table 2), although they were not specific to perceiving anger (Fig. S3).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.7. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In psychological construction, all mental states, whether they are experienced as an instance of a discrete emotion category or not, are realized by more basic psychological operations or “ingredients” of the mind.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These basic psychological operations are not functionally specific to any discrete emotion category, or even to the category emotion itself.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A person can make the situated conceptualization that core affect is a physical symptom (e.g., a racing heart), a simple feeling (e.g., feeling tired or wound up), or an instance of a discrete emotion category (e.g., anger vs fear).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Conceptualization is the process by which stored representations of prior experiences (i.e., memories, knowledge) are used to make meaning out of sensations in the moment (Wilson-Mendenhall et al. 2011).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wilson-Mendenhall et al. 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Changes in core affect are a homeostatic barometer – the body's way of representing whether objects in the environment are valuable or not in a given context.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our psychological constructionist model, called the “conceptual act model,” emotions emerge when people make meaning out of sensory input from the body and from the world using knowledge of prior experiences.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the past, most researchers who found brain correlates of emotion merely assumed that their results were consistent with a locationist approach (e.g., the basic emotion approach) because these were the only models to map psychological states to a biological level of analysis in a way that was linked to evolution.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our model, we do not propose any new or unique mental processes that cause emotion; instead, we propose a mechanism (categorization) that has been well documented in the psychological and cognitive neuroscience literature.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After updating our database to include papers from 2006 and 2007, we exclusively sampled studies that focused on discrete emotion experiences or perceptions to increase the likelihood that we would find consistent and specific brain localizations corresponding to these categories, should they exist”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 4. Meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on emotion > 4.1. Analysis strategy
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the popularity of locationist models of emotion, we made analysis choices that favored a clear and unbiased test of the locationist approach, even though it disadvantaged us in testing the full scope and power of the psychological constructionist approach.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 4. Meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on emotion > 4.1. Analysis strategy
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our meta-analytic findings were inconsistent with a locationist hypothesis of amygdala function but were more consistent with the psychological constructionist hypothesis.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.1. The amygdala
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are ongoing debates about how categorization works, but the fact that it works is not in question.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In our view, emotion categories are abstract categories that are socially constructed (Barrett 2009a).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barrett 2009a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, the functional networks that instantiate basic psychological operations during emotion experiences and perceptions form the “neural reference space for discrete emotion.””
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings are consistent with the psychological constructionist hypothesis that the amygdala responds to salient perceptual stimuli because contrasts in our database that assessed the perception of fear and experience of disgust tended to use visual stimuli that are novel or unfamiliar to participants.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.1. The amygdala
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The contrasts in the database that assessed fear perception and disgust experience tended to use visual stimuli that were novel or unfamiliar to participants.
In the paper
“This finding replicates prior meta-analytic evidence (Costafreda et al. 2008) and is consistent with our hypothesis that the amygdala responds preferentially to salient exteroceptive (vs. interoceptive) sensations.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.1. The amygdala
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Costafreda et al. 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A brain region might be functionally selective for a given emotion category in a given instance, however, because it helps realize a more basic operation that contributes to the emergent state.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 4. Meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on emotion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our meta-analytic findings were inconsistent with the locationist account that the anterior insula is the brain seat of disgust but were more consistent with the psychological constructionist account that insula activity is correlated with interoception and the awareness of affective feelings.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.2. The anterior insula
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, our findings only speak to functional selectivity.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 4. Meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on emotion > 4.1. Analysis strategy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The inability to properly integrate exteroceptive and interoceptive information will result in behavior that is inappropriate to that context, explaining the altered non-aggressive social behavior (e.g., Beer et al. 2003; Eslinger & Damasio 1985; Saver & Damasio 1991; see Damasio et al. 1990) and aggression (Grafman et al. 1996) observed in individuals with OFC damage.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.3. The orbitofrontal cortex
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Beer et al. 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Grafman et al. 1996 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Categorization (or conceptualization) is a fundamental process in the human brain that functions like a chisel, leading people to attend to certain features in a sensory array and to ignore others.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our hypothesized psychological operations, as they currently stand, are associated with assemblies of neurons within distributed networks (rather than a one-to-one mapping of ingredient to network).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Executive attention can also control which exteroceptive sensory representations are favored for additional processing, or if core affect is consciously represented in awareness.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Conceptualization can be said to produce cognitive appraisals realizing emotion (Barrett et al. 2007c), where such appraisals are descriptions of the features or properties of emotional experience (Clore & Ortony 2008).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barrett et al. 2007c
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Clore & Ortony 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our model proposes two additional operations that are important to the psychological construction of emotion.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 3. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also conducted a number of statistical analyses with the potential to yield evidence in favor of a locationist account”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 4. Meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on emotion > 4.1. Analysis strategy
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Areas of the VLPFC on the other hand, are implicated in semantic processing tasks (e.g., Gitelman et al. 2005), categorization of objects (e.g., Freedman et al. 2001), representation of feature-based information for abstract categories (e.g., Freedman et al. 2002; see Miller et al. 2002), selection amongst competing response representations (e.g., Badre & Wagner 2007; Schnur et al. 2009), and”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.6. Anterior temporal lobe and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Our findings indicate that the conceptualization network is integral in the experience and perception of discrete emotions, and are consistent with the hypothesis (in Barrett 2006b; 2009a, b) that prior episodic experience helps shape experienced or perceived affect into meaningful instances of emotion.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.5. Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, medial temporal lobe, and retrosplenial cortex/posterior cingulate cortex
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barrett 2006b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Barrett 2009a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The aMCC (Fig. 2, panel B, dusty pink) is hypothesized to play a role in executive attention and motor engagement during response selection (Mansouri et al. 2009; Rushworth et al. 2007).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mansouri et al. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rushworth et al. 2007 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Our psychological constructionist hypothesis draws on the neuroscience literature showing that pACC, sACC, and the more dorsal anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) (Vogt 1993; Vogt et al. 2003) take part in distinct psychological operations related to realizing core affect.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The amygdala, which responds to motivationally salient exteroceptive sensory stimuli (see 5.1 The amygdala), projects to this area of aMCC (Vogt & Pandya 1987), so it is possible that increased activity here reflects response preparation to salient stimuli in the environment.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vogt & Pandya 1987 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our meta-analytic evidence is inconsistent with the locationist account that the ACC is the brain basis of sadness, but more consistent with a psychological constructionist hypothesis of ACC function.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Patients with semantic dementia have focal atrophy to the ATL, difficulty utilizing semantic knowledge, and exhibit deficits in emotion perception (Rosen et al. 2004) and empathy (Rankin et al. 2006).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.6. Anterior temporal lobe and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cognitive load typically occurred in studies in which participants were asked to attend to core affective feelings (e.g., focus on their feelings, rate their feelings) or affective stimuli (e.g., focus on an affective stimulus, rate a stimulus’ emotional value) and, therefore, it is possible that this finding is indicative of the sACC's role in instantiating core affective feelings.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding is more likely to be related to the encoding of salient stimuli in memory than simulating prior experiences, as the amygdala also had increased activity during instances of fear perception and is known to have functional connectivity with the hippocampus during encoding of salient stimuli (Kensinger & Corkin 2004).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.5. Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, medial temporal lobe, and retrosplenial cortex/posterior cingulate cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kensinger & Corkin 2004 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By extension, as a visceromotor (i.e., autonomic) control area sACC/pACC might be involved in resolving which sensory inputs influence the body when there are multiple sources of sensory input that can influence an organism's body state.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In the behavioral neuroscience literature, pACC has been linked to sadness because of its role in producing the vocalizations that infant animals make when separated from their mother (e.g., MacLean & Newman 1988; see Panksepp 1998; 2007); the link between infant vocalizations and unpleasant affect are in question, however (Blumberg & Sokoloff 2001).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is therefore not clear that the VLPFC's role is functionally specific to language, but it is certainly functionally selective for language in certain instances.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.6. Anterior temporal lobe and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The hypothesized role of sACC in regulating somatovisceral states could explain why sACC is involved in the affective changes that accompany both depression (e.g., Drevets et al. 1992; see Gotlib & Hamilton 2008) and mania (e.g., Fountoulakis et al. 2008), and why electrical stimulation of this region helps to relieve chronic depression (Mayberg, et al. 2005).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the pACC were involved in instantiating instances of sadness, then lesions to this structure should abolish the tendency to cry at sad events. These findings are therefore more consistent with the idea that pACC regulates instances of sadness.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Clinical depression is marked by structural and functional changes in sACC (see Gotlib & Hamilton 2008 for a review), although clinical depression involves many symptoms above and beyond the experience of sadness (Coyne 1994).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Just as perception of others and self-referential thinking involve overlapping yet distinct aspects of DMPFC (Ochsner et al. 2004a), some aspects of DMPFC might be functionally selective for conceptualization during emotion perception whereas others support conceptualization during emotion experience.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.5. Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, medial temporal lobe, and retrosplenial cortex/posterior cingulate cortex
