The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The validity of the PANAS has been well-documented (Watson, 2000; Watson et al., 1988).”
From An examination of mindfulness skills in terms of affect tolerance among individuals with elevated levels of health anxiety. (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The PANAS consists of two subscales measuring positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) and is a widely used instrument with good reliability and validity (Mackinnon et al., 1999; Watson et al., 1988).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“In the validation sample, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were high (α = .90; r = .71).”
From The role of negative affectivity and negative reactivity to emotions in predicting outcomes in the unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders (2012) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“This measure has demonstrated good internal consistency for both the positive affect (α = .89) and negative affect (α = .85) scales and has demonstrated validity (Watson et al., 1988).”
From Difficulties in emotion regulation in treatment-seeking alcoholics with and without co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders. (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The short form of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS; Thompson, 2007; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) is a 10-item measure of positive (e.g., “Inspired”) and negative (e.g., “Upset”) affectivity. The PANAS is scored on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1 = Never to 5 = Always) and has demonstrated good internal reliability (α=.74–82; Thompson, 2007).”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“In the validation sample, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were high (α = .90; r = .71).”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders (2013) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“Cronbach’s alphas in our study at baseline and 3-month follow-up, respectively, were 0.90 and 0.91 for PANAS-P and 0.88 and 0.85 for PANAS-N.”
From Prospective examination of the therapeutic role of psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in the ceremonial use of ayahuasca (2022) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Additionally, average values for the psychological and cognitive measures at intake were comparable to those observed in previously published studies of similarly aged subjects and were balanced across Sequence (Table 2) [61,62,63,64,65,67,69].”
From Walking Green: Developing an Evidence Base for Nature Prescriptions (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“The final score is derived from the sum of 10 items for each of the positive and negative describing mood, stress, and spirituality, and they may reflect to some extent changes in the subject’s mood (48).”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“The Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) is a simple and easy-to-administer version of the most widely and commonly used scale for assessing positive and negative affect, originally developed and designed in North America by Watson et al. in 1988, and has since been validated in many cities and shown excellent psychometric properties in several studies (48)”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“The scale is designed to measure positive and negative emotions in a person’s current state.”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Higher values of the items indicate a higher level of emotion in the subject; for example, a higher positive emotion score indicates a higher level of positive emotion in youths, while a higher negative emotion score also reflects a high level of negative emotion in youths (48).”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Trait positive affect can be measured using the Positive Affect Scale of the Positive and Negative Affective Schedule (PANAS) 222 , a widely used 20-item tool.”
From The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management (2021) · cites this paper as [222]
In the citing paper
“The other wellbeing measures used scales which were context free, for example Watson et al.'s (1988) positive and negative affect scale”
From What do we know about interventions to improve educator wellbeing? A systematic literature review (2024) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“However, a sizeable body of evidence suggests that PA and NA are indeed independent dimensions with distinct underlying neurological and psychological constructs, and an individual can concurrently experience, for example, heightened PA and NA (Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999; Cook et al., 2004; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988; Watson & Tellegen, 1985).”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, there appears to be similar conceptual overlap between vitality and some of the other high arousal positive emotions included in measures such as the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (e.g., excited, enthusiastic, alert, attentive, and active; Watson et al., 1988).”
From The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: a meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Positive and negative affective states were measured using the PANAS88.”
From Physiological and Behavioral Synchrony Predict Group Cohesion and Performance (2020) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“Several standardization strategies were used and reported earlier including monitoring word counts generated by the interviewer vs. participant, and periodic assessments of changes in negative and positive effects of participants using the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form (PANAS) (Crawford & Henry, 2004; Watson et al., 1988), immediately before and after the 30-minute”
From Internet-Based Conversational Engagement Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (I-CONECT) Among Socially Isolated Adults 75+ Years Old With Normal Cognition or Mild Cognitive Impairment: Topline Results (2024) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Although widely-used indicators of positive and negative affect were employed50,59, corroborating measures of emotion were not available from the parent study, and findings may differ for clinical indicators of mood, particularly depression, which shows a sex difference and link to hormonal contraceptive use60,61.”
