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What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001.
Open accessAbstract
Extrapolating from B. L. Fredrickson's (1998, 2001) broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, the authors hypothesized that positive emotions are active ingredients within trait resilience. U.S. college students (18 men and 28 women) were tested in early 2001 and again in the weeks following the September 11th terrorist attacks. Mediational analyses showed that positive emotions experienced in the wake of the attacks--gratitude, interest, love, and so forth--fully accounted for the relations between (a) precrisis resilience and later development of depressive symptoms and (b) precrisis resilience and postcrisis growth in psychological resources. Findings suggest that positive emotions in the aftermath of crises buffer resilient people against depression and fuel thriving, consistent with the broaden-and-build theory. Discussion touches on implications for coping.
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“This model asserts that one function of positive affect may be to broaden attentional scope to help individuals be more open to novel stimuli and social supports, which in turn, broadens and builds psychological and social resources necessary for survival”
From Skills to Enhance Positivity in adolescents at risk for suicide: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“They facilitate the ability to bounce back from negative experiences (Fredrickson, Tugade, Waugh, & Larkin, 2003), reduce the psychological burden imposed by prolonged distress, and free-up cognitive resources to contend with everyday stressors and adjust to fluctuating situational demands (Bonanno, Brewin, Kaniasty, & La Greca, 2010).”
From Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery (2020) · cites this paper as Fredrickson, Tugade, Waugh, & Larkin, 2003
In the citing paper
“These sorts of coping-activities, called behavioral activation, are diverting and spark positive emotions that researchers found to be critical to resilient outcomes and recovery after 9/11.”
From Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery (2020) · cites this paper as Fredrickson, Tugade, Waugh, & Larkin, 2003
In the citing paper
“Related longitudinal research suggests that the capacity to experience positive emotions such as gratitude, interest, and love is one mechanism by which resilient individuals are buffered against risk for depression following trauma17.”
From Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Depression is common in people with type 2 diabetes[21] and is associated with poorer glycemic control, increased symptoms and complications, poorer adherence to exercise and diet recommendations[22], and elevated risk of mortality, over and above the elevations in risk associated with diabetes itself[23].”
From An online positive affect skills intervention reduces depression in adults with type 2 diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“For example, positive emotions down-regulate the physiological and psychological effects of negative emotions22–25”
From Upregulating the positive affect system in anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a positive activity intervention: Taylor et al. (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“positive emotions mitigate negative responses to stressors that often fuel anxiety and depression.(38, 68, 69)”
In the citing paper
“prior work that has linked gratitude to lower levels of depression, hopelessness and suicidal thoughts/attempts [13,52 -56]”
From Feasibility and utility of positive psychology exercises for suicidal inpatients (2014) · cites this paper as [54]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 365-376
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- PMC
- PMC2755263
- OpenAlex
- W4232057594
- Cited by
- 2,797
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 103 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 167 · 2023: 181 · 2022: 217 · 2021: 255 · 2020: 172 · 2019: 141 · 2018: 143 · 2017: 154 · 2016: 133 · 2015: 124 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 115 · 2012: 118
- FWCI
- 50.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- John Templeton Foundation
- American Psychological Association
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 59615, R01MH059615)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- positive emotions, resilience, September 11 attacks, terrorism, emotional well-being, post-traumatic stress
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Stress, Psychological, Terrorism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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