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner et al. 2004a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Electrical stimulation of the sACC relieves intractable depression by reducing feelings of apathy and anhedonia, normalizing sleep disturbances, and decreasing gross motor impairments (e.g., Mayberg et al. 2005).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.4. The anterior cingulate cortex
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mayberg et al. 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The periaqueducal gray (PAG) is involved in regulating the autonomic substrates that allow for behavioral adaptations such as freezing, fleeing, vocalization, and reproductive behavior (e.g., Carrive et al. 1989; Behbehani 1995; Gregg & Siegel 2001; Kim et al. 1993; Lovick 1992; Mobbs et al. 2007; Van der Horst & Holstege 1998) and also sends projections back to cortical sites involved in the”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.8. The periaqueducal gray
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that language is brought to bear when constructing emotional percepts from exteroceptive sensations.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.6. Anterior temporal lobe and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these findings perhaps point to differences in the contents of mental states”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 6. Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This hypothesis is consistent with a large body of EEG evidence associating the left PFC with the experience of instances of anger (Harmon-Jones & Allen 1997; Harmon-Jones & Sigelman 2001) and approach motivation more generally”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 6. Conclusion
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A locationist approach has linked the PAG to distinct circuits corresponding to several emotion categories: rage, fear, joy, distress, love and lust (Panksepp 1998).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.8. The periaqueducal gray
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Panksepp 1998 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The VLPFC also helps comprise the ventral frontoparietal network that is thought to be involved in directing attention to salient stimuli in the environment (Corbetta & Shulman 2002; Corbetta et al. 2008), suggesting a more general role for this region in executive attention.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.6. Anterior temporal lobe and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings hint that brain regions in the left PFC might be candidates for a network involved in approach motivation because regions in the left lateral PFC (including the anterior and mid-insula, VLPFC, DLPFC and OFC) were consistently observed during instances of the experience of anger.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 6. Conclusion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In a previous meta-analysis, we found that the PAG was most likely to have increased activity during unpleasant emotions (Wager et al. 2008).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.8. The periaqueducal gray
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wager et al. 2008
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The DLPFC is part of the dorsal frontoparietal network that is thought to be involved in top-down, goal-directed selection for responses (Corbetta & Shulman 2002; Corbetta et al. 2008).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.7. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our view, these are just another set of basic operations and are not, in and of themselves, evidence that there is distinct anatomical circuitry for complex psychological categories such as sadness, love, fear, anger, or greed”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 6. Conclusion > 6.1. Alternate interpretations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the view suggests that core affect, conceptualization, and executive attention (and perhaps other psychological operations) cooperate to realize a behavioral outcome.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 7. Unifying the Mind
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Brain states that occur during instances of fear and anger are best described by an interaction between the content of the experience (e.g., whether the state is labeled fear vs. anger) and the context in which it occurred (e.g., a physical vs. social context) (Wilson-Mendenhall et al. in press).”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 6. Conclusion > 6.2. Future directions in the search for the brain basis of emotion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wilson-Mendenhall et al. in press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“many different behaviors can be associated with a given discrete emotion category; there is variety in the behaviors and the autonomics that populate any given emotion category.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 6. Conclusion > 6.1. Alternate interpretations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Animals produce actions in a way that maximizes their outcome in a specific context.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a psychological constructionist approach to the mind is correct, then some of psychology's time-honored folk distinctions become phenomenological distinctions.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 7. Unifying the Mind
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Core affect is not psychologically meaningful unless it is attached to an object; it is made meaningful via a second basic psychological operation.
“We assume that core affect is not psychologically meaningful unless it is attached to an object; it is made meaningful via a second basic psychological operation, which we describe next.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The instances of any emotion category (e.g., anger) that are created from affective feelings do not have strong statistical regularities in the real world or firm natural category boundaries.
“Emotion words are essential to our model because we assume that the instances of any emotion category (e.g., anger) that are created from affective feelings do not have strong statistical regularities in the real world or firm natural category boundaries (for a discussion of the empirical evidence, see Barrett 2006a; 2009; Barrett et al. 2007a).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The psychological function of individual brain regions is determined, in part, by the network of brain regions it is firing with.
“As in the neural context hypothesis, it assumes that the psychological function of individual brain regions is determined, in part, by the network of brain regions it is firing with (McIntosh 2004).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The contrasts in the database that assessed fear perception and disgust experience tended to use visual stimuli that were novel or unfamiliar to participants.
“because contrasts in our database that assessed the perception of fear and experience of disgust tended to use visual stimuli that are novel or unfamiliar to participants.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In a psychological construction approach, a given dedicated circuit for a specific behavioral adaptation will be active across a range of emotion categories, and different dedicated circuits within the periaqueductal gray will be active within instances of a single emotion category depending on which behavioral adaptation is more relevant for the immediate context.
“In a psychological construction approach, the assumption is that a given dedicated circuit for a specific behavioral adaptation (e.g., withdrawal) will be active across a range of emotion categories (e.g., a person can withdraw in instances of both fear and anger), and different dedicated circuits within the PAG (e.g., fight, flight) will be active within instances of a single emotion category”
The paper relies on this without support.
Humans do many things during instances of anger, such as yelling, hitting, remaining still, and smiling.
“Humans (like other mammals) do many things during instances of anger, for example. Sometimes humans yell, sometimes they hit, sometimes they remain very still, and sometimes they smile.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The periaqueductal gray is necessary for motivated action patterns in animals.
“The PAG is necessary for motivated action patterns in animals”
The paper relies on this without support.
Animals produce actions in a way that maximizes their outcome in a specific context.
“Animals produce actions in a way to maximize their outcome in a specific context.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This would give the cerebellum a major role in allostasis, concept generation, and the construction of emotion (e.g. see meta-analytic evidence in Kober et al., 2008; Lindquist et al., 2012; Wager et al., 2015).”
From The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization (2016) · cites this paper as Lindquist et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, both groups acknowledge that in many instances feelings are a discernable component/constituent of an emotional response (which tends to more complex).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Lindquist et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, many other regions are involved in emotion (Kober et al. 2008;Vytal and Hamann 2010;Lindquist et al. 2012).”
From Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies (2014) · cites this paper as Lindquist et al. 2012
In the citing paper
“These regions, particularly the striatum, midbrain and amygdala, are typically considered highly involved in reward and emotion-related processes.40, 41, 42”
From Intranasal oxytocin enhances intrinsic corticostriatal functional connectivity in women (2017) · cites this paper as [42]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.3. The orbitofrontal cortex
“χ2 analyses indicated that there was some functional selectivity for instances of disgust experience and perception in the voxels in the right and and left lateral OFC that were respectively identified in the density analysis.”
§ The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review > 5. Testing hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence > 5.3. The orbitofrontal cortex
“voxels within the left lateral OFC had more consistent increases in activation during instances of disgust experience than during the experience of other emotion categories (Table 1). Voxels within the right lateral OFC, as compared to voxels within other brain regions, had more consistent increases in activation during instances of disgust perception than during the perception of other emotion categories (Table 1).”
Citations
Cites
Items 601–789 of 789
Brain control : a critical examination of brain stimulation and psychosurgery
Valenstein, E. S. (1974) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 133
Messinger, D. S., Fogel, A., & Dickson, K. L. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.35.3.701 · Cited by 132
Lovick, T. A. (1992) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00229010 · Cited by 131 · cited 2×
“The periaqueducal gray (PAG) is involved in regulating the autonomic substrates that allow for behavioral adaptations such as freezing, fleeing, vocalization, and reproductive behavior (e.g., Carrive et al. 1989; Behbehani 1995; Gregg & Siegel 2001; Kim et al. 1993; Lovick 1992; Mobbs et al. 2007; Van der Horst & Hols…”
Neuroticism and psychopathy predict brain activation during moral and nonmoral emotion regulation
Harenski, C. L., Kim, S. H., & Hamann, S. B. (2009) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.9.1.1 · Cited by 131 · cited 2×
“Psychopathy and antisocial disorder are marked by increased aggression and correspond to structural (e.g., Raine et al. 2000) and functional (e.g., Glenn et al. 2009; Harenski et al. 2009) changes to the mOFC (Yang & Raine 2009).”
BackgroundRole of midline frontolimbic cortex in production of the isolation call of squirrel monkeys
MacLean, P. D., & Newman, J. D. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)91550-8 · Cited by 130
O'NEAL, C. R., & MAGAI, C. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050224 · Cited by 129
Responses of Single Neurons in Monkey Amygdala to Facial and Vocal Emotions
Kuraoka, K., & Nakamura, K. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00464.2006 · Cited by 127 · cited 1×
“…on the link between depression and stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus [STN], in combination with other studies showing that stimulation of the STN is not specific to depression [Bejjani et al. 1999; 2000; Doshi et al. 2002; Kulisevsky et al. 2002; Limousin et al. 1995; Romito et al. 2002]).”