From Little evidence for sex or ovarian hormone influences on affective variability (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“participants completed the reliable and externally valid Positive and Negative Affect Schedule PANAS50”
From Little evidence for sex or ovarian hormone influences on affective variability (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Psychoeducation programmes and cognitive–behavioural therapy have shown very limited effects in the treatment of personality disorders.2,3”
From Recovery-focused self-help intervention using vodcasts for patients with personality disorder: Feasibility randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“PANAS has good reliability and validity in its versions in English (Watson et al., 1988), Spanish (Ortuño-Sierra et al., 2015), Brazilian Portuguese (De Carvalho et al., 2013), and Dutch (De Engelen et al., 2006).”
From Internet-based self-administered intervention to reduce anxiety and depression symptomatology and improve well-being in 7 countries: protocol of a randomized control trial (2024) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The alpha internal consistency reliability indices were shown to be acceptably high, ranging from 0.86 to 0.90 for positive affect and from 0.84 to 0.87 for negative affect. Test–retest reliability showed no significant differences across an 8-week interval74.”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention increases well-being and decreases stress after Covid-19 lockdown (2022) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“Both affect subscales showed adequate internal consistency: PANAS-P (α =0.89) and PANAS-N (α =0.91).”
From Spanish Adaptation of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Participants With Cancer: Study Protocol of a Randomized Control Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“The scale has adequate convergent and discriminant validity, good internal consistency, and sensitivity to change. Cronbach's alpha is 0.91 for the PANAS-PA and 0.87 for the PANAS-NA.”
From Efficacy of an internet-based psychological intervention for problem gambling and gambling disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The limited amount of pressure/stress experienced in a Positive Climate might result in improved affect (Watson et al., 1988).”
From A dancer's well-being: The influence of the social psychological climate during adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“our measure of stress was a simple 10-point Likert scale rather than a multi-item validated questionnaire (e.g., PSS, PANAS, SSSQ)36–38.”
From Effects of app delivered self hypnosis on stress management (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“The PANAS is a 20-item mood adjective checklist designed to measure the Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) factors and has shown satisfactory psychometric properties in previous research (Watson et al., 1988).”
From What Does the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) Really Measure? (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Simulated IPIP-NEO Extraversion scores for all but base PaLM models sufficiently correlated with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scales40, supporting their criterion validity.”
From A psychometric framework for evaluating and shaping personality traits in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“These criterion measures were drawn from widely used instruments developed and psychometrically validated for human research, including PANAS scales40, Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ)43, Revised Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ-RR)44 and Short Scale of Creative Self (SSCS)47.”
From A psychometric framework for evaluating and shaping personality traits in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) [36] is a 20-item self-report measure of current positive and negative affect.”
From Using Psychological Artificial Intelligence (Tess) to Relieve Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint) (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“The positive (α = .94) and negative affect subscales (α = .93) from the 20-item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) were used to assess the frequency of positive and negative affect “over the past week.””
From Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement versus CBT for co-occurring substance dependence, traumatic stress, and psychiatric disorders: Proximal outcomes from a pragmatic randomized trial (2016) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“participants were 52 (27 female) paid volunteers (mean age = 19.42 years, SD = 1.72) selected based on a range of levels of trait positive and negative affect using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al. 1988).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al. 1988
In the citing paper
“father's affect was measured before and 40 minutes after administration and no differences were found in fathers' self-reported emotions in either session (42).”
From Oxytocin administration to parent enhances infant physiological and behavioral readiness for social engagement (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Another popular approach is to place a particular emotion into a space having a limited set of dimensions [15], [16], [17]. These dimensions include valence (how pleasent or unpleasent a feeling is) activation2 (how likely is the person to take action under the emotional state) and control (the sense of control over the emotion).”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“To control for potential confounding effects from personality traits or mood states, subjects completed Chinese versions of validated psychometric questionnaires before treatment, including the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988), Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), Empathy Quotient (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004), and NEO 5-factor inventory (Costa and”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Internal consistency of the negative affect subscale is adequate, with a Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.80 to 0.84.”