ResultMcRae, K., Reiman, E. M., Fort, C. L., Chen, K., & Lane, R. D. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.030 · Cited by 125 · cited 1×
“…Furthermore, three different imaging studies have demonstrated that healthy individuals who are more emotionally aware engage the anterior cingulate cortex, particularly the dorsal portion, to a greater extent during emotional arousal (Frewen et al. 2008; Lane et al. 1998; McRae et al. 2008).”
Neural control of vocalization: Respiratory and emotional influences
Davis, P. J., Zhang, S., Winkworth, A. L., & Bandler, R. J. (1996) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/s0892-1997(96)80016-6 · Cited by 125 · cited 1×
“…& Morley 2008; Juslin & Västfjäll 2008; Levitin 2006; Panksepp & Bernatzky 2002; Patel 2008; Perlovsky 2010d; 2010c; Purwins et al. 2008; Sloboda & Juslin 2001; Trainor 2008 ), and emotions of language prosody (Buchanan et al. 2000; Davis et al. 1996; Deacon 1989; Perlovsky 2006a; 2006b; 2009b).”
Behavioural changes following lesions of the orbital prefrontal cortex in male rats
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Imaging the neural circuitry and chemical control of aggressive motivation
Ferris, C. F., Stolberg, T. L., Kulkarni, P. P., Murugavel, M., Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., Febo, M., Brevard, M. E., & Simon, N. G. (2008) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-9-111 · Cited by 124 · cited 48×
“In our view, the pACC and sACC (along with the adjacent posterior mOFC) are cortical sites for visceral regulation that help to realize a core affective state during motivated action (Devinksy et al. 1995) (Fig.”
InfluentialAllan, S., & Gilbert, P. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00057-5 · Cited by 123 · cited 2×
“…narrative structures of emotions may result in pathological outcomes when affected by strict cultural norms regarding emotion display (e.g., Allan & Gilbert 2002; Chaplin et al. 2005; Le et al. 2002), specific caregiver–child temperament constellations (e.g., Coplan et al. 2009), and…”
BackgroundOn the dimensions preschoolers use to interpret facial expressions of emotion.
Russell, J. A., & Bullock, M. (1986) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.1.97 · Cited by 122 · cited 1×
“More than 90% (53/57) of study contrasts assessing fear perception in our database used startled faces that are unfamiliar to college students (who are typically participants in neuroimaging studies of healthy samples) (Whalen et al. 2001) and are highly arousing (e.g., Russell & Bullock 1986).”
Scherer, K. R., & Ceschi, G. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200265006 · Cited by 122 · cited 1×
“This architecture also accounts for the prevalence of blended or mixed emotions (e.g., see Scherer & Ceschi 2000; Siemer et al. 2007).”
BackgroundSato, J. R., Amaro, E., Takahashi, D. Y., Felix, M. D. M., Brammer, M. J., & Morettin, P. A. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.039 · Cited by 121 · cited 2×
“Many refinements to GCA have been proposed, such as correlation-purged/dynamic/nonlinear GC (Deshpande et al. 2010; Marinazzo et al. 2008; Sato et al. 2006) and hemodynamic deconvolution (Havlicek et al. 2011; Ryali et al. 2011), which have increased the applicability of GCA to fMRI.”
Laine, C. M., Spitler, K. M., Mosher, C. P., & Gothard, K. M. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.91110.2008 · Cited by 120 · cited 2×
“R. VLPFC 44 Height Disgust perception 46 18 10 71 L. VLPFC 9 Height Anger perception 252 12 24 27 R. DLPFC 9 Height Anger perception 54 22 28 130”
A Label Superiority Effect in Children's Categorization of Facial Expressions
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“These findings with infants are consistent with the emotion perception findings with young children showing that children are unable to recognize emotion in faces until they have learned the associated emotion concept (for reviews, see Russell & Widen 2002; Widen & Russell 2008a; 2008b).”
Effects of lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala on anxiety-like behaviors in the rat
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“Increased activity in the left hippocampus, on the other hand, was likely to occur when participants perceived instances of Lindquist et al.: The brain basis of emotion 136 BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2012) 35:3 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11001750 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core.”
InfluentialThe Statistical Neuroanatomy of Frontal Networks in the Macaque
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Categorical perception of facial expressions: Evidence for a “category adjustment” model
Roberson, D., Damjanovic, L., & Pilling, M. (2007) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193512 · Cited by 117 · cited 1×
“In locationist accounts, language is thought to be epiphenomenal to discrete emotion (Ekman & Cordaro 2011), although recent behavioral studies show that categorical perception of discrete emotion is supported by language (Fugate et al. 2010; Roberson & Davidoff 2000; Roberson et al. 2007).”
BackgroundCarrive, P., Bandler, R., & Dampney, R. A. L. (1989) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91176-1 · Cited by 117 · cited 1×
“…regulating the autonomic substrates that allow for behavioral adaptations such as freezing, fleeing, vocalization, and reproductive behavior (e.g., Carrive et al. 1989; Behbehani 1995; Gregg & Siegel 2001; Kim et al. 1993; Lovick 1992; Mobbs et al. 2007; Van der Horst & Holstege 1998) and also…”
BackgroundEmotional Facial Expressions in Infancy
Camras, L. A., & Shutter, J. M. (2010) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073909352529 · Cited by 117 · cited 1×
“…studies show that 4-month-olds do not produce specific facial displays for anger, fear, disgust, and sadness (e.g., Bennett et al. 2002; 2004; for a review, see Camras & Fatani 2008; Camras & Shutter 2010) although infant facial actions give evidence of valence and arousal (Dinehart et al. 2005).”
Simple and Associative Recognition Memory in the Hippocampal RegionPreprint
Stark, C. E. L., & Squire, L. R. (2001) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.40701 · Cited by 115 · cited 1×
“One conceptual issue that must be addressed, however, is what the deactivations are relative to (i.e., whether there is really a baseline state of the brain; Stark & Squire 2001).”
Thompson, W. F., & Russo, F. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01973.x · Cited by 115
Voluntary facial expression of emotion: comparing congenitally blind with normally sighted encoders
Galati, D., Scherer, K. R., & Ricci-Bitti, P. E. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1363 · Cited by 112
Multivariate dynamical systems models for estimating causal interactions in fMRI
Ryali, S., Supekar, K., Chen, T., & Menon, V. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.052 · Cited by 112 · cited 2×
“Many refinements to GCA have been proposed, such as correlation-purged/dynamic/nonlinear GC (Deshpande et al. 2010; Marinazzo et al. 2008; Sato et al. 2006) and hemodynamic deconvolution (Havlicek et al. 2011; Ryali et al. 2011), which have increased the applicability of GCA to fMRI.”
Emotional imagery in simple and social phobia: Fear versus anxiety.
McNeil, D. W., Vrana, S. R., Melamed, B. G., Cuthbert, B. N., & al, E. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.102.2.212 · Cited by 110 · cited 2×
“R. VLPFC 44 Height Disgust perception 46 18 10 71 L. VLPFC 9 Height Anger perception 252 12 24 27 R. DLPFC 9 Height Anger perception 54 22 28 130”
Novel fearful faces activate the amygdala in healthy young and elderly adults
Wright, C. L., Wedig, M. M., WILLIAMS, D., Rauch, S. L., & Albert, M. (2005) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.01.014 · Cited by 109 · cited 2×
“Novel stimuli (e.g., Blackford et al. 2010; Breiter et al., 1996; Moriguchi et al. 2010; Schwartz et al., 2003; Weierich et al. 2010; Wilson & Rolls, 1993; Wright et al., 2003; Wright et al., 2006; Wright et al. 2008), uncertain stimuli (e.”
FITS OF LAUGHTER (SHAM MIRTH) IN ORGANIC CEREBRAL DISEASE
MARTIN, J. P. (1950) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/73.4.453 · Cited by 109
Thinking and hallucinating: Reciprocal changes in sleep
Fosse, R., Stickgold, R., & Hobson, J. A. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2003.00146.x · Cited by 109
The Neural Circuitry Underlying Primate Calls and Human Language
Deacon, T. W. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2039-7_8 · Cited by 107
Value Encoding in Single Neurons in the Human Amygdala during Decision Making
Jenison, R. L., Rangel, A., Oya, H., Kawasaki, H., & Howard, M. A. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4461-10.2011 · Cited by 107 · cited 1×
“…observed in instances that do not involve the experience of fear, such as when stimuli are experienced as subjectively arousing (e.g., Bradley et al. 2001; Weierich et al. 2010), intense (e.g., Bach et al. 2008), emotionally “impactful” (e.g., Ewbank et al. 2009), or valuable (Jenison et al. 2011).”
Intact recognition of vocal expressions of fear following bilateral lesions of the human amygdala.
Anderson, A. K., & Phelps, E. A. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 107
Frewen, P., Lane, R. D., Neufeld, R. W. J., Densmore, M., Stevens, T. K., & Lanius, R. A. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31815f66d4 · Cited by 106 · cited 1×
“…Furthermore, three different imaging studies have demonstrated that healthy individuals who are more emotionally aware engage the anterior cingulate cortex, particularly the dorsal portion, to a greater extent during emotional arousal (Frewen et al. 2008; Lane et al. 1998; McRae et al. 2008).”
Personality influences the neural responses to viewing facial expressions of emotion
Calder, A. J., Ewbank, M., & Passamonti, L. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0362 · Cited by 106 · cited 3×
“Individuals with damage to the anterior insula and basal ganglia have difficulty perceiving instances of disgust in facial and vocal caricatures (Adolphs et al. 2003; Calder et al. 2000).”
BackgroundThe amygdala response to images with impact
Ewbank, M., Barnard, P. J., Croucher, C. J., Ramponi, C., & Calder, A. J. (2009) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsn048 · Cited by 106 · cited 2×
“In this target article, we statistically summarize the last 15 years of neuroimaging research on emotion in an attempt to determine which of these alternatives is correct.”
Measuring intelligence facts and fallacies
Bartholomew, D. J. (2004) · Cited by 105
Emotional memory and perception in temporal lobectomy patients with amygdala damage
Brierley, B. (2004) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2002.006403 · Cited by 104 · cited 2×
“Keywords: Discrete emotion; emotion experience; emotion perception; meta-analysis; neuroimaging; psychological construction”
The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy physiology and neurophysiology of the frontal lobe
Passingham, R. E. (1981) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(81)90204-9 · Cited by 104
Emerging perspectives on emotion–cognition interactions
Ochsner, K. N., & Phelps, E. A. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.008 · Cited by 102 · cited 1×
“…considered irrelevant or opposite to cognition, recent research emphasizes closed relations between the two (Adolphs et al. 2002; Bechara & Damasio 2002; Bradley et al. 2001; Damasio 1995; Duncan & Barrett 2007; Grossberg & Levine 1987; Mayer et al. 2008; Ochsner & Phelps 2007; Perlovsky 2006c).”
Emotion in the brain: of low roads, high roads and roads less travelled
de Gelder, B., van Honk, J., & Tamietto, M. (2011) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2920-c1 · Cited by 101
Brain Function: Neural Adaptations and Recovery From Injury
Marshall, J. F. (1984) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.35.020184.001425 · Cited by 100 · cited 2×
“…cognition it is not necessary that brain activity be localized to specific areas across participants due to factors such as plasticity and the brain’s reorganizational capabilities in response to injury (e.g., H. C. Barrett 2005; H. C. Barrett & Kurzban 2006; Marshall 1984; Robertson & Murre 1999).”
The Orbitofrontal Cortex: Novelty, Deviation from Expectation, and Memory
Petrides, M. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1401.035 · Cited by 99 · cited 1×
“Amygdala lesions disrupt normal responses to novelty and uncertainty in mammals (e.g. Bliss-Moreau et al. 2010; Burns et al. 1996; Mason et al. 2006; Missilin & Ropartz 1981; Nachman & Ashe 1974; for reviews, see Knight & Grabowecky 1999; Petrides 2007).”
Judgments of emotion from spontaneous facial expressions of New Guineans.
Naab, P., & Russell, J. A. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.736 · Cited by 98 · cited 1×
“…faces that are supposed to be the clearest examples of emotional expressions (e.g., Fugate et al. 2010; Gendron et al., in press; Lindquist et al. 2006; Naab & Russell 2007; Roberson et al. 1999; Russell et al. 1993; for reviews, see Barrett et al. 2007b; 2011; Roberson et al. 2010; Russell 1994).”
Quirin, M., Kazén, M., Rohrmann, S., & Kühl, J. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00552.x · Cited by 97
Introduction to Human Affective Neuroscience
Armony, J. L., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511843716.003 · Cited by 96
Mason, W. A., Capitanio, J. P., Machado, C. J., Mendoza, S. P., & Amaral, D. G. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.73 · Cited by 96 · cited 2×
“Keywords: Discrete emotion; emotion experience; emotion perception; meta-analysis; neuroimaging; psychological construction”
Toward a new understanding of emotions and their development.
Campos, J. J., & Barrett, K. C. (1985) · Cited by 96
Camras, L. A., Oster, H., Bakeman, R. A., Meng, Z., Ujiie, T., & Campos, J. J. (2007) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2007.tb00219.x · Cited by 94 · cited 1×
“Even 11- month-old infants fail to produce the predicted facial actions in response to an emotional event (e.g., in contexts designed to elicit anger and fear) (Camras et al. 2007).”
Shedding light on brain mapping: advances in human optical imaging
Pouratian, N., Sheth, S. A., Martin, N. A., et al. (2003) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(03)00070-5 · Cited by 93 · cited 1×
“…and disruption-based techniques (e.g., temporary lesion methods), will eventually elucidate the form and function of discrete emotionality, as well as guide the development of clinical applications for cognitive neuroscentific research (e.g., Pouratian et al. 2003; Rorden & Karnath 2004).”
McNamara, P., Johnson, P., McLaren, D., Harris, E., Beauharnais, C., & Auerbach, S. (2010) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(10)92004-7 · Cited by 92 · cited 2×
“Yet, intensive emotional experience does exist during REM sleep, and the emotional categories of REM sleep do not differ from those experienced during wake (Fosse et al. 2004; Hobson et al. 2000; McNamara et al. 2010; Stickgold et al. 2001; Walker & van der Helm 2009).”
A Brain-Based Endophenotype for Major Depressive Disorder
Peterson, B. S., & Weissman, M. M. (2010) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-010510-095632 · Cited by 89 · cited 1×
“Indeed, some recent studies interpret brain imaging data on basic face responses (Canli et al. 2005) or intervention effects in emotion response circuits according to a locationist model, whether using structural or functional approaches (Chua et al. 2011; Peterson & Weissman 2011).”
Schofield, C. A., Coles, M. E., & Gibb, B. E. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.006 · Cited by 87 · cited 1×
“Research by Schofield et al. (2007) replicated by ourselves (i.e., Button et al., unpublished results) has found that social anxiety is not associated with differences in recognising facial expressions but is associated with differences in attributions of personal cost to those same expressions.”
PERLOVSKY, L. I., Bonniot‐Cabanac, M., & Cabanac, M. (2010) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2010.5596867 · Cited by 87 · cited 1×
“…use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. in Cacioppo et al. (1996), Levine and Perlovsky (2008; 2010), Perlovsky (2009b; 2010c), and Perlovsky et al. (2010), and emotions related to creativity discussed in Levine and Perlovsky (2010), Lubart and Getz (1997), and Pfenninger and…”
BackgroundCortex, IV; Regional Cerebral Blood Flow
Grafman, J. H., & Tamminga, C. A. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.2.163 · Cited by 86
Dynamical systems approaches to emotional development
Camras, L. A., & Witherington, D. C. (2005) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2005.10.002 · Cited by 86 · cited 1×
“…many developmentalists now adopt a more flexible functionalist or dynamical systems approach to emotional development (e.g., Bennett et al. 2002; 2004; Camras & Fatani 2008, Camras & Witherington 2005, Dickson et al. 1998; Saarni et al. 2006) that does not require emotions to be natural kinds.”
Toward a taxonomy of attention shifting: Individual differences in fMRI during multiple shift types
WAGER, T. D., JONIDES, J., SMITH, E. E., & NICHOLS, T. E. (2005) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.5.2.127 · Cited by 86 · cited 2×
“Our contemporary psychological constructionist approach shares much in common with cognitive neuroscience approaches arguing that basic psychological operations are common across diverse task domains (Cole & Schneider, 2007; Dosenbach, et al. 2006; Smith, et al. 2009; Wager et al. 2005; Wager & Smith, 2003; van Snelle…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe subtlety of sameness: a theory and computer model of analogy-making
French, R. M. (1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-0972 · Cited by 85 · cited 2×
“This stance supported the search for mechanistic models of cognition, in the form of computational models (Baars & Franklin 2009; French 1995; Holland et al. 1986; Newell 1990; Rumelhart et al. 1986; Simon 1979).”
Basic emotions: Can conflicting criteria converge?
Turner, T. J., & Ortony, A. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.3.566 · Cited by 85 · cited 1×
“…that emotions cannot be considered natural kinds by analogy (in chronological order: James 1890/1998; Duffy 1934; Hunt 1941; Mandler 1975; Ortony & Turner 1990; Turner & Ortony 1992; Cacioppo et al. 2000; Russell 2003; Barrett 2006a; Barrett et al. 2007a; Kagan 2007; Mauss & Robinson 2009).”