From Exposure to a Standardized Catastrophic Scenario in Virtual Reality or a Personalized Scenario in Imagination for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“The positive and negative subscales are internally consistent (Cronbach’s alpha for negative affect = .084–0.87 and positive affect = .86–.90) with good test-retest reliability of r = .48 and .42 for positive and negative affect, respectively (Watson et al. 1988).”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al. 1988
In the citing paper
“The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) [21] is a 20-item self-report measure of current positive and negative affect.”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,201–1,300 of 2,645
Boellinghaus, I., Jones, F. W., & Hutton, J. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0158-6 · Cited by 250
The role of control motivation in mortality salience effects on ingroup support and defense
Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., & Fankhänel, T. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012666 · Cited by 252
Hart, J., Shaver, P. R., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.999 · Cited by 344
Victimization of high performers: The roles of envy and work group identification.
Kim, E., & Glomb, T. M. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035789 · Cited by 250
It's Okay to Shoot a Character: Moral Disengagement in Violent Video Games
Hartmann, T., & Vorderer, P. (2010) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01459.x · Cited by 251
Carr, T., Moss, T., & Harris, D. (2005) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910705x27613 · Cited by 248
Purpose in Life Predicts Better Emotional Recovery from Negative Stimuli
Schaefer, S. M., Morozink Boylan, J., van Reekum, C. M., Lapate, R. C., Norris, C. J., Ryff, C. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080329 · Cited by 249
Cuing Consumerism: Situational Materialism Undermines Personal and Social Well-Being
Bauer, M. A., Wilkie, J. E. B., Kim, J. K., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611429579 · Cited by 249
Insensitivity to social reputation in autism
Izuma, K., Matsumoto, K., Camerer, C. F., & Adolphs, R. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1107038108 · Cited by 243
New, A. S., Fan, J., Murrough, J. W., Liu, X., Liebman, R. E., Guise, K. G., Tang, C. Y., & Charney, D. S. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.05.020 · Cited by 252
Self-Concordance and Subjective Well-Being in Four Cultures
Sheldon, K. M., Elliot, A. J., Ryan, R. M., Chirkov, V., Kim, Y., Wu, C., Demir, M., & Sun, Z. (2004) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022103262245 · Cited by 366
Uncertainty during anticipation modulates neural responses to aversion in human insula and amygdala
Sarinopoulos, I., Grupe, D. W., Mackiewicz, K. L., Herrington, J. D., Lor, M., Steege, E. E., & Nitschke, J. B. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp155 · Cited by 241
Veldhoven, M. V., Jonge, J. D., Broersen, S., Kompier, M., & Meijman, T. (2002) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678370210166399 · Cited by 246
Facets of emotional Expressivity: Three self-report factors and their correlates
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00055-b · Cited by 359
Four-quadrant investigation of job-related affects and behaviours
Warr, P., Bindl, U. K., Parker, S. K., & Inceoglu, I. (2014) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2012.744449 · Cited by 245
Barsky, A., & Kaplan, S. A. (2007) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.286 · Cited by 243
Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2002) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/s1469-0292(01)00028-0 · Cited by 242
Why and When Leaders’ Affective States Influence Employee Upward Voice
Liu, W., Song, Z., Li, X., & Liao, Z. (2017) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2013.1082 · Cited by 241
Sheehan, J., Sherman, K. A., Lam, T., & Boyages, J. (2007) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1067 · Cited by 240
Weisman, O., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.011 · Cited by 240
Improvement of Mild Sleep-disordered Breathing with CPAP Compared with Conservative Therapy
REDLINE, S., ADAMS, N., STRAUSS, M. E., ROEBUCK, T., WINTERS, M., & ROSENBERG, C. (1998) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.3.9709042 · Cited by 240
Looking Up: Mindfulness Increases Positive Judgments and Reduces Negativity Bias
Kiken, L. G., & Shook, N. J. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550610396585 · Cited by 239
Akinola, M., & Mendes, W. B. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208323933 · Cited by 240
Whither cognitive bias modification research? Commentary on the special section articles.