Neurophysiological support of consciousness during waking and sleep
Gottesmann, C. (1999) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(99)00014-3 · Cited by 85 · cited 1×
“…wake, and non-REM and REM sleep – characterized also by dramatic differences in mentality, neurochemistry, connectivity, and neuroelectric signaling (Gottesmann 1999; Hobson & Pace-Schott 2002; Hobson et al. 2000; Stickgold et al. 2001; Tononi & Koch 2008) – can all provide a neural basis for the…”
BackgroundDo Early Nouns Refer to Kinds or Distinct Shapes?: Evidence From 10-Month-Old Infants
Dewar, K., & Xu, F. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02278.x · Cited by 85 · cited 2×
“University of Geneva, on 20 Oct 2017 at 14:48:49, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. similarity (Dewar & Xu 2009; Ferry et al. 2010; Xu 2002), and we believe that adults do the same thing.”
Fountoulakis, K. N., Giannakopoulos, P., Kövari, E., & Bouras, C. (2008) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.04.005 · Cited by 84 · cited 1×
“…could explain why sACC is involved in the affective changes that accompany both depression (e.g., Drevets et al. 1992; see Gotlib & Hamilton 2008) and mania (e.g., Fountoulakis et al. 2008), and why electrical stimulation of this region helps to relieve chronic depression (Mayberg, et al. 2005).”
Is running away right? The behavioral activation-behavioral inhibition model of anterior asymmetry.
Wacker, J., Chavanon, M., Leue, A., & Stemmler, G. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.232 · Cited by 83
Facial expression recognition in rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta
Parr, L. A., & Heintz, M. R. (2009) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.02.024 · Cited by 83 · cited 2×
“%) and inconsistent when the choices are other negative faces, the positive face (“play face”), or neutral faces (Parr & Heintz 2009).”
Atkinson, A. P., Heberlein, A. S., & Adolphs, R. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.019 · Cited by 83 · cited 2×
“Keywords: Discrete emotion; emotion experience; emotion perception; meta-analysis; neuroimaging; psychological construction”
On the automaticity of emotion
Barrett, L. F., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. (2007) · Cited by 82
Self-citationPathological laughter. A review of the literature.
Black, D. W. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 82
The human amygdala plays a stimulus specific role in the detection of novelty
Balderston, N. L., Schultz, D. H., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.034 · Cited by 82
Attitudes towards the outgroup are predicted by activity in the precuneus in Arabs and Israelis
Bruneau, E., & Saxe, R. R. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.057 · Cited by 82 · cited 1×
“…is modulated by a number of sociocultural factors, including social dominance orientation (SDO) (Chiao et al. 2009), implicit racial attitudes (IAT; Avenanti et al. 2010; Bruneau & Saxe 2010), racial identification (MEIM; Mathur et al. 2010), and modern racism (MR; Gutsell & Inzlicht, in press).”
Sanford, L. D., Tejani‐Butt, S. M., Ross, R. J. M., & Morrison, A. R. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 81
Trainor, L. J. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/453598a · Cited by 81 · cited 1×
“…& Morley 2008; Juslin & Västfjäll 2008; Levitin 2006; Panksepp & Bernatzky 2002; Patel 2008; Perlovsky 2010d; 2010c; Purwins et al. 2008; Sloboda & Juslin 2001; Trainor 2008 ), and emotions of language prosody (Buchanan et al. 2000; Davis et al. 1996; Deacon 1989; Perlovsky 2006a; 2006b; 2009b).”
BackgroundMilders, M. M., Crawford, J., Lamb, A., & Simpson, S. A. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00079-4 · Cited by 81 · cited 1×
“…instances of disgust in the faces of others (e.g., Kipps et al. 2007; Sprenglemeyer et al. 1996; 1998; Suzuki et al. 2006; see Calder et al. 2001; Sprengelmeyer 2007, for reviews), although the specificity of these findings remains in question (e.g., Calder et al. 2010; Milders et al. 2003).”
Correlation between insula activation and self-reported quality of orgasm in women
Ortigue, S., Grafton, S. T., & Bianchi‐Demicheli, F. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.026 · Cited by 81 · cited 1×
“University of Geneva, on 20 Oct 2017 at 14:48:49, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. et al. 2007), gastric distention (e.g., Wang et al. 2008), and orgasm (e.g., Ortigue et al. 2007).”
Calder, A. J., Keane, J., Young, A. W., Lawrence, A. D., Mason, S., & Barker, R. A. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.019 · Cited by 81 · cited 2×
“2001; Sprengelmeyer, 2007 for reviews) (although the specificity of these findings remains in question, e.g., Milders et al. 2003; Calder et al. 2010).”
Acoustic Startle Reflex in Rhesus Monkeys: A Review
Davis, M., Antoniadis, E. A., Amaral, D. G., & Winslow, J. T. (2008) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2008.19.2-3.171 · Cited by 80 · cited 2×
“LeDoux et al. 1983; 1985; 1990; for reviews see Fanselow & Poulous 2005; Fendt & Fanselow 1999; LeDoux 2007; Öhman 2009; and “fear potentiated startle”: Davis 1992; Hitchcock & Davis 1986; 1987; see Davis et al. 2008; Fendt & Fanselow 1999).”
BackgroundThe Affect System: What Lurks below the Surface of Feelings?
Cacioppo, J. T., Larsen, J. T., Smith, N. K., & Berntson, G. G. (2004) · Feelings and Emotions · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511806582.014 · Cited by 80
Feeling Is Perceiving: Core Affect and Conceptualization in the Experience of Emotion.
Barrett, L. F. (2005) · Cited by 80
Self-citationThe neural temporal dynamics of the intensity of emotional experience
Waugh, C. E., Hamilton, J. P., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.006 · Cited by 79 · cited 2×
“Yet, as reported in Waugh et al. (2010), the differences between the findings from their time-sensitive inverse logit modeling and the traditional (gamma) hemodynamic response function (HRF) modeling were not substantial enough to invalidate the studies summarized in our meta-analysis, meaning that…”
MethodResultConsidering PTSD from the perspective of brain processes: A psychological construction approach
Suvak, M. K., & Barrett, L. F. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20618 · Cited by 78 · cited 2×
“Moreover, not all instances of fear are accompanied by increased amygdala activity (for a review, see Suvak & Barrett 2011).”
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““Conceptual acts” could also be called “perceptual acts” because they are thought to emerge in consciousness just as visual and auditory percepts do when sensory input is automatically and effortlessly made meaningful using knowledge from prior experience.”
Neuroimaging as a New Tool in the Toolbox of Psychological Science
Cacioppo, J. T., Berntson, G. G., & Nusbaum, H. C. (2008) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00550.x · Cited by 78
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“Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits defensive behavior in rats (e.g., retreat; Maskati & Zbrozyna 1989) and enhances startle to acoustic stimuli (Rosen & Davis 1988).”
BackgroundFugate, J. M. B., Gouzoules, H., & Barrett, L. F. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0019017 · Cited by 75 · cited 3×
“We have tested our psychological constructionist view of emotion in our own laboratory by utilizing behavioral studies of normal adults (e.g., Fugate et al. 2010; Gendron et al., in press; Lindquist & Barrett 2008a; Lindquist et al. 2006; Lindquist et al., in preparation) and of lesion patients…”
Self-citationBriggs, D. E. G., Sutton, M. D., Siveter, D. J., & Siveter, D. J. (2004) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2593 · Cited by 74
Deshpande, G., Sathian, K., & Hu, X. P. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2009.2037808 · Cited by 74 · cited 1×
“Many refinements to GCA have been proposed, such as correlation-purged/dynamic/nonlinear GC (Deshpande et al. 2010; Marinazzo et al. 2008; Sato et al. 2006) and hemodynamic deconvolution (Havlicek et al. 2011; Ryali et al. 2011), which have increased the applicability of GCA to fMRI.”
MethodImpaired fixation to eyes following amygdala damage arises from abnormal bottom-up attention
Kennedy, D. P., & Adolphs, R. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.025 · Cited by 74 · cited 1×
“Individuals with amygdala lesions do not automatically allocate attention to aversive stimuli (Anderson & Phelps 2001) and socially relevant stimuli (Kennedy & Adolphs 2010), as do individuals with intact amygdalae.”
Canadian, Greek, and Japanese freely produced emotion labels for facial expressions
Russell, J. A., Suzuki, N., & Ishida, N. (1993) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00992324 · Cited by 73 · cited 1×
“…faces that are supposed to be the clearest examples of emotional expressions (e.g., Fugate et al. 2010; Gendron et al., in press; Lindquist et al. 2006; Naab & Russell 2007; Roberson et al. 1999; Russell et al. 1993; for reviews, see Barrett et al. 2007b; 2011; Roberson et al. 2010; Russell 1994).”
Bechtel, W. (2007) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203810095 · Cited by 73
Equipotentiality Quantified: The Anatomical Distribution of the Engram
Bartlett, F., & John, E. R. (1973) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.181.4101.764 · Cited by 72 · cited 1×
“Functional imaging studies, showing that widespread regions in the brain are activated even when performed tasks are simple, and electrophysiological experiments (Bartlett & John 1973; John 1972) support views of the brain acting in a Gestalt-like fashion.”
Pfenninger, K. H., Shubik, V. R., & Adolphe, B. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 70
The Perception of Facial Expressions By Chimpanzees, Pan Troglodytes
Parr, L. A., Hopkins, W. D., & de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (1998) · Evolution of Communication · doi:10.1075/eoc.2.1.02par · Cited by 70 · cited 2×
“Chimpanzees are able to match a negative target face (e.g., “bared teeth”) when the face stimuli choices includes one matching negative face (i.e., a “bared teeth”) and one neutral face (Parr et al. 1998).”
Biological and neurobehavioral studies of borderline personality disorder
Silk, K. R. (1994) · Cited by 69
The origins of language and the evolution of music: A comparative perspective
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“Specifically human “higher” cognitive emotions, especially musical emotions, have been called “mysterious” by thinkers from Aristotle to Darwin and by contemporary evolutionary psychologists (Aristotle 1995; Ball 2008; Darwin 1871; Masataka 2008).”
Cheng, D. T., Richards, J., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2007) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.632007 · Cited by 68
PERLOVSKY, L. I. (2007) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-59904-063-9.ch005 · Cited by 66
Recent developments in the field of emotion.
Hunt, W. A. (1941) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0054615 · Cited by 65 · cited 6×
“…more empirical reviews demonstrate that emotions cannot be considered natural kinds by analogy (in chronological order: James 1890/1998; Duffy 1934; Hunt 1941; Mandler 1975; Ortony & Turner 1990; Turner & Ortony 1992; Cacioppo et al. 2000; Russell 2003; Barrett 2006a; Barrett et al. 2007a; Kagan…”
InfluentialJudging and coding facial expression of emotions in congenitally blind children
Galati, D., Miceli, R., & Sini, B. (2001) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250042000393 · Cited by 65 · cited 2×
“Congenitally blind infants (Fraiberg 1977) and children (Galati et al. 2001; Roch-Levecq 2006) who are not able to learn visually produce only a limited number of the predicted facial actions that are supposed to occur in prototypic emotional expressions; they almost never produce an entire…”
Psychological perspectives on acting.
Goldstein, T. R. (2009) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/a0014644 · Cited by 64
Calvo, J. M., Badillo, S., Morales-Ramirez, M., & Palacios-Salas, P. (1987) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)90118-1 · Cited by 64
THE MECHANISM OF THE EMOTIONS 1
Solomon, M. (1927) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1927.tb00659.x · Cited by 64
Intersections of mathematical, cognitive, and aesthetic theories of mind.
PERLOVSKY, L. I. (2010) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/a0018147 · Cited by 64 · cited 7×
“…at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. in Cacioppo et al. (1996), Levine and Perlovsky (2008; 2010), Perlovsky (2009b; 2010c), and Perlovsky et al. (2010), and emotions related to creativity discussed in Levine and Perlovsky (2010), Lubart and Getz (1997), and Pfenninger and Shubik (2001).”
InfluentialRoch‐Levecq, A. (2006) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151005x50663 · Cited by 64 · cited 1×
“Congenitally blind infants (Fraiberg 1977) and children (Galati et al. 2001; Roch-Levecq 2006) who are not able to learn visually produce only a limited number of the predicted facial actions that are supposed to occur in prototypic emotional expressions; they almost never produce an entire…”
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Acute severe depression induced by intraoperative stimulation of the substantia nigra: a case report
Blomstedt, P., Hariz, M. I., Lees, A., Silberstein, P., Limousin, P., Yelnik, J., & Agid, Y. (2008) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.04.005 · Cited by 62
Neural correlates of novelty and face–age effects in young and elderly adults
Wright, C. I., Negreira, A. M., Gold, A. L., Britton, J. C., Williams, D. M., & Barrett, L. F. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.015 · Cited by 61 · cited 1×
“…stimuli (e.g., Blackford et al. 2010; Breiter et al. 1996; Moriguchi et al. 2010; Schwartz et al. 2003; Weierich et al. 2010; Wilson & Rolls 1993; Wright et al. 2003; 2006; 2008), uncertain stimuli (e.g., Herry et al. 2007), and unusual stimuli (e.g., Blackford et al. 2010) robustly activate the…”
BackgroundSelf-citationEmotional Development: A Biosocial Perspective
LaFrenière, P. J. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 60
New Directions in Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts
Locher, P. J., Martindale, C., & Dorfman, L. Y. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315224084 · Cited by 60
A process approach to emotion and personality: Using time as a facet of data
Larsen, R. J., Augustine, A. A., & Prizmić, Z. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930902851302 · Cited by 60 · cited 1×
“Some writers argued that certain emotion categories have the status of mental faculties: independent and autonomous, hard-wired and innate, and psychologically elemental (e.g., Allport 1924; Lange 1885/1912; McDougall 1908).”
BackgroundSensory and motor components of reproductive behavior: pathways and plasticity
van der Horst, V. G. J. M., & Holstege, G. (1998) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00188-5 · Cited by 57
Mitchell, I., Heims, H., Neville, E. A., & Rickards, H. E. (2005) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.17.1.119 · Cited by 57 · cited 2×
“Individuals with neurodegenerative diseases affecting the insula and basal ganglia (such as Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease) also show diminished experiences of disgust to foul smelling odors (Mitchell et al. 2005) and have difficulty perceiving instances of disgust in the faces of others (e.”
Maskati, H. A. A., & Zbrożyna, A. W. (1989) · Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System · doi:10.1016/0165-1838(89)90085-4 · Cited by 55 · cited 1×
“Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits defensive behavior in rats (e.g., retreat; Maskati & Zbrozyna 1989) and enhances startle to acoustic stimuli (Rosen & Davis 1988).”
BackgroundDreaming as Delirium: How the Brain Goes Out of Its Mind
Hobson, J. A. (1999) · Cited by 54
Stimulus context and motor preparation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Banaschewski, T., Yordanova, J., Kolev, V., Heinrich, H., Albrecht, B., & Rothenberger, A. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.09.003 · Cited by 54 · cited 8×
“For example, commentators Hamann, Murphy et al., Rothenberger, Scarantino, and Swain & Ho all suggest that each emotion category is a natural kind if it is consistently associated with increased activity within a network of brain regions, rather than within a specific anatomically bounded set of voxels in one gross an…”
InfluentialBrain oscillations forever – neurophysiology in future research of child psychiatric problems
Rothenberger, A. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01994.x · Cited by 53 · cited 21×
“Cramer et al. de Gelder & Vandenbucke Deshpande et al. Humeny et al. Stanilou & Markowitsch Sander Smaldino & Schank Vigil et al. H . . .or activation in specific, inheritable brain circuits or networks Hamann Murphy et al. Rothenberger Scarantino Swain & Ho An emotion, like all mental states, occurs as a brain state…”
InfluentialAffective learning enhances activity and functional connectivity in early visual cortex
Damaraju, E., Huang, Y.-M., Barrett, L. F., & Pessoa, L. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.04.023 · Cited by 53
Self-citationMarchini, G., Lagercrantz, H., Winberg, J., & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (1988) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(88)90044-8 · Cited by 52 · cited 1×
“Another aspect of a new mother’s emotion regulation is her recent mode of delivery, such that vaginal versus cesarean deliveries are associated with higher oxytocin (Marchini et al. 1988).”
Strain differences in fear between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats
LeDoux, J. E., Sakaguchi, A., & Reis, D. J. (1983) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90915-0 · Cited by 51 · cited 1×
“LeDoux et al. 1983; 1985; 1990; for reviews see Fanselow & Poulous 2005; Fendt & Fanselow 1999; LeDoux 2007; Öhman 2009; and “fear potentiated startle”: Davis 1992; Hitchcock & Davis 1986; 1987; see Davis et al. 2008; Fendt & Fanselow 1999).”
Deets, A. C., Harlow, H. F., Singh, S. D., & Blomquist, A. J. (1970) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0029729 · Cited by 51
Moriguchi, Y., Negreira, A. M., Weierich, M. R., Dautoff, R. J., Dickerson, B. C., Wright, C. I., & Barrett, L. F. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21527 · Cited by 51
Self-citationBrain pathways for cognitive-emotional decision making in the human animal
Levine, D. S. (2009) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2009.03.003 · Cited by 49 · cited 1×
“I will mention just a few references: emotions of cognitive dissonance (Cabanac et al., in press; Festinger 1957; Haidt 2001; Levine 2009; Levine & Perlovsky 2010; van Veen et al. 2009), musical emotions (Cross & Morley 2008; Juslin & Västfjäll 2008; Levitin 2006; Panksepp & Bernatzky 2002; Patel…”
BackgroundConcepts of Localization: Balkanization in the Brain
Mundale, J. (2002) · Brain and Mind · doi:10.1023/a:1022912227833 · Cited by 48 · cited 1×
“Functional specialization can be multilocal (Mundale 2002) rather than radically localized: the brain regions whose joint activation plays a given function can, in principle, be distributed across the brain.”