MacLeod, C., Koster, E. H. W., & Fox, E. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014878 · Cited by 239
Lomas, T., Medina, J. C., Ivtzan, I., Rupprecht, S., & Eiroa-Orosa, F. J. (2019) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2018.1519588 · Cited by 236
Dopamine Transmission in the Human Striatum during Monetary Reward Tasks
Zald, D. H., Boileau, I., El-Dearedy, W., Gunn, R., McGlone, F., Dichter, G. S., & Dagher, A. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4643-03.2004 · Cited by 238
The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders
Barlow, D. H., Harris, B. A., Eustis, E. H., & Farchione, T. J. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20748 · Cited by 236
Checking email less frequently reduces stress
Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E. W. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.005 · Cited by 238
Deeply Felt Affect: The Emergence of Valence in Deep Active Inference
Hesp, C., Smith, R., Parr, T., Allen, M., Friston, K. J., & Ramstead, M. J. D. (2021) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_01341 · Cited by 246
Du, H., King, R. B., & Chi, P. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183958 · Cited by 238
Women benefit more than men in response to college-based meditation training
Rojiani, R., Santoyo, J. F., Rahrig, H., Roth, H. D., & Britton, W. B. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00551 · Cited by 235
“The Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988) was used to assess current affective states.”
MethodAhn, D., & Shin, D.-H. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.022 · Cited by 238
Nostalgia as a resource for the self
Vess, M., Arndt, J., Routledge, C., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2012) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2010.521452 · Cited by 238
Validierung einer deutschen Version der Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-D)
Hupfeld, J., & Ruffieux, N. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000088 · Cited by 237
A randomised controlled trial of a self-guided internet intervention promoting well-being
Mitchell, J., Stanimirovic, R., Klein, B., & Vella-Brodrick, D. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.02.003 · Cited by 226
Ben-Zur, H. (2009) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/a0015731 · Cited by 235
Kern, M. L., Waters, L., Adler, A., & White, M. (2014) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2014.56060 · Cited by 234
Taylor, C. T., Lyubomirsky, S., & Stein, M. B. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22593 · Cited by 233
Bei, B., Milgrom, J., Ericksen, J., & Trinder, J. (2010) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.4.531 · Cited by 234
Dimensions Of Well-Being And Their Measurement: The Spf-Il Scale
Nieboer, A., Lindenberg, S., Boomsma, A., & Bruggen, A. C. V. (2005) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-004-0988-2 · Cited by 234
Prospective mental imagery in patients with major depressive disorder or anxiety disorders
Morina, N., Deeprose, C., Pusowski, C., Schmid, M., & Holmes, E. A. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.012 · Cited by 230
Ruscio, A. M., Gentes, E. L., Jones, J. D., Hallion, L. S., Coleman, E. S., & Swendsen, J. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000025 · Cited by 228
Coherence between emotional experience and physiology: Does body awareness training have an impact?
Sze, J. A., Gyurak, A., Yuan, J. W., & Levenson, R. W. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0020146 · Cited by 233
Migraines and meditation: does spirituality matter?