Psychology of feelings and emotions: I. Theory of feelings.
Harlow, H. F., & Stagner, R. (1932) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0072961 · Cited by 47 · cited 2×
“…and motor cues (James 1884), arousal (Duffy 1957; Mandler 1975; 1990; Schachter & Singer 1962), or the mental representation of these cues as affect (Wundt 1897; Harlow & Stagner 1932; Hunt 1941) or core affect (Barrett 2006b; Barrett & Bliss-Moreau 2009; Russell 2003; Russell & Barrett 1999).”
Swain, J. E., Mayes, L. C., & Leckman, J. F. (2004) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0437010x · Cited by 47 · cited 1×
“For example, consider the baby-cry, a single primal signal that for an infant, not capable of complex interactive social signaling, must serve to attract the attention of new parents at the risk of adverse parental responses or drawing predators (Soltis 2004; Swain et al. 2004).”
BackgroundPsychopathy and risk assessment
Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1996) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-199611000-00002 · Cited by 47 · cited 1×
“In psychopaths, aggression tends to play an instrumental role as opposed to the reactive role that it usually plays in non-psychopaths (Hart & Hare 1996).”
Luria's Legacy in the 21st Century
(2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176704.001.0001 · Cited by 46
Gergely, G., & Unoka, Z. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198569183.003.0011 · Cited by 46 · cited 3×
“…by strict cultural norms regarding emotion display (e.g., Allan & Gilbert 2002; Chaplin et al. 2005; Le et al. 2002), specific caregiver–child temperament constellations (e.g., Coplan et al. 2009), and caregiver pathologies of emotion regulation (e.g., Gergely & Unoka 2008; Silk et al. 2011).”
LeDoux, J. E., Sakaguchi, A., Iwata, J., et al. (1985) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb37611.x · Cited by 45 · cited 1×
“LeDoux et al. 1983; 1985; 1990; for reviews see Fanselow & Poulous 2005; Fendt & Fanselow 1999; LeDoux 2007; Öhman 2009; and “fear potentiated startle”: Davis 1992; Hitchcock & Davis 1986; 1987; see Davis et al. 2008; Fendt & Fanselow 1999).”
Neonatal amygdala or hippocampus lesions influence responsiveness to objects
Bliss‐Moreau, E., Toscano, J. E., Bauman, M. D., Mason, W. A., & Amaral, D. G. (2010) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20451 · Cited by 45 · cited 1×
“Amygdala lesions disrupt normal responses to novelty and uncertainty in mammals (e.g. Bliss-Moreau et al. 2010; Burns et al. 1996; Mason et al. 2006; Missilin & Ropartz 1981; Nachman & Ashe 1974; for reviews, see Knight & Grabowecky 1999; Petrides 2007).”
Show and Tell: The Role of Language in Categorizing Facial Expression of Emotion
Roberson, D. D., Damjanovic, L., & Kikutani, M. (2010) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910361979 · Cited by 42 · cited 1×
“In locationist accounts, language is thought to be epiphenomenal to discrete emotion (Ekman & Cordaro 2011), although recent behavioral studies show that categorical perception of discrete emotion is supported by language (Fugate et al. 2010; Roberson & Davidoff 2000; Roberson et al. 2007).”
BackgroundBridging Token Identity Theory and Supervenience Theory Through Psychological Construction
Barrett, L. F. (2011) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2011.555216 · Cited by 41 · cited 1×
“In philosophy of mind, it is consistent with both a token identity and a supervenience approach to mind–brain correspondence (Barrett 2011) and the mental mechanisms approach (Bechtel 2008).”
Self-citationThe Amygdala and Temporal Lobe Simple Partial Seizures: A Prospective and Quantitative MRI Study
Paesschen, W. V., King, M. D., Duncan, J. S., & Connelly, A. (2001) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.042007857.x · Cited by 41
Chapter 24 Social behaviour and the prefrontal cortex
de Bruin, J. P. C. (1991) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62696-5 · Cited by 41
Evolutionary Psychology: Adaptationist, Selectionist, and Comparative
Daly, M., & WILSON, M. I. (1995) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0601_3 · Cited by 40 · cited 1×
“Humans are natural pattern classifiers, and the ability to readily detect broad emotion categories from facial expressions makes sense from an adaptationist perspective (Daly & Wilson 1995).”
Merckelbach, H., Arntz, A., Arrindell, W., & de Jong, P. D. (1992) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(92)90039-j · Cited by 39 · cited 2×
“Evidence that non-phobic individuals report as many aversive experiences with a fear-stimulus as do individuals who are phobic of that stimulus (Ehlers et al. 1994; Merckelbach et al. 1992) suggests that factors other than contextual learning are important in fear responses.”
Purwins, H., Herrera, P., Grachten, M., Hazan, A., Marxer, R., & Serra, X. (2008) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2008.03.004 · Cited by 39
Siegel, A., Edinger, H. M., & Dotto, M. (1975) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(75)90185-7 · Cited by 39
Raleigh, M. J., Steklis, H. D., Ervin, F. R., Kling, A. S., & McGuire, M. T. (1979) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(79)90071-2 · Cited by 38 · cited 3×
“Emotions are “situated conceptualizations” (cf. Barsalou 2003) because the emerging meaning is tailored to the immediate environment and prepares the person to respond to sensory input in a way that is tailored to the situation (Barrett 2006b).”
BackgroundResultWilliam James and the Construction of Emotion
Mandler, G. (1990) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00193.x · Cited by 37 · cited 2×
“…in all psychological constructionist models of emotion is some form of sensory input from the body, such as raw somatic, visceral, vascular, and motor cues (James 1884), arousal (Duffy 1957; Mandler 1975; 1990; Schachter & Singer 1962), or affect (Harlow & Stagner 1932; Hunt 1941; Wundt 1897/1998).”
Cognitive and Motivational Functions of the Human Prefrontal Cortex
Snellenberg, J. X. V., & Wager, T. D. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176704.003.0004 · Cited by 36 · cited 21×
“Cramer et al. de Gelder & Vandenbucke Deshpande et al. Humeny et al. Stanilou & Markowitsch Sander Smaldino & Schank Vigil et al. H . . .or activation in specific, inheritable brain circuits or networks Hamann Murphy et al. Rothenberger Scarantino Swain & Ho An emotion, like all mental states, occurs as a brain state…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationAnderson, K. C., & Siegel, R. M. (1998) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199806220-00028 · Cited by 34
Leaving a bad taste in your mouth but not in my insula
Hagen, E. V. D., Beaver, J. D., Ewbank, M., Keane, J., Passamonti, L., Lawrence, A. D., & Calder, A. J. (2009) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsp018 · Cited by 34
Spinks, J. A., Blowers, G. H., & Shek, D. T. L. (1985) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01619.x · Cited by 32
Calder, A. J. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10565 · Cited by 32 · cited 3×
“Some hold a strong localization hypothesis, such that all the emotional episodes belonging to a single emotion category (e.g., fear) are caused by neural responses in an anatomically defined location (e.g., Calder 2003; Davis 1992; Ekman 1999; Öhman & Mineka 2001).”
The genetics and biology of true love: Prosocial biological affects and the left hemisphere.
Buck, R. W. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.739 · Cited by 31
Effects of lateral amygdala lesions on the responses to novelty in mice
Misslin, R., & Ropartz, P. (1981) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/0376-6357(81)90050-4 · Cited by 31
Experiencing: a Jamesian approach
Ginsburg, S., & Jablonka, E. (2010) · Cited by 30
Liang, X., Zebrowitz, L. A., & Aharon, I. (2008) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910802453105 · Cited by 28
Attention and Vigilance: Performance and Skin Conductance Response Changes
Blakeslee, P. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01494.x · Cited by 28
Emotion in the Pursuit of Understanding
Levine, D. S., & PERLOVSKY, L. I. (2010) · International Journal of Synthetic Emotions · doi:10.4018/jse.2010070101 · Cited by 26 · cited 4×
“…20 Oct 2017 at 14:48:49, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. in Cacioppo et al. (1996), Levine and Perlovsky (2008; 2010), Perlovsky (2009b; 2010c), and Perlovsky et al. (2010), and emotions related to creativity discussed in Levine and…”
InfluentialSprengelmeyer, R. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm127 · Cited by 26 · cited 1×
“…instances of disgust in the faces of others (e.g., Kipps et al. 2007; Sprenglemeyer et al. 1996; 1998; Suzuki et al. 2006; see Calder et al. 2001; Sprengelmeyer 2007, for reviews), although the specificity of these findings remains in question (e.g., Calder et al. 2010; Milders et al. 2003).”
6. Construction of self-narrative in a psychotherapeutic setting
Berán, E., & Unoka, Z. (2005) · Studies in narrative · doi:10.1075/sin.5.08ber · Cited by 26 · cited 1×
“These in turn create autobiographical self-representations (Berán & Unoka 2005), correlated with the activation of distributed networks in the brain (Conway 2005).”
BackgroundA Constructivist Theory of Emotion
Mandler, G. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203761588-6 · Cited by 22 · cited 3×
“The exact nature of this bodily activation is sometimes described as raw somatic, visceral, vascular and motor cues (James 1884), arousal (Duffy 1957; Mandler 1975; 1990; Schachter & Singer 1962), or the mental representation of these cues as affect (Wundt 1897; Harlow & Stagner 1932; Hunt 1941) or core affect (Barret…”
BackgroundIs emotion regulation self-regulation?
Northoff, G. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.06.005 · Cited by 21
Anger Expression Toward Parents and Depressive Symptoms Among Undergraduates in Taiwan
Cheng, H., Mallinckrodt, B. S., & Wu, L.-C. (2004) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000004270343 · Cited by 21 · cited 2×
“At the output end, the manner in which anger is expressed varies enormously from case to case, especially across cultures, genders, and socio-economic groups (Ekman 1993; Cheng et al. 2005).”
Reversal of paradoxical sleep deprivation by amygdaloid stimulation during learning
Smith, C. T., & Young, J. (1980) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(80)90043-8 · Cited by 20 · cited 1×
“This stance supported the search for mechanistic models of cognition, in the form of computational models (Baars & Franklin 2009; French 1995; Holland et al. 1986; Newell 1990; Rumelhart et al. 1986; Simon 1979).”
MethodJoint Acquisition Of Language And Cognition
PERLOVSKY, L. I. (2010) · Cited by 19
The Development of Emotion from a Social Process View
Dickson, K. L., Fogel, A., & Messinger, D. S. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1939-7_10 · Cited by 18 · cited 1×
“…many developmentalists now adopt a more flexible functionalist or dynamical systems approach to emotional development (e.g., Bennett et al. 2002; 2004; Camras & Fatani 2008, Camras & Witherington 2005, Dickson et al. 1998; Saarni et al. 2006) that does not require emotions to be natural kinds.”
Intact recognition of vocal expressions of fear following bilateral lesions of the human amygdala
Anderson, A. K. (2000) · Neurocase · doi:10.1093/neucas/6.6.442 · Cited by 18
Mitchell, J. P. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · Cited by 17
Kamback, M. C. (1973) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(73)90045-6 · Cited by 15 · cited 1×
“Some lesion evidence is consistent with the idea that the OFC produces aggression in monkeys, because OFC lesions reduce aggression (towards humans: Butter & Snyder 1972; Kamback 1973; towards other monkeys: Raleigh et al. 1979).”
ResultEmotion is an Entity at Both Biological and Ecological Levels: The Ghost in the Machine is Language
Buck, R. W. (2010) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910368733 · Cited by 14 · cited 2×
“The quest to find specific brain locations associated with the primary affects – happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust – is off the mark because the primary affects exist at an ecological rather than a bio/physiological level of analysis (Buck 1984; 2010).”
Adaptive origins: evolution and human development
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-5386 · Cited by 13
Beauty and Art. Cognitive Function, Evolution, and Mathematical Models of the MindPreprint
PERLOVSKY, L. I. (2010) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1012.3801 · Cited by 13 · cited 3×
“…& Morley 2008; Juslin & Västfjäll 2008; Levitin 2006; Panksepp & Bernatzky 2002; Patel 2008; Perlovsky 2010d; 2010c; Purwins et al. 2008; Sloboda & Juslin 2001; Trainor 2008 ), and emotions of language prosody (Buchanan et al. 2000; Davis et al. 1996; Deacon 1989; Perlovsky 2006a; 2006b; 2009b).”
BackgroundBrain networks responsive to aversive visual stimuli in humans
Benuzzi, F., Lui, F., Duzzi, D., Nichelli, P., & Porro, C. A. (2009) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2009.05.037 · Cited by 13
Integrating neuroscientific data across spatiotemporal scales
Horwitz, B. (2004) · Comptes Rendus Biologies · doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2004.10.015 · Cited by 13
On the Improvement in Intelligence Scores from Fourteen to Eighteen.
Thorndike, E. L. (1923) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0071286 · Cited by 13
The neurogenetics of remembering emotions past
Todd, R., & Anderson, A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.0910755106 · Cited by 13 · cited 2×
“We think Lindquist et al.’s model would benefit from a more evolutionary and developmental perspective (cf. Tinbergen 1951).”
BackgroundIn search of specificity: Functional MRI in the study of emotional experience
Schienle, A. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.12.016 · Cited by 12
The Development Of The Science Of Dreaming
Gottesmann, C. (2010) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(10)92001-1 · Cited by 10 · cited 1×
“Moreover, night terrors (pavor nocturnos) characterized by a general feeling of fear accompanied by intense autonomic discharge, typically occur during the deepest stage 4 of SWS (Gastaut & Broughton 1964; Gottesmann 2010).”
Domain interplay in mice and men: New possibilities for the “natural kinds” theory of emotion
Warnick, J. E., LaPorte, J. L., & Kalueff, A. V. (2010) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2010.01.001 · Cited by 10 · cited 2×
“Indeed, similar efforts are emerging in other psychological domains (Fuster 2006; Poldrack et al. 2009; Price & Friston 2005; Warnick et al. 2010).”
Markowitsch, H. J. (1994) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90150-3 · Cited by 8 · cited 2×
“& Markowitsch, H. J. (1992) The problem of “localizing” memory in focal cerebro-vascular lesions.”
BackgroundMünchau, A. M., Thomalla, G., & Roessner, V. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000091 · Cited by 8 · cited 1×
“So far, it is assumed that the insula (in concert with the supplementary motor area and anterior cingulum) plays a central role in this respect (Münchau et al. 2011).”
BackgroundNakamura, A., Maeß, B., Knösche, T. R., & Friederici, A. D. (2004) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 7
Staniloiu, A., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000804 · Cited by 7
SKILL LEARNING, BRAIN ENGAGEMENT, CONTEXT AND THE ARTS
Gardiner, M. F. (2008) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789812792426_0012 · Cited by 7 · cited 3×
“Humanity may well have developed music (see Gardiner 2000; 2003; 2008a; 2008b; 2008c; Gardner et al. 1996) to produce experiences that further exploited to its own benefit its evolved capabilities for mental engagement importantly including engagement involving emotion.”
BackgroundBAILEY, C. M. C.-H. A. T. M. R. R. A. J. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203044117-3 · Cited by 7
The problem of “localizing “memory in focal cerebro-vascular lesions””
von Cramon, D. Y., & Markowitsch, H. J. (1992) · Cited by 6
Embodied simulation and the search for meaning are not necessary for facial expression processing
Vigil, J. M., & Coulombe, P. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10001603 · Cited by 6
Naturalism and the Tale of Two Facets
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Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies
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“…question, given that partially overlapping prefrontal regions have been shown in prior work to support emotion generation, perception, experience, and regulation (Kober et al. 2008; Fusar-Poli et al. 2009; Ochsner et al. 2009; Vytal and Hamann 2010; Gross and Barrett 2011; Lindquist et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEmotional expressions reconsidered: Challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements
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Self-citationThe theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization
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“Human neuroimaging: task-related data (Vytal and Hamann, 2010; Lindquist et al., 2012)”
InfluentialSelf-citationNeural network of cognitive emotion regulation—an ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis
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“These areas are involved in emotion processing (Lindquist et al., 2011; Phan et al., 2002;Wager et al., 2003), which is also reflected by our functional characterization.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Northeastern University (US)
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-05-23
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 121-143
- ISSN
- 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1825
- PMC
- PMC4329228
- OpenAlex
- W2105931454
- Cited by
- 2,320
- References
- 799
- Citations by year
- 2026: 117 · 2025: 185 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 175 · 2021: 193 · 2020: 215 · 2019: 219 · 2018: 155 · 2017: 173 · 2016: 155 · 2015: 149 · 2014: 160 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 11.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0631637)
- Harvard University
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Institutes of Health (DP1OD003312)
- National Institute on Aging (AG030311, R01AG030311)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH076136)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024986)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (IRC2MD004767-01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- brain networks, emotion categories, emotion perception, emotional experience, affective neuroscience, neuroimaging of emotion
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Emotions, Humans, Radiography, Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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