Wachholtz, A. B., & Pargament, K. I. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9159-2 · Cited by 233
Dickerson, S. S., Mycek, P. J., & Zaldivar, F. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.116 · Cited by 232
Anderson, A. K., & Phelps, E. A. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290260138618 · Cited by 231
Stress Contagion: Physiological Covariation Between Mothers and Infants
Waters, S. F., West, T. V., & Mendes, W. B. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613518352 · Cited by 231
Ogedegbe, G. O. (2012) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.1307 · Cited by 230
Kinetics and dose dependency of intranasal oxytocin effects on amygdala reactivity
Spengler, F. B., Schultz, J., Scheele, D., Essel, M., Maier, W., Heinrichs, M., & Hurlemann, R. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.04.015 · Cited by 229
Gowda, U., Mutowo, M. P., Smith, B. J., Wluka, A. E., & Renzaho, A. M. N. (2015) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.017 · Cited by 229
Janssen, O., Lam, C. K., & Huang, X. (2010) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.614 · Cited by 230
How does interoceptive awareness interact with the subjective experience of emotion? An fMRI Study
Terasawa, Y., Fukushima, H., & Umeda, S. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21458 · Cited by 228
Routledge, C., Ostafin, B., Juhl, J., Sedikides, C., Cathey, C., & Liao, J. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021431 · Cited by 227
Hofmann, S. G., & DiBartolo, P. M. (2000) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(00)80027-1 · Cited by 226
Wang, J.-L., Wang, H.-Z., Gaskin, J., & Hawk, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00771 · Cited by 225
Seery, M. D., Leo, R. J., Lupien, S. P., Kondrak, C. L., & Almonte, J. L. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612469210 · Cited by 222
Anterior insular cortex mediates bodily sensibility and social anxiety
Terasawa, Y., Shibata, M., Moriguchi, Y., & Umeda, S. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss108 · Cited by 224
Varenicline improves mood and cognition during smoking abstinence
Patterson, F., Jepson, C., Strasser, A. A., Loughead, J., Perkins, K. A., Gur, R. C., Frey, J. M., Siegel, S., & Lerman, C. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.028 · Cited by 222
Psychological interventions for resilience enhancement in adults
Helmreich, I., Kunzler, A., Chmitorz, A., König, J., Binder, H., Wessa, M., & Lieb, K. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012527 · Cited by 223
Development and validation of a state adult attachment measure (SAAM)
Gillath, O., Hart, J., Noftle, E. E., & Stockdale, G. D. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.009 · Cited by 219
Quested, E., & Duda, J. L. (2010) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.32.1.39 · Cited by 223
Serotonergic intervention affects both social dominance and affiliative behaviour
Tse, W., & Bond, A. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1049-7 · Cited by 221
Jing, H. G., Madore, K. P., & Schacter, D. L. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000142 · Cited by 214
Beals, K. P., Peplau, L. A., & Gable, S. L. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209334783 · Cited by 304
Harris, A. R., Jennings, P. A., Katz, D. A., Abenavoli, R. M., & Greenberg, M. T. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0451-2 · Cited by 221
A multimodal analysis of personal negativity.
Furr, R. M., & Funder, D. C. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1580 · Cited by 220
Dunn, B. D., Billotti, D., Murphy, V., & Dalgleish, T. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.05.007 · Cited by 214
The power of the past: Nostalgia as a meaning-making resource
Routledge, C., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Juhl, J., & Arndt, J. (2012) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2012.677452 · Cited by 217
Kingston, J., Chadwick, P., Meron, D., & Skinner, T. C. (2007) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.10.007 · Cited by 218
Carpentier, J., & Mageau, G. A. (2013) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.01.003 · Cited by 217
Optimism and attentional bias for negative and positive stimuli
Segerstrom, S. C. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672012710009 · Cited by 213
Perigenual anterior cingulate morphology covaries with perceived social standing
Gianaros, P. J., Horenstein, J. A., Cohen, S., Matthews, K. A., Brown, S. M., Flory, J. D., Critchley, H. D., Manuck, S. B., & Hariri, A. R. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm013 · Cited by 214
Minding the body: yoga, embodiment, and well-being.
Impett, E. A., Daubenmier, J. J., & Hirschman, A. L. (2006) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1525/srsp.2006.3.4.39 · Cited by 216
Psychometric measures of boredom: a review of the literature
Vodanovich, S. J. (2003) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980309600636 · Cited by 350
Groch, S., Wilhelm, I., Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2012.10.006 · Cited by 208
Díaz-García, A., González-Robles, A., Mor, S., Mira, A., Quero, S., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R. M., & Botella, C. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-2472-1 · Cited by 207
Geiger, P. J., Boggero, I. A., Brake, C. A., Caldera, C. A., Combs, H. L., Peters, J. R., & Baer, R. A. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0444-1 · Cited by 205
Oxytocin facilitates the extinction of conditioned fear in humans
Eckstein, M., Becker, B., Scheele, D., Scholz, C., Preckel, K., Schlaepfer, T. E., Grinevich, V., Kendrick, K. M., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.015 · Cited by 210
Leyland, A., Rowse, G., & Emerson, L.-M. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000425 · Cited by 206
Steptoe, A., Wright, C., Kunz‐Ebrecht, S. R., & Iliffe, S. (2006) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910705x42850 · Cited by 211
Oxytocin increases autonomic cardiac control: Moderation by loneliness
Norman, G. J., Cacioppo, J. T., Morris, J. S., Malarkey, W. B., Berntson, G. G., & DeVries, A. C. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.11.006 · Cited by 211
Barden, J., & Petty, R. E. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012559 · Cited by 210
Getting What You Ask For: On the Selectivity of Depression Rating Scales
Demyttenaere, K., & De Fruyt, J. (2003) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000068690 · Cited by 206
Tang, H., Mai, X., Wang, S., Zhu, C., Krueger, F., & Liu, C. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv092 · Cited by 198
Interpersonal Traits, Complementarity, and Trust in Virtual Collaboration
BROWN, H. G., POOLE, M. S., & RODGERS, T. L. (2004) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2004.11045785 · Cited by 209
Good mood food. Positive emotion as a neglected trigger for food intake
Evers, C., Adriaanse, M., de Ridder, D. T. D., & de Witt Huberts, J. C. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.007 · Cited by 210
Sears, S., & Kraus, S. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20543 · Cited by 209
Kirov, R., Weiss, C., Siebner, H. R., Born, J., & Marshall, L. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0904438106 · Cited by 208
Mindfulness-based stress reduction effects on moral reasoning and decision making
Shapiro, S. L., Jazaieri, H., & Goldin, P. R. (2012) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2012.723732 · Cited by 207
Chan, D. W. (2010) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410903493934 · Cited by 207
Feeling blue or turquoise? Emotional differentiation in major depressive disorder
Demiralp, E., Thompson, R. J., Mata, J., Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Barrett, L. F., Ellsworth, P. C., Demiralp, M., Hernandez-Garcia, L., Deldin, P. J., et al. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612444903 · Cited by 205
Reappraising the Ultimatum: an fMRI Study of Emotion Regulation and Decision Making
Grecucci, A., Giorgetta, C., van't Wout, M., Bonini, N., & Sanfey, A. G. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs028 · Cited by 207
Effect of Psilocybin on Empathy and Moral Decision-Making
Pokorny, T., Preller, K. H., Kometer, M., Dziobek, I., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2017) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyx047 · Cited by 197
Development of the QoL.BD: a disorder‐specific scale to assess quality of life in bipolar disorder
Michalak, E. E., Murray, G., & CREST.BD (2010) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00865.x · Cited by 203
The mnemonic mover: Nostalgia regulates avoidance and approach motivation
Stephan, E., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Zhou, X., He, W., Routledge, C., Cheung, W.-Y., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0035673 · Cited by 204
Caldwell, T. M., Rodgers, B., Jorm, A. F., Christensen, H., Jacomb, P. A., Korten, A. E., & Lynskey, M. T. (2002) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00092.x · Cited by 203
Large Language Model in Creative Work: The Role of Collaboration Modality and User Expertise
Chen, Z., & Chan, J. (2024) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2023.03014 · Cited by 204
Goodman, M., Carpenter, D., Tang, C. Y., Goldstein, K. E., Avedon, J., Fernandez, N., Mascitelli, K. A., Blair, N. J., New, A. S., Triebwasser, J., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.06.020 · Cited by 198
Kubzansky, L. D., Cole, S. R., Kawachi, I., Vokonas, P., & Sparrow, D. (2006) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3101_5 · Cited by 203
Penton-Voak, I. S., Thomas, J., Gage, S. H., McMurran, M., McDonald, S., & Munafò, M. R. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612459657 · Cited by 196
Metadata
- Authors
- Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1988-06
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1063-1070
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4292994367
- Cited by
- 32,433
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1683 · 2025: 1974 · 2024: 1870 · 2023: 2052 · 2022: 2195 · 2021: 2327 · 2020: 2096 · 2019: 1807 · 2018: 1786 · 2017: 1682 · 2016: 1593 · 2015: 1394 · 2014: 1307 · 2013: 1248 · 2012: 1086
- FWCI
- 23.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- positive affect, negative affect, PANAS, scale development, scale validation